原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数与元素电负性的关系

在基态原子价壳层电子隐核图的基础上, 基于拓扑化学原理以及原子价壳层电子结构特征, 构建了原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数(AEI), 它对基态原子实现唯一性表征, 结合原子价壳层电子平均化能(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)等参数, 建立了一套新的元素电负性标度: X_N＝－0.588710AEI₁＋0.761214AEI₂＋0.154982(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)－0.080929. 该式给出了周期表中氢至镅共95种元素的电负性, 结果表明新电负性标度X_N与Pauling电负性标度颇为一致. 进一步从原子价轨道量子拓扑指数确定了sp, sp², sp³杂化轨道的电负性. 新标度在元素和物质的结构-性质研究中具有一定的适用性.     

碳原子价轨道电负性对化学键性能的影响

研究了同一类型化学键X―C的键能、键长和H―C键的酸性等性能与碳原子价轨道电负性的定量关系。结果表明,X―C键能随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性增大;H―C与C―C键的键长随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性减小;H―C的酸性随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性增大。因而,对结构类似的有机化合物,可以采用碳原子价轨道电负性对实验测定的化学键性能作图,判断其测定结果正确与否。     

基态原子价壳层电子能级连接性指数与元素的电负性

构建了基态原子价壳层电子能级连接性指数(^mVEI),m=0,1,2,…，它对基态原子实现唯一性表征，其中^0VEI,^1VEI对原子具有良好的结构选择性，以^0VEL,^1VEL，价壳层电子总离子化能(ΣniEi)和总从电子数(Σni)为基本参数，定义了元素的电负性：X~N=0.444067+1.190653(1-1.32775/Σni)(^0VEI)-3.154675(^1VEI)+0.134591.(ΣniEi/Σni)。用上式给出了周期表中主族元素、副族元素及惰性元素的电负性。结果表明，新电负性标度X~N与目前流行的Pauling标度颇为一致。进一步从价轨道能级连接性指数确定了碳原子的sp,sp^2,sp^3杂化轨道的电负性。     

原子的电负性

原子的电负性在化学中有许多应用.求极性键键长、极性分子分解能以及用分子轨道法求分子轨函等,均应用电负性概念. 至目前止,原子的电负性已有数种度量标尺,其中Mulliken的电离势及电子亲合势平均值度量法的理论根据较好,而Pauling的热化学数据度量法应用较广. 为求得各种原子的电负性,已有多种可供计算的公式.刘遵宪由原子价壳层电子     

电负性研究I．建立元素电负性标度的有效核电荷数方法

通过价层电离能、价键轨道能量用有效核电荷数法建立了周期表中90种元素的电负性新标度。X＝0。4123√－EV,该式表明电负性值与价键轨道能量的绝对值的平方根成正比,所得数值是一套无量纲的相对参数。元素电负性值随价态的升高与元素非金属性的增强相对应,元素电负性的大小不仅与单个成键电子腾,而且也与参加价键作用的多个电子甚至整个价层都有紧密的联系。氢的元素电负性值不同于Pauling值、等于1．52。用16种氢化物中键的额外离子能△′对（XA－XB）^2作图,两者之间确实具有良好的线性关系。本方法充分体现了目前公认的三大电负性标度的优点,该标度同时也是价层电子在价键状态下的一种能量标度,是对元素周期律的定量描述和反映。     

电负性研究Ⅰ.建立元素电负性标度的有效核电荷数方法

通过价层电离能、价键轨道能量用有效核电荷数法建立了周期表中 90种元素的电负性新标度。χ=0 .41 2 3 -EV,该式表明电负性值与价键轨道能量的绝对值的平方根成正比 ,所得数值是一套无量纲的相对参数。元素电负性值随价态的升高与元素非金属性的增强相对应 ,元素电负性的大小不仅与单个成键电子有关 ,而且也与参加价键作用的多个电子甚至整个价层都有紧密的联系。氢的元素电负性值不同于Pauling值、等于 1 .52。用 1 6种氢化物中键的额外离子能Δ′对 (χA-χB) 2 作图 ,两者之间确实具有良好的线性关系。本方法充分体现了目前公认的三大电负性标度的优点 ,该标度同时也是价层电子在价键状态下的一种能量标度 ,是对元素周期律的定量描述和反映。     

电负性和价态

元素的电负性和它的价态直接有关,这一点首先为Sanderson所认识。后来,Haissinsky应用鲍林(Pauling)的热化学方法计算了部分变价元素在某些价态的电负性,发现电负性随着原子价数的增加而增加。然而Haissinsky关于相同原子间的正常共价键能(M—M)在M变价时保持不变的假设是非常成问题的,因而他的结果值得怀疑。Gordy、高孝恢、袁汉     

一种价态元素电负性的新标度

本文利用原子的价层轨道能、共价半径和有效主量子数为主要参数，以静电力为基础计算了价态元素电负性，本文计算了78种元素常见价态的电负性，由此，产生了一套价态元素电负性的新标度，其计算公式为：X_y=0.070n^*(-∑E_i)^1/2/r_c²+0.820式中E_i为原子的价层轨道能，r_c为原子的共价半径，n^*为有效主量子数。该标度不但容易理解和计算,而且标度值比已有的文献值更接近传统的鲍林电负性值。此外，该标度值的相对大小还能反映配合物的稳定性，过渡金属收缩和镧系元素收缩等性质。     

电负性研究(Ⅱ)—氢的电负性

氢的电负性值是氢元素性质的重要参数，１９３２年Pauling犤１～３犦定量确定氢的相对电负性值等于２．１，１９６１年Allred犤４，５犦用更准确的实验数据对Paul－ing电负性标度进行了修正，氢的电负性值被确定为２．２，目前这两个数值都在采用。元素的电负性值是与元素的性质紧密相关的，一个合适的电负性标度应该至少反映所有重要元素的电负性值，氢的化合物比任何其它元素都多，理应有一个基本的准确电负性值，然而一些电负性标度中却缺乏这样的数据。在Murphy等四人犤６犦最近发表的论文中，对Pauling电负性标度又进行了深入考查与…     

浅谈ns电子向(n-1)d轨道“迁移”的规律性与d区过渡元素基态原子的价电子组态

讨论了对称性原理在原子结构中的支配作用，对ｎｓ电子向（ｎ－１）ｄ轨道“迁移”的规律性和ｄ区过渡元素基态原子价电子组态的形成作了较全面的解释。     

一种修正分子连接性指数杂原子点价的新方法

提出了一种对分子连接性指数中杂原子点价进行修正的新方法,新点价统一了碳原子与其它杂原子点价的定义公式,使杂原子的价点价与非价点价的定义具有了唯一性。对原点价的一些不足,尤其是在处理高氧化态原子时得到显著改进,且保持了碳原子与原定义的非价和价点价具有相同的数值,并继承了分子连接性指数原有的好的性质。新点价物理意义明确,具有与原子电负性相近的定义,其价与非价之差与原子的Mulliken电负性有很好的相关性,且在保持了与体积具有良好相关性的基础上,在处理原子的电性性能上明显改进,进一步明确了价与非价指数的概念,并提出了杂原子取代效应的概念。实际计算应用表明,新点价在处理杂原子,尤其是具有高氧化态和不同氧化态的原子上有明显的改进。     

Generalization of electronegativity concept

A generalization of the original method introduced by Hinze and Jaffé for calculating the orbital electronegativities is proposed. This generalization is based on a new energy partitioning scheme within the framework of CNDO approximation and permits the orbital electronegativities to be calculated for atoms in actual valence states in which they occur in real molecules.     

Physical Interpretation of the Electronegativity

An additivity scheme of electronegativities of univalent substituents has been proposed on the basis on the Van Vleck orbital model of valence states of atoms. The electronegativity of any organic or heteroelement-containing substituent can be calculated from the orbital electronegativities and hardnesses of atoms constituting that substituent. The proposed additivity scheme is the most consistent among those currently available for calculation of orbital electronegativities of univalent substituents. The scheme was substantiated with the aid of quantum-chemical scale of group electronegativities.     

Electronegativities from core-ionization energies: electronegativities of SF5 and CF3

Core-ionization energies have been measured for SF(6) (S 2p), SF(5)SF(5) (S 2p), SF(5)Br (S 2p and Br 3d), and SF(5)CF(3) (S 2p and C 1s). These results, together with others that establish correlations between core-ionization energies and Pauling electronegativities, make it possible to assign group electronegativities to SF(5) and CF(3). This method gives electronegativities for these groups comparable to that of bromine, whereas analysis of the effect of these groups on acidity indicates electronegativities comparable to that of fluorine. Other methods of estimating electronegativity fall between these extremes. These disparities can be understood in part as reflecting the effects of polarizibility of the substituent, which tends to lower both the core-ionization energy and the deprotonation energy, making the electronegativity appear to be less in one case and more in the other. In addition, and possibly more important, the core-ionization energies presented here reflect the effect of the group on an adjacent atom, whereas the acidity reflects the effect on a remote atom. It appears that fluorine has a large effect on an adjacent atom but a relatively small effect on a remote atom. By contrast SF(5) and CF(3) have a relatively small effect on an adjacent atom, but this effect falls off only slowly with distance from the substituent. Thus, the effective electronegativities of CF(3) and SF(5) relative to those of the halogens depend on the site at which the molecule is probed as well as on the process that is under consideration.     

Valence state parameters of all transition metal atoms in metalloproteins—development of ABEEMσπ fluctuating charge force field

To promote accuracy of the atom‐bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEMσπ) fluctuating charge polarizable force fields, and extend it to include all transition metal atoms, a new parameter, the reference charge is set up in the expression of the total energy potential function. We select over 700 model molecules most of which model metalloprotein molecules that come from Protein Data Bank. We set reference charges for different apparent valence states of transition metals and calibrate the parameters of reference charges, valence state electronegativities, and valence state hardnesses for ABEEMσπ through linear regression and least square method. These parameters can be used to calculate charge distributions of metalloproteins containing transition metal atoms (Sc‐Zn, Y‐Cd, and Lu‐Hg). Compared the results of ABEEMσπ charge distributions with those obtained by ab initio method, the quite good linear correlations of the two kinds of charge distributions are shown. The reason why the STO‐3G basis set in Mulliken population analysis for the parameter calibration is specially explained in detail. Furthermore, ABEEMσπ method can also quickly and quite accurately calculate dipole moments of molecules. Molecular dynamics optimizations of five metalloproteins as the examples show that their structures obtained by ABEEMσπ fluctuating charge polarizable force field are very close to the structures optimized by the ab initio MP2/6–311G method. This means that the ABEEMσπ/MM can now be applied to molecular dynamics simulations of systems that contain metalloproteins with good accuracy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.