硼酸类荧光受体识别单糖*

糖广泛存在于自然界中,与蛋白质和核酸一起并列构成生命体的三大物质单元。由于糖含有多个羟基,含硼酸基的有机物与二醇间有强烈结合作用,故硼酸基团常用于糖类识别和细胞标记。当荧光体与硼酸基团相连接时即可构建识别糖的荧光传感器。本文按发光团结构进行分类,分为：萘基硼酸类受体（包括对二甲氨基萘硼酸衍生物,N-取代的氨基萘硼酸衍生物,1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺为母体的单硼酸衍生物）、杂环硼酸类受体（包括含氮杂环硼酸衍生物、含硫杂环硼酸衍生物以及含氧杂环硼酸衍生物）、蒽环硼酸类受体、芘环硼酸类受体、紫精硼酸类受体及其它类型的硼酸类受体等,详细评述了自2002年以来含硼酸基团的新型荧光受体在单糖识别研究中的最新进展。     

硼酸类化学传感器的研究进展

检测和识别体内某些物质,例如唾液酸化LewisA/X,能够为疾病的诊断、治疗、预后、分子示踪及深入研究相关疾病机理等方面提供重要参考.因此,开发高选择性、高灵敏度的化学传感器具有重要价值.苯基硼酸化合物由于其特殊结构,能够与糖、儿茶酚胺以及氟化物、氰化物等路易斯碱相互作用,使得其能够作为传感器用于相关物质的荧光识别和检测;且此类化合物具有高选择性、高效能、分析速度快等优点.近几年,将硼酸与纳米粒子、量子点等新材料相结合,设计出性能更加优越的硼酸传感器.综述了硼酸类化合物在传感器方面的研究进展.     

基于有机硼酸的糖传感器研究进展

有机硼酸能与二羟基化合物高亲和性地可逆结合,是一类新型的糖传感器材料.根据检测手段的不同可将基于有机硼酸的糖传感器分为光谱传感器、pH指示型传感器、电化学传感器等几类.本文详细评述了各种传感器的检测原理、制备方法和应用,并系统总结了最新研究进展,展望了今后的研究方向.     

基于吖啶的荧光化学传感器研究进展

吖啶具有刚性平面结构,荧光性能十分优越,因此可以用于荧光化学传感器的合成.本文作者综述了近几年来吖啶类荧光化学传感器的研究进展;介绍了吖啶类荧光化学传感器对阳离子、阴离子和手性化合物的识别性能,并展望了此类传感器的理论和应用前景.     

基于有机光电材料的痕量爆炸物识别

随着国际恐怖袭击事件的增多,痕量爆炸物的识别技术研究越来越为重要.本文以作者在该领域的研究为例,综述了基于一维有机纳米材料、荧光金属配位聚合物(金属-有机框架化合物)和聚噻咯的荧光猝灭技术,在痕量爆炸物识别上的应用.同时介绍了酞菁薄膜和苝亚酰胺纳米线制备的电子传感器分别对过氧化物和硝基类爆炸物有灵敏的响应.     

基于有机小分子的三磷酸腺苷荧光传感器研究进展

三磷酸腺苷(ATP)是各种活细胞内普遍存在的一种高能磷酸化合物,在能量的储存,细胞呼吸作用和酶催化反应等生物活动过程中扮演着重要作用.因此,对于ATP在生物体内的研究至关重要.荧光检测技术具有操作方便、选择性好和灵敏度高等优点,设计合成高效的ATP荧光传感器是近年来生物化学和分析化学领域的研究热点.根据ATP荧光传感器的结构特点和识别原理,将ATP荧光传感器分为金属Zn(Ⅱ)作为键合位点型识别,其它金属离子作为键合位点型识别和静电或氢键作用型识别.基于有机小分子荧光传感器,综述了近年来国内外ATP荧光传感器在分子设计与应用方面的研究进展,并展望了其发展趋势.     

基于有机硼化合物的氟离子化学传感器的研究进展

有机硼化合物中硼原子空的pπ轨道使其作为路易斯酸能够选择性的结合氟离子,其与氟离子的结合破坏了硼中心与芳香取代基的pπ-π共轭,引起有机硼化合物光物理性质的变化。因此,有机硼化合物能够用作高选择性的氟离子化学传感器材料。本文从具有三芳基硼结构及硼酸或硼酸酯结构的这两类有机硼化合物出发,综述了它们在氟离子化学传感器领域的研究进展。     

有机硼酸类催化剂在有机合成中的应用

综述了有机硼酸类作为催化剂应用于有机合成反应中的最新研究进展, 重点介绍了所发现的各种有机硼酸催化剂在缩合反应、羧酸还原反应、Diels-Alder反应中的催化活性以及反应机理. 硼酸催化剂因具有催化效率高、反应条件温和、可重复使用等优点, 必将在有机合成催化领域中得到更广泛的应用.     

选择性识别儿茶酚胺的长波长二硼酸荧光探针

儿茶酚胺是人体中重要的神经递质.选择性识别儿茶酚胺对帕金森氏综合症、嗜铬细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤等疾病临床诊断及病理学研究具有重要意义.2-(4-二羟基硼烷)苯基喹啉-4-羧酸(PBAQA)与糖结合后荧光强度增强,与儿茶酚胺结合后荧光强度下降,可以作为选择性识别儿茶酚胺的荧光探针.但由于发射波长较短,PBAQA及其衍生物在荧光成像方面存在诸多限制.本文作者采用廉价易得的原料制备中间体PBAQA,然后经酰胺缩合、脱保护,制备氨基中间体,再与3-羧基硼酸缩合合成二硼酸.目标化合物的发射波长明显红移至500 nm左右,斯托克位移超过100 nm.初步活性测试发现,目标化合物与儿茶酚胺结合后荧光强度明显降低,且荧光强度改变与儿茶酚胺浓度存在线性关系,可作为选择性识别儿茶酚胺的长波长荧光探针.     

新型含苯硼酸和喹啉的囊泡荧光多糖传感器的制备

利用合成的含有识别基团苯硼酸和荧光读出基团喹啉的新型双亲化合物对硼酸苯甲基-8-十六烷氧基溴化喹啉(BHQB)在水中自组织成囊泡,囊泡的相变温度为52.4℃;当向囊泡体系加糖时,BHQB囊泡中的喹啉生色基在508nm的荧光峰强度急剧减弱,425nm处荧光逐渐增强.荧光强度变化可能归于所形成的硼酸酯改变了双亲化合物中硼原子的杂化轨道形式,进一步引起了整个分子内部的电子云排布所致.BHQB囊泡与糖的相互作用而导致体系荧光强度变化,并且这种变化的幅度与加入糖的种类和量均有关.因此体系有可能应用于检测生物物质如糖的化学传感器.     

Interference of ascorbic acid in the sensitive detection of dopamine by a nonoxidative sensing approach

The electrochemistry of a poly(anilineboronic acid)/carbon nanotube composite was studied in the presence of dopamine and ascorbic acid. To understand the binding affinity of dopamine and ascorbic acid to the boronic acid functional groups in the composite, the association constants between the diol groups in dopamine and ascorbic acid and the boronic acid were experimentally determined using a fluorescence-based binding assay. The results demonstrate that ascorbic acid could severely interfere with the detection of dopamine in nonoxidative boronic acid-binding approaches: Ascorbic acid was able to electrocatalytically reduce the fully oxidized polyaniline backbone during the electrochemical oxidation process; similarly to dopamine, ascorbic acid was also able to bind to the boronic acid groups through its planar diol group even though the binding affinity is much lower. The examination of the dopamine transduction mechanism and ascorbic acid interference mechanism in this nonoxidative approach will benefit the design of future boronic acid-based sensors.     

The relationship among pKa, pH, and binding constants in the interactions between boronic acids and diols—it is not as simple as it appears

In our continuing efforts into designing boronic acid-based sensors that recognize cell-surface carbohydrates, it has been necessary to examine various factors that affect the binding affinity between a boronic acid moiety and a diol. The current prevailing view is that the strongest boronic acid/diol complexes are generated by a combination of high solution pH and a low boronic acid pK_a. However, there has never been a systematic examination of the relationship among the binding constants, boronic acid pK_a, and the pH of the solution. Herein we report our findings with a series of 25 arylboronic acids with various substituents and their binding affinities with diols. We have found that (1) the relationship between the pK_a of monosubstituted phenylboronic acid and its substituents can be described using a Hammet plot; (2) the optimal pH for binding is not always above the pK_a of the boronic acid, and is affected by the pK_a values of the boronic acid and the diol, and other unknown factors; and (3) the general belief that boronic acids with lower pK_a values show greater binding affinities for diols is not always true.     

Selecting aptamers for a glycoprotein through the incorporation of the boronic acid moiety

The first general method for the selection of boronic acid-based aptamers (boronolectins) that allows for glycan substructure focusing is described. Using fibrinogen as a model glycoprotein, we have selected boronic acid-modified DNA aptamers that have high affinities (low nM Kd) and the ability to recognize changes in the glycosylation site. The method developed should also be applicable to the development of aptamers for other glycoproducts, such as glycolipids and glycopeptides.     

The Development of Boronic Acids as Sensors and Separation Tools

Synthetic receptors for diols that incorporate boronic acid motifs have been developed as new sensors and separation tools. Utilizing the reversible interactions of diols with boronic acids to form boronic esters under new binding regimes has provided new hydrogel constructs that have found use as dye‐displacement sensors and electrophoretic separation tools; similarly, molecular boronic‐acid‐containing chemosensors were constructed that offer applications in the sensing of diols. This review provides a somewhat‐personal perspective of developments in boronic‐acid‐mediated sensing and separation, placed in the context of the seminal works of others in the area, as well as offering a concise summary of the contributions of the co‐authors in the area. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201200006     

Probing the Lewis Acidity of Boronic Acids through Interactions with Arene Substituents

Boronic acids are Lewis acids that exist in equilibrium with boronate forms in aqueous solution. Here we experimentally and computationally investigated the Lewis acidity of 2,6-diarylphenylboronic acids; specially designed phenylboronic acids that possess two flanking aromatic rings with tunable aromatic character. Hammett analysis of 2,6-diarylphenylboronic acids reveals that their Lewis acidity remains unchanged upon the introduction of EWG/EDG at the distant para position of the flanking aromatic rings. Structural and computational studies demonstrate that polar-π interactions and solvation effects contribute to the stabilization of boronic acids and boronate forms by aromatic rings. Our physical-organic chemistry work highlights that boronic acids and boronates can be stabilized by aromatic systems, leading to an important molecular knowledge for rational design and development of boronic acid-based catalysts and inhibitors of biomedically important proteins.     

A new boronic acid fluorescent reporter that changes emission intensities at three wavelengths upon sugar binding

The boronic acid moiety is a very useful functional group for the preparation of sugar sensors. Along this line, water-soluble boronic acids that change fluorescent properties upon sugar binding are especially useful as reporter units in fluorescent sensors for carbohydrates. Herein, we report the discovery of a new water-soluble boronic acid (1, dibenzofuran-4-boronic acid) that exhibits unique fluorescence changes at three wavelengths upon binding with sugars under near physiological conditions.     

Enantioselective recognition of mandelic acid by a 3,6-dithiophen-2-yl-9H-carbazole-based chiral fluorescent bisboronic acid sensor

We have prepared chiral fluorescent bisboronic acid sensors with 3,6-dithiophen-2-yl-9H-carbazole as the fluorophore. The thiophene moiety was used to extend the π-conjugation framework of the fluorophore in order to red-shift the fluorescence emission and, at the same time, to enhance the novel process where the fluorophore serves as the electron donor of the photoinduced electron transfer process (d-PET) of the boronic acid sensors; i.e., the background fluorescence of the sensor 1 at acidic pH is weaker compared to that at neutral or basic pH, in stark contrast to the typical a-PET boronic acid sensors (where the fluorophore serves as the electron acceptor of the photoinduced electron transfer process). The benefit of the d-PET boronic acid sensors is that the recognition of the hydroxylic acids can be achieved at acidic pH. We found that the thiophene moiety is an efficient π-conjugation linker and electron donor; as a result, the d-PET contrast ratio of the sensors upon variation of the pH is improved 10-fold when compared to the previously reported d-PET sensors without the thiophene moiety. Enantioselective recognition of tartaric acid was achieved at acid pH, and the enantioselectivity (total response K(D)I(F)(D)/K(L)I(F)(L)) is 3.3. The fluorescence enhancement (I(F)(Sample)/I(F)(Blank)) of sensor 1 upon binding with tartaric acid is 3.5-fold at pH 3.0. With the fluorescent bisboronic acid sensor 1, enantioselective recognition of mandelic acid was achieved for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the mandelic acid has been enantioselectively recognized using a chiral fluorescent boronic acid sensor. Chiral monoboronic acid sensor 2 and bisboronic acid sensor 3 without the thiophene moiety failed to enantioselectively recognize mandelic acid. Our findings with the thiophene-incorporated boronic acid sensors will be important for the design of d-PET fluorescent sensors for the enantioselective recognition of α-hydroxylic acids such as mandelic acid, given that it is currently a challenge to recognize these analytes with boronic acid fluorescent molecular sensors.     

Highly efficient fluorescent sensing for α-hydroxy acids with C3-symmetric boronic acid-based receptors

Two boronic acid-based fluorescent chemosensors in C₃ symmetry have been prepared with a facial method. These compounds show remarkable ability to recognize α-hydroxycarboxy acids and sugar acids over most saccharides. The fluorescence intensity of the receptors decreased obviously upon adding the α-hydroxy acids in a pH 8.71 buffer of methanol-water, which can be explained with the internal charge-transfer (ICT) mechanism.     

The challenge of long-term stability for nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors

Nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors are a versatile technology enabling affinity-based detection of a great variety of molecular targets, regardless of inherent electrochemical activity or enzymatic reactivity. Additionally, their modular interface and ease of fabrication enable rapid prototyping and sensor development. However, the technology has inhibiting limitations in terms of long-term stability that have precluded translation into clinically valuable platforms like continuous molecular monitors. In this opinion, we discuss published methods to address various aspects of sensor stability, including thiol-based monolayers and anti-biofouling capabilities. We hope the highlighted works will motivate the field to develop innovative strategies for extending the long-term operational life of nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors.     

镁离子荧光探针

镁离子（Mg²⁺）在许多生理过程中扮演着重要的角色,因此对镁离子的选择性识别引起了人们极大的关注。本文综述了近年来镁离子荧光探针的最新研究进展。镁离子荧光探针体系主要分为：喹啉类、β-二酮类、冠醚/多醚类、羧酸类、荧光素/罗丹明类、配合物类、聚合物类和纳米材料类等。本文列举了每类探针分子代表性的化合物并总结比较了不同类型的镁离子荧光探针体系。