原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数与元素电负性的关系

在基态原子价壳层电子隐核图的基础上, 基于拓扑化学原理以及原子价壳层电子结构特征, 构建了原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数(AEI), 它对基态原子实现唯一性表征, 结合原子价壳层电子平均化能(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)等参数, 建立了一套新的元素电负性标度: X_N＝－0.588710AEI₁＋0.761214AEI₂＋0.154982(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)－0.080929. 该式给出了周期表中氢至镅共95种元素的电负性, 结果表明新电负性标度X_N与Pauling电负性标度颇为一致. 进一步从原子价轨道量子拓扑指数确定了sp, sp², sp³杂化轨道的电负性. 新标度在元素和物质的结构-性质研究中具有一定的适用性.     

电负性研究Ⅰ.建立元素电负性标度的有效核电荷数方法

通过价层电离能、价键轨道能量用有效核电荷数法建立了周期表中 90种元素的电负性新标度。χ=0 .41 2 3 -EV,该式表明电负性值与价键轨道能量的绝对值的平方根成正比 ,所得数值是一套无量纲的相对参数。元素电负性值随价态的升高与元素非金属性的增强相对应 ,元素电负性的大小不仅与单个成键电子有关 ,而且也与参加价键作用的多个电子甚至整个价层都有紧密的联系。氢的元素电负性值不同于Pauling值、等于 1 .52。用 1 6种氢化物中键的额外离子能Δ′对 (χA-χB) 2 作图 ,两者之间确实具有良好的线性关系。本方法充分体现了目前公认的三大电负性标度的优点 ,该标度同时也是价层电子在价键状态下的一种能量标度 ,是对元素周期律的定量描述和反映。     

电负性研究I．建立元素电负性标度的有效核电荷数方法

通过价层电离能、价键轨道能量用有效核电荷数法建立了周期表中90种元素的电负性新标度。X＝0。4123√－EV,该式表明电负性值与价键轨道能量的绝对值的平方根成正比,所得数值是一套无量纲的相对参数。元素电负性值随价态的升高与元素非金属性的增强相对应,元素电负性的大小不仅与单个成键电子腾,而且也与参加价键作用的多个电子甚至整个价层都有紧密的联系。氢的元素电负性值不同于Pauling值、等于1．52。用16种氢化物中键的额外离子能△′对（XA－XB）^2作图,两者之间确实具有良好的线性关系。本方法充分体现了目前公认的三大电负性标度的优点,该标度同时也是价层电子在价键状态下的一种能量标度,是对元素周期律的定量描述和反映。     

一种电负性新标度：基态自由原子价壳层电子平均吸引能

原子吸引价电子的总能力可由基态自由原子的价电子离子化能(TIE=Σn_iE_i)及其电子亲合能(EA)之和来度量。该和值亦称为总吸引能,记为TAE=Σn_iE_i+EA,此处E_i为基态自由原子价壳层电子的离子化能,Σn_i为与之相关的价壳层电子数,EA则是电子亲合能。所指出的新电负性标度χ_CL与总吸引能TAE除以原子价壳层电子数目Σn_i之值即平均吸引能成正比：χ_CL=0.1813 AAE=0.1813 TAE/Σn_i=0.1813(Σn_iE_i+EA)/Σn_i,进一步从原子总吸引能TAE可确定其价轨道电负性。     

分子价连接性指数中杂原子价点价计算新方法及应用

对分子价连接性指数中杂原子点价δ^v~i的计算方法进行了改进,提出了一种计算杂原子价点价δ^h~i的新方法,认为分子中某一杂原子i的价点价δ^h~i值不仅与它的价层电子数Z~i、最高主量子数n~i以及结合的氢原子数目h~i有关,还与它所在的族烽N~i、陷氢图中连接的其他原子的数目m~i以及杂化方式L~p有关。杂原子i的δ^h~i值与原子i的Pauling电负性具有相近的物理意义。用由δ^h~i构成的分子价连接性指数^nχ^h(n=0,1,2)研究了取代芳烃和烃衍生物的物理化学性质和生物活性,结果表明,^1χ^h比^1χ^v有显著的改善,计算值与实验值接近的程度更高。     

价电子平均能级连接性指数及其应用

定义价电子平均能级（δi）为：δi=(ni-1)(ni+ΣEij)0.5/(1+mi)。由δi建构分子连接性指数（mQ）,其中,0Q=Σ(δi)-0.5、1Q=Σ(δiδj)-0.5。0Q与无机物总键能ΔE、0Q2与过渡元素卤化物的ΔfHmθ、1Q0.5与碱金属卤化物晶格能U、0Q及1Q与无机氢化物pKa的相关系数分别为0.9734、0.9769、0.9906、0.9945,均优于文献方法。mQ是一种结构选择性、性质相关性俱佳的拓扑指数。     

原子軌道电负性的計算

某原子在不同分子中的电负性并非常数,而决定于该原子的价态并受与其邻接原子的影响。近来Hinze等利用Mulliken方法,根据Slater参数计算价态能量,从而计算价态电离势(I_v)与价态电子亲和能(E_v),求出元素在不同价态的轨道电自性。这种方法主要困难是E_v与I_v的计十算过繁而且E_V的计算依赖原子基态的电子亲和能E,E是由经     

一种价态元素电负性的新标度

本文利用原子的价层轨道能、共价半径和有效主量子数为主要参数，以静电力为基础计算了价态元素电负性，本文计算了78种元素常见价态的电负性，由此，产生了一套价态元素电负性的新标度，其计算公式为：X_y=0.070n^*(-∑E_i)^1/2/r_c²+0.820式中E_i为原子的价层轨道能，r_c为原子的共价半径，n^*为有效主量子数。该标度不但容易理解和计算,而且标度值比已有的文献值更接近传统的鲍林电负性值。此外，该标度值的相对大小还能反映配合物的稳定性，过渡金属收缩和镧系元素收缩等性质。     

卤代苯的沸点与分子结构的定量关系

原子点价是分子连接性指数的核心概念.本文提出了一个计算原子点价δiz'的新方法,其公式为: δiz'=mi(Zi-hi)Vi/Ei/ni2(1) 式中,ni,mi,Zi分别是原子i的核外电子层数、成键电子数和价电子数,hi是与原子i直接相连的氢原子数,Vi,Ei分别是分子图中原子i的顶点度和边度.     

主族金属元素电子脱出功与拓扑指数~mP的相关性

利用Pauling电负性xpi、原子的价电子数mi和原子的价电子层数ni构建了点价iδ.由点价iδ构建了拓扑指数mP.利用其0阶指数0P与23种金属元素电子脱出功关联,拟合成3个线性回归方程.相关系数为0.9803,0.9870和0.9878,均优于文献值.预测取得了较好的结果.     

Electronegativity Scaled as a Average Attracting Energy of Valence‐Shell Electrons in a Ground‐State Free Atom

The total capability of an atom attracting valence electrons can be measured by the sum of ionization energies of valence electron in a ground‐state free atom plus its electron affinity called Total Attracting Energy, TAE = Σn_iE_i + EA, where, E_i is the ionization energy of the ith valence‐shell electron in a ground‐state free atom, n_i is the number of valence‐shell electron bearing energy E_i, and EA is the electron affinity. And the electronegativity χ_CL is proportional to the average of TAE, AAE = TAE_av, divided by Σn_i, the number of atomic valence‐shell electrons. χ_CL = 0.1813 TAE_av = 0.1813 AAE = 0.1813 TAE/Σn_i, = 0.1813 (Σn_iE_I + EA)/Σn_i. Further, the atomic valence orbital electronegativity can be also obtained from the TAE value of an atom. Some discussions were made on several special aspects such as scale of rare gases, comparisons with Pauling's and Allen's scales, etc.     

Electronic Chemical Potential and Orbital Electronegativity of Univalent Substituents

The relations were analyzed between the electronic chemical potential of a chemical group in the ground state and the orbital chemical potential of its valence state, the latter being equal in absolute value to its orbital electronegativity. These quantities should be equivalent for univalent substituents whose ground electronic state can be described by one-determinant wave function allowing localization of molecular orbitals in a closed shell. In this case, the orbital electronegativity of a chemical group can be calculated in terms of nonempirical quantum-chemical methods. The results of the variation calculation of orbital electronegativities of a series of univalent substituents gave rise to a quantum-chemical scale of group electronegativities which may be used for testing of approximate calculation procedures.     

电负性与原子价层轨道能

用密度泛函理论论证了原子价层轨道能与元素电负性之间的密切关系，说明如何用原子价层轨道能对元素电负性的概念进行解释，从而使周期表中元素电负性更容易被理解和计算。     

Redefinition of Electronegativity as the Average Valence Electron Energy: The Third Dimension of the Periodic Table

Electronegativity (EN) has been redefined as the average valence electron energy (AVEE) that takes into account all of the s and p electrons in the valence shell for main group elements. This definition confers unambiguous physical meaning on the term electronegativity. EN and AVEE can be used interchangeably, directly relating the parameter to the periodicity of the elements. This paper shows that the EN criterion can be used as an exclusive approach to describing the properties and reactivities of the elements. Various chemical phenomena, such as metallicity, reactivity, type of bonding, and oxidation states, are correlated distinctly to electronegativity. Especially significant is the explanation of the difference in properties of the second row and lower main group elements based exclusively on their electronegativities. This is demonstrated to be a simple and powerful approach that possibly avoids more complicated bonding theories. Electronegativity (in terms of average valence electron energy) qualifies as the third dimension of the periodic table. The purpose of this paper is to effectively address this concept in fundamental chemical education in relation to the periodicity and properties of the elements.     

电负性研究(Ⅱ)—氢的电负性

氢的电负性值是氢元素性质的重要参数，１９３２年Pauling犤１～３犦定量确定氢的相对电负性值等于２．１，１９６１年Allred犤４，５犦用更准确的实验数据对Paul－ing电负性标度进行了修正，氢的电负性值被确定为２．２，目前这两个数值都在采用。元素的电负性值是与元素的性质紧密相关的，一个合适的电负性标度应该至少反映所有重要元素的电负性值，氢的化合物比任何其它元素都多，理应有一个基本的准确电负性值，然而一些电负性标度中却缺乏这样的数据。在Murphy等四人犤６犦最近发表的论文中，对Pauling电负性标度又进行了深入考查与…     

Estimation of electronegativity values of elements in different valence states

The electronegativities of 82 elements in different valence states and with the most common coordination numbers have been quantitatively calculated on the basis of an effective ionic potential defined by the ionization energy and ionic radius. It is found that for a given cation, the electronegativity increases with increasing oxidation state and decreases with increasing coordination number. For the transition-metal cations, the electronegativity of the low-spin state is higher than that of the high-spin state. The ligand field stabilization, the first filling of p orbitals, the transition-metal contraction, and especially the lanthanide contraction are well-reflected by the relative values of our proposed electronegativity. This new scale is useful for us to estimate some quantities (e.g., the Lewis acid strength for the main group elements and the hydration free energy for the first transition series) and predict the structure and property of materials.