Characterization of stainless steel electrode modified by a thin film of polyaniline containing pt particles and its electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation

The catalytic behavior of stainless steel (SS) electrode modified by a thin film of polyaniline (PANI) containing platinum particles was studied for electrooxidation of methanol and compared with a platinated Pt/PANI electrode in acidic aqueous solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, CO stripping techniques were used to investigate electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity of SS/PANI/Pt and Pt/PANI/Pt electrodes. The morphology and particle size of Pt catalysts were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) measurement. The effects of various parameters such as thickness of polymer film, medium temperature and stability of the modified electrodes on methanol oxidation were also investigated. The results indicated that the modified SS electrode exhibited a considerably high electrocatalytic activity on the methanol oxidation as well as the modified Pt electrode.     

甲醇在铂修饰的氧化钛电极上电催化氧化行为的研究

运用电化学方法评价了电化学阴极还原-阳极氧化两步法制得的以钛为基体的铂修饰的钛氧化物(Pt-TiO_x/Ti)电极对甲醇电催化氧化的性能,结果表明,制得的修饰电极对甲醇氧化呈现了很高的电催化活性和好的稳定性.通过X光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和现场傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)反射光谱等技术,发现修饰电极对甲醇氧化具有高的电催化性能,可归属于纳米级Pt粒子在TiO_x中的高度分散及由于Pt和TiO_x的相互作用,使电极表面对甲醇氧化中间产物CO的吸附量大大降低.     

Influence of tin on the oxidation of methanol on a platinum electrode

The influence of adsorbed tin and tin(IV) ions on the oxidation of methanol chemisorbed species as well as the methanol from the bulk of the solution was studied on a Pt electrode by voltammetric and radiometric methods. It was found that tin is not adsorbed as an ad-atom but rather as a divalent ion. Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxidation of chemisorbed species derived from methanol was observed only in the potential range from 0.4 to 0.8 V. The influence of some factors on the electrocatalytic properties of platinum is discussed.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol onto platinum particles decorated nanostructured poly (1,5-diaminonaphthalene) film

In this work, platinum particles decorated nanostructured poly (1,5-diaminonaphthalene) modified glassy carbon electrode (Pt/Nano-PDAN/MGCE) is prepared. The composite catalysts are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The electrochemical methanol oxidation reaction is studied at the surface of this modified electrode. At same Pt loading, the Pt/Nano-PDAN/MGCE can act as higher efficient catalyst for methanol oxidation than that Pt/MGCE. Then, the influence of some parameters such as potential scan rates, switching potential, and methanol concentration on its oxidation as well as long-term stability of the modified electrode have studied by electrochemical methods. Also, ability of the modified electrode toward electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde as an intermediate in methanol oxidation has been investigated.     

Pt-Mo电极上CO、甲醛和甲醇的电催化氧化-微分电化学质谱研究

利用微分电化学质谱（DEMS）研究了Mo修饰的Pt电极上CO、甲醛和甲醇的电催 化氧化,证实了Mo(IV)是催化活性样品,而且它只对弱吸附CO的氧化起催化作用, 对强吸附CO的氧化没有催化活性。在低于0.4 V的电位下,吸附在Pt电极上的Mo结 甲醇和甲醛的催化氧化是通过弱吸附CO的氧化路径进行的。     

Effect of the iridium oxide thin film on the electrochemical activity of platinum nanoparticles

The influence of the iridium oxide thin film on the electrocatalytic properties of platinum nanoparticles was investigated using the electro-oxidation of methanol and CO as a probe. The presence of the IrO(2) thin film leads to the homogeneous dispersion of Pt nanoparticles. For comparison, polycrystalline platinum and Pt nanoparticles dispersed on a Ti substrate in the absence of an IrO(2) layer (Ti/Pt) were also investigated in this study. Inverted and enhanced CO bipolar peaks were observed using an in situ electrochemical Fourier transform infrared technique during the methanol oxidation on the Pt nanoparticles dispersed on a Ti substrate. Electrochemical impedance studies showed that the charge transfer resistance was significantly lower for the Ti/IrO(2)/Pt electrode compared with that of the massive Pt and Ti/Pt nanoparticles. The presence of the IrO(2) thin film not only greatly increases the active surface area but also promotes CO oxidation at a much lower electrode potential, thus, significantly enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles toward methanol electro-oxidation.     

Electrocatalytic mechanism and kinetics of SOMs oxidation on ordered PtPb and PtBi intermetallic compounds: DEMS and FTIRS study

The electrocatalytic activities and mechanisms of PtPb and PtBi ordered intermetallic phases towards formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol oxidation have been studied by DEMS and FTIRS, and the results compared to those for a pure polycrystalline platinum electrode. While PtPb exhibits an enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of all three organic molecules when compared to a Pt electrode, PtBi exhibits an enhanced catalytic activity towards formic acid and formaldehyde oxidation, but not methanol. FTIRS data indicate that adsorbed CO does not form on PtPb or PtBi intermetallic compounds during the oxidation of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol, and therefore their oxidation on both PtPb and PtBi intermetallic compounds proceeds via a non-CO(ads) pathway. Quantitative DEMS measurements indicate that only CO(2) was detected as a final product during formic acid oxidation on Pt, PtPb and PtBi electrodes. At a smooth polycrystalline platinum electrode, the oxidation of formaldehyde and methanol produces mainly intermediates (formaldehyde and formic acid), while CO(2) is a minor product. In contrast, CO(2) is the major product for formaldehyde and methanol oxidation at a PtPb electrode. The high current efficiency of CO(2) formation for methanol and formaldehyde oxidation at a PtPb electrode can be ascribed to the complete dehydrogenation of formaldehyde and formic acid due to electronic effects. The low onset potential, high current density and high CO(2) yield make PtPb one of the most promising electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications using small organic molecules as fuels.     

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol at Lower Potentials on Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Platinum and Platinum Alloys Incorporated in Poly(o‐Aminophenol) Film

The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol at a glassy carbon electrode modified by a thin film of poly(o‐aminophenol) (PoAP) containing Pt, Pt‐Ru and Pt‐Sn microparticles has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry as analytical technique and 0.10 M perchloric acid as supporting electrolyte. It has been shown that the presence of PoAP film increases considerably the efficiency of deposited Pt microparticles toward the oxidation of methanol. The catalytic activity of Pt particles is further enhanced when Ru or specially Sn is co‐deposited in the polymer film. The effects of various parameters such as the thickness of polymer film, concentration of methanol, medium temperature as well as the long term stability of modified electrodes have also been investigated.     

铂微粒修饰的氧化钛电极对甲醇的电催化氧化性能

直接甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池(DMPEMFC)可用作未来电动车辆的动力电源,但要达到实际应用还有大量问题有待进一步解决.目前限制DMPEMFC实际应用的主要问题是甲醇阳极氧化催化剂低的活性、高的价格及催化剂的毒化.     

团聚铂纳米粒子电极在甲醇氧化中的电催化特性

用H2还原法并以Nafion作为稳定剂合成团聚的Pt纳米粒子，附载于玻碳表面制备电催化剂.透射电子显微镜（TEM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征结果指出,团聚Pt纳米粒子的平均尺寸约为400 nm.运用电化学循环伏安法(CV)和原位傅立叶变换红外反射光谱（in situ FTIRS）研究甲醇的氧化过程，发现团聚Pt纳米粒子电极具有较高的电催化活性.原位FTIRS研究结果检测到甲醇在所制备的电催化剂上氧化的中间体为线型吸附态CO物种，其红外吸收给出异常红外效应的光谱特征.     

Pt微粒修饰纳米纤维聚苯胺电极对甲醇氧化电催化

以脉冲电流法制备的纳米纤维状聚苯胺(PANI)为Pt催化剂载体，用它制备了甲醇阳极氧化的催化电极Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）.研究结果表明, Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化具有很好的电催化活性,并有协同催化作用.在相同的Pt载量条件下， Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极比Pt微粒修饰的颗粒状聚苯胺电极Pt/(granular PANI)具有更好的电催化活性.此外， Pt的电沉积修饰方法同样影响Pt/（nano-fibular PANI）电极对甲醇氧化的催化活性.脉冲电流法沉积Pt形成的复合电极较循环伏安法电沉积得到的Pt复合电极具有更优异的催化活性.     

铂、钌共修饰的氧化钛电极对甲醇的电催化氧化

燃料电池;铂、钌共修饰的氧化钛电极对甲醇的电催化氧化     

Nickel foam-based composite electrodes for electrooxidation of methanol

Nickel foam and five nickel foam-based composite electrodes were prepared for being used as anode materials for the electrooxidation of methanol in KOH solution containing 0.1 and 1.0 M of methanol. The layered electrodes composed of nickel foam, platinum nanoparticles, polyaniline (PANI) and/or porous carbon (C) prepared in various assemblies. As shown by SEM analysis, depending on the preparation conditions, the electrodes of different morphologies were obtained. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, the oxidation of methanol on nickel foam electrode was observed in the potential range 0.4 V ↔ 0.7 V, where the Ni(OH)₂/NiOOH transformation occurred. The presence of Pt particles in electrode gave rise to the increase in electrocatalytic activity in this potential range. For electrodes containing dispersed platinum catalyst (Ni/Pt, Ni/PANI/Pt and Ni/C/Pt), the oxidation of methanol was noted also in the potential range −0.5 V ↔ 0.1 V. The electrocatalytic activities of the examined electrodes toward methanol oxidation at low potentials were in order Ni/Pt > Ni/C/Pt > Ni/PANI/Pt, whereas at high potentials in order Ni/PANI/Pt > Ni/Pt> Ni/C/Pt > Ni. Among the examined electrodes, the most resistant to cyclic poisoning appeared to be the Ni/C/Pt electrode. Presented at the 4Th Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry, Greifswald, March 13–16, 2005     

Electrocatalytic activity of ordered intermetallic phases for fuel cell applications

The electrocatalytic activities of a wide range of ordered intermetallic phases toward a variety of potential fuels have been studied, and results have been compared to those of a pure polycrystalline platinum (Pt(pc)) electrode. A significant number of the ordered intermetallic phases exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity when compared to that of Pt, in terms of both oxidation onset potential and current density. The PtBi, PtIn, and PtPb ordered intermetallic phases appeared to be the most promising electrocatalysts tested thus far for fuel cell applications. PtPb, in particular, showed an onset potential that was 100 mV less positive and a peak current density approximately 40 times higher than those observed for Pt in the case of methanol oxidation. The ability to control the geometric and electronic structures of the electrocatalytic material by using ordered intermetallic phases has been shown to be a promising direction of inquiry in the search for superior electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications.     

Composite electrodes consisting Pt nano-particles and poly (aminophenols) film on pre-treated aluminum substrate as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation

Electrochemically platinum plated aluminum (Al/Pt) was used as an electrode substrate for the electropolymerization of aminophenols and fabrication of composite electrodes based on platinum nano-particles. The poly(o-aminophenol) (PoAP), poly(m-aminophenol) (PmAP), and poly(p-aminophenol) (PpAP) were synthesized on the Al/Pt electrode, and further modification was performed by deposition of platinum nano-particles onto polymer matrixes. The electrochemical and morphological characteristic of the composed electrodes were carried out by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on the composite electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte. It was found that the Al/Pt/PoAP electrode incorporated Pt nano-particles (Al/Pt/PoAP/Pt) exhibits a higher electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol than the Al/Pt/PmAP/Pt and Al/Pt/PpAP/Pt electrodes. On the other hand, a higher catalytic current for methanol oxidation was found on the Al/Pt/PoAP/Pt electrode in comparison to bulk Pt and Al–Pt (Al with 0.2 mg cm⁻² of Pt particles) electrodes. The effects of various parameters such as thickness of the polymer film, concentration of the monomer, Pt loading method and the Pt amounts, concentration of the methanol, and the medium temperature were studied on the electrooxidation of methanol. The long-term stability of the modified electrode has also been investigated.     

A new electrocatalytic mechanism for the oxidation of phenols at platinum electrodes

Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic compounds generally produces unstable phenoxy radicals that readily polymerize to passivate the surface of solid electrodes. In this study, the electrocatalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence and absence of methanol was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode. The cyclic voltammogram of phenol in a mixture of phosphate buffer/methanol solution showed well-defined peaks at ∼600 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode, which surprising, gradually increased with repetitive scanning, stabilizing after 50 cycles. This unexpected behavior is in contrast to previous studies involving phenolic compounds, which always show a decrease in intensity during continuous potential scanning. Scanning electrochemical spectroscopy (SEM) was further used to investigate the changes in the surface morphology of the Pt electrode after electrodeposition. A new electrocatalytic mechanism for phenol oxidation on the surface of a Pt electrode is suggested in the presence of methanol. The proposed mechanism is based on the formation of a film of Pt oxide/hydroxides onto which the phenol and the products of its electrochemical oxidation are further deposited. The mechanism was also studied using more complex phenolic compounds including resveratrol, quercetin and bisphenol A. The results emphasized the effect of aryl substituents on the electrochemistry of this particular class of compounds.     

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Dual Template Based Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/Graphene for Methanol Electrooxidation

A novel Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene based electrocatalyst was successfully prepared by chemical reduction method for methanol electrooxidation. Graphite oxide and Cu functionalized zeolite A were simultaneously reduced by NaBH₄ to prepare Cu‐zeolite A/graphene support which was used to deposit Pt nanoparticles. The nanostructure and composition of as‐prepared Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene composites were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer, X‐ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene modified electrode for methanol oxidation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in 0.10 mol/L H₂SO₄ + 0.50 mol/L CH₃OH solution. Compared with Pt/zeolite A/graphene electrode and Pt/graphene electrode, Pt/Cu‐zeolite A/graphene based electrode exhibited obviously enhanced current and higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol electrooxidation. The increased electrocatalytic activity was attributed to the presence of zeolite A and reduced graphene oxide based dual template, which significantly increased the effective electrode surface and facilitated the diffusion of analytes into the electroactive catalyst.     

脉冲电沉积法制备Pt-TiO2 纳米管电极及其电催化性能

采用阳极氧化法在高纯钛片上原位组装TiO2纳米管阵列, 然后用脉冲电沉积方法将Pt沉积到TiO2纳米管阵列上, 制备出Pt-TiO2纳米管电极. 利用XRD和SEM对所获电极的微观结构和形貌进行表征, 结果表明, Pt纳米颗粒以花簇状分散在TiO2纳米管上, 晶粒大小约为25.6 nm. 对甲醇的电催化性能的研究结果表明, 脉冲电沉积制得的Pt-TiO2纳米管电极比TiO2纳米管电极和纯Pt片电极具有更高的电催化活性, 是Pt电极的40多倍.     

Pt及其修饰电极上甲醇吸附和氧化的CV和EQCM研究

运用电化学循环伏安和石英晶体微天平 (EQCM )研究了 0 .1mol·L- 1H2 SO4 溶液中甲醇在Pt电极和以Sb ,S不可逆吸附原子修饰的Pt(Pt/Sbad和Pt/Sad)电极上的吸附和氧化过程 .结果表明甲醇的氧化与电极表面氧物种有着极其密切的关系 .Pt电极表面Sb吸附原子能在较低的电位下吸附氧 ,可显著提高甲醇电催化氧化活性 .与Pt电极相比较 ,Sb吸附原子修饰的Pt电极使甲醇氧化的峰电位负移了 0 .13V .相反 ,Pt电极表面S吸附原子的氧化会消耗表面氧物种 ,抑制了甲醇的电氧化 .本文从表面质量变化提供了吸附原子电催化作用的新数据     

Sm3+对甲醇电化学氧化反应的助催化作用

分别以相同面积的光滑Pt电极和吸附了Sm3+的铂电极作为工作电极,在酸性介质中采用循环伏安法对甲醇氧化进行测定.结果表明,吸附了Sm3+的Pt电极上产生了更大的氧化电流,表明Sm3+的加入对甲醇的电催化氧化起到了促进作用.这一研究结果在直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极催化剂研制方面具有较大的应用潜力.