直剪颗粒体系声波探测

建立了声波监测系统,探测颗粒体系在直剪过程中声速与剪切应力的变化关系.发现声速在剪切开始后随着剪切应力的增加会迅速减小.而在应力达到屈服点之后,声速变化逐渐变缓并趋近于一个稳定值.剪切作用对声速变化的影响小于20%,而非所预测由于剪切带的形成,声波(尤其是横向波)的振动无法通过剪切带而使得探测的飞行速度变为零.这是由于直剪的应变率甚低于声波的频率,直剪的颗粒体系可被视为局部区域膨胀的准静态的弹塑固体.结合等效介质理论和颗粒弹性理论对以上结果进行了解释和讨论.     

玻璃-橡胶混合颗粒的力学响应研究

通过直剪实验和离散元模拟, 研究掺杂了橡胶软球的玻璃体系的力学响应. 改变颗粒固体中橡胶颗粒的含量, 研究体系剪切强度以及剪胀变化等特性, 发现随着橡胶颗粒的增加, 会出现剪胀到剪缩的相转变现象, 且混合颗粒固体的弹性有了很大的提高. 实验研究发现, 随着体系中橡胶颗粒含量的增加, 剪切屈服强度值逐渐减小, 体积发生从剪胀到剪缩的相转变现象, 但临界剪切强度在一定橡胶颗粒含量范围内保持一致; 实验所采取的剪切速率下, 应力应变曲线能较好重合, 即实验处于率无关区域; 混合样品的屈服强度值随正压力的增大而增大. 离散元模拟也得到了上述结果, 另外模拟还发现, 随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加, 颗粒的平均配位数增大; 橡胶颗粒含量和正压力对剪胀-剪缩相转变的位置有影响, 橡胶颗粒含量较小时, 在较大的正压力下易发生相转变现象, 且剪胀-剪缩相转变点对应的平均配位数在5.6-5.9之间; 在橡胶颗粒含量小于30%时, 混合颗粒样品的残剪强度与不掺杂的颗粒体系相近; 大于30%时, 残剪强度随橡胶颗粒含量的增加而减小; 残剪强度随正压力加大而增加.     

孪晶对Be材料冲击加-卸载动力学影响的数值模拟研究

在高压、高应变率加载条件下,孪晶变形对材料的塑性变形具有重要的贡献,而目前孪晶对金属材料的动态屈服强度、冲击响应等的影响还没有被充分揭示.为此,本文考虑孪晶变形和晶粒碎化,针对铍(Be)材料在高应变率加载下的动态力学响应发展了含孪晶的热弹-黏塑性晶体塑性模型.经过和实验结果的对比,发现该模型可以更准确地预测Be材料在动态加载下,尤其是高压动态加载下的屈服强度.进一步,基于该塑性模型研究了Be材料在冲击加载下的准弹性卸载行为,结果表明剪切波速随着压力和剪应变的变化而发生变化是材料产生准弹性卸载现象的主要原因.此外,研究了冲击波卸载过程中Be材料孪晶的演化过程,发现Be材料卸载过程中也伴随着孪晶的产生.     

预应力对多晶铁冲击行为影响的微观模拟研究

冲击加载铁动力学响应是当前冲击波领域金属材料塑性和相变行为研究最为关注的焦点之一.本文采用分子动力学模拟方法开展预应力作用下冲击加载多晶铁的动力学行为研究.模拟结果表明,随着预应力的增加,导致弹塑转变应力(Hugoniot弹性极限)和冲击波速度提高,符合已有的理论分析结果.微观晶体结构表征则发现较大的预应力导致剪应力大于屈服应力,塑性弛豫时间缩短,加快多晶铁α→ε相转变.进一步通过与平面及柱壳纯铁冲击加载获得的自由面速度剖面对比分析,证实了模拟结果.     

设计脆性材料的冲击塑性

通过微结构设计提升脆性功能材料的冲击塑性, 将有助于避免或延缓失效的发生. 提出在脆性材料中植入特定的微小孔洞以改善其冲击塑性的设计方法. 采用一种能够定量表现脆性材料力学性质的格点-弹簧模型, 研究了孔洞排布方式对脆性材料冲击响应的影响. 孔洞随机排布的多孔脆性材料具有明显高于致密脆性材料的冲击塑性, 而设计规则的孔洞排布方式将有助于进一步提升脆性材料的冲击塑性. 对150 m/s活塞冲击下气孔率5%的多孔样品的介观变形特征分析表明, 孔洞规则排布的样品中孔洞贯通和体积收缩变形占主导, 而孔洞随机排布的样品中剪切裂纹长距离扩展和滑移与转动变形占主导. 尽管在宏观的Hugoniot应力-应变曲线上, 两种孔洞排布方式的样品都表现出三段式响应特征(线弹性阶段、塌缩变形阶段和滑移与转动变形阶段), 但孔洞规则排布时孔洞塌缩变形阶段对整体冲击塑性的贡献更大. 研究揭示的规则排布孔洞增强脆性材料冲击塑性的原理, 将有助于脆性材料冲击诱导功能失效的预防.     

倾斜沙漏流与颗粒休止角研究

本文发现在测量误差内颗粒物质的下列三个临界角度相等: 1)从直径为D的倾斜孔洞流出的Beverloo颗粒流的流量开始停止的临界倾角θ_c 向大孔径极限线性外推θ_c∞≡θ_c(D→∞) 的补角θ_s∞= 180°-θ_c∞;2) 从靠近堆顶的点源向光滑底板缓慢下落颗粒形成的圆锥形堆的休止角θ_r; 3) 直接剪切矩形颗粒固体测得的库仑内摩擦角φ. 该结果倾向支持倾斜孔洞和颗粒堆自由表面的固-液转变与颗粒固体内部的库仑屈服均来自材料的同一临界性质. 由于三种情况样品的内部应力和变形等都是目前还远不能定量分析的复杂非均匀分布, 我们仅从定性角度对此给出一些讨论.     

铁冲击相变的晶向效应

采用基于火炮加载的三样品精细波剖面对比测量,研究了晶向效应对铁弹-塑性转变及体心立方结构(bcc,α相)至六角密排结构(hcp,ε相)相变特性的影响.观测到单晶铁异常的弹-塑性转变行为,这与基于位错密度描述的黏塑性本构模型计算结果相符,对应的Hugoniot弹性极限δ_(HEL)均大于6 GPa,且具有晶向相关性,即δ(111)/(HEL)δ(110)/(HEL)δ(100)/(HEL);系统获取了相变起始压力P_(PT)晶向相关性的实验数据,[100],[110]和[111]晶向的PPT实测值分别为13.89±0.57 GPa,14.53±0.53 GPa,16.05±0.67 GPa,其变化规律与非平衡分子动力学计算结果相符.上述结果揭示出冲击压缩下单晶铁存在塑性与相变微观机理的强耦合,为完善用于冲击实验描述的相场动力学模型提供了重要的实验支撑.     

Couette颗粒系统中静态应力和侧压力系数的非线性弹性理论分析

经典弹性理论能否适用于静态颗粒物质是颗粒物理的一个基本问题.报道了非线性颗粒弹性方程对环柱几何(或称Couette几何)状样品中应力分布的计算结果.由于这些结果大都可在今后用实验直接测量,因而可将它们用于进一步判断这些弹性方程对颗粒材料的适用性以及澄清这个基本问题.另外,这些结果还可用于分析计算工程中的侧压力系数. 关键词： 颗粒物质 侧压力系数 非线性弹性理论     

基于力磁耦合效应的铁磁材料修正磁化模型

Jiles-Atherton (J-A)模型和Zheng Xiao-Jing-Liu Xing-En (Z-L)模型在分析应力对铁磁材料磁化的影响方面应用十分广泛.目前, J-A模型中的磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用Jiles给出的经典拟合公式,该拟合公式中磁化强度的二次项和四次项系数与应力均为线性关系,不能准确描述铁磁材料磁致伸缩系数随应力、磁化强度的非线性变化规律; Z-L模型中磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用了双曲正切函数tanh(x),更好地描述了铁磁材料磁致伸缩应变和磁化强度随应力的非线性变化规律,但Z-L模型却没有考虑Weiss分子场、钉扎效应的作用,且由于采用了基于弹性能的接近定理,只能描述弹性应力对磁化过程的影响.针对上述问题,本文结合Z-L模型中的非线性磁致伸缩应变关系式以及J-A模型中的磁滞理论,考虑弹性应力、塑性变形对模型参数的影响,建立了能够反映弹-塑性阶段应力与塑性变形对铁磁材料磁化曲线影响的修正磁化模型,分析了弹性拉、压应力及塑性拉、压变形对磁化曲线、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度的影响规律.通过与试验结果及原有模型的计算结果进行对比,发现修正模型能够更好地反映单次磁化、循环磁化过程中应力、塑性变形对磁化曲线的影响规律,理论预测结果与试验结果之间的相关系数均在0.98以上,可为分析力磁耦合效应对铁磁材料磁化影响规律提供更准确的理论模型.     

多孔结构内流动沸腾流型分类及转变研究

以球形燃料核反应堆为工程应用背景,分别对直径4 mm、6 mm、8 mm颗粒堆积的多孔结构进行了流动沸腾可视化试验,在实验参数范围内得到了泡状流、泡状-弹状流、弹状流、弹状-环状流四种流型.获得了热流密度、流速、颗粒直径等对流型的影响规律.增加热流密度,汽泡数量增加,体积变大,变形、合并、分裂频繁;流速越高、颗粒越小,汽泡体积越小、数量越少.流速越高、球径越小发生相同流型所需要的热流密度越大.对Tung/Dhir模型进行修正得到了多孔结构内流动沸腾两相流流型图及各流型间的转变含气率.     

A brief review of “granular elasticity”

Although granular materials are predominantly plastic, preparation-dependent, anisotropic under shear, and incrementally nonlinear, their static stress distribution is well accounted for, in the whole range up to the point of failure, by an isotropic, nonlinear and carefully tailored elasticity theory termed GE, for "granular elasticity". Its usefulness, limits, and the understanding behind it are reviewed, and some contentious questions (e.g. what is the elastic reference state, how to measure the elastic displacement) discussed.     

Microscale deformations in a two-dimensional lattice: Structural transitions and bifurcations at critical shear

A two-dimensional model of a crystal lattice with an essentially nonlinear interaction between atoms for arbitrary mutual displacements under shear conditions is considered. The energy of deformation contains a periodic term and gradient terms. The equilibrium equation in the sine-Helmholtz form (with two characteristic coherence lengths) is solved exactly. It is shown that a large uniform shear deformation is unstable and is accompanied by periodic modulations emerging in the plane of the layer and leading to nonuniform extensions and compressions of atomic chains, i.e., to a change in the long-range order. The chain slip by a lattice half-period or a larger value changes the long-range order as well. The obtained relations connecting the unit cell size and the amplitude of the displacement field determine the conditions for the existence of a modulated structure. A bifurcation transition from a purely elastic deformation of the lattice to its elastoplastic deformation, as well as a transition to its disordered (amorphous-type) state, is observed.     

Theoretical strength and the onset of plasticity in bulk metallic glasses investigated by nanoindentation with a spherical indenter

The mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) was investigated by nanoindentation with a spherical indenter. The transition from perfectly elastic behavior to plastic deformation was clearly observed as a pop-in event (sudden displacement excursion) on the load-displacement curves. Hertzian stress analysis was used to describe fully the load-displacement behavior during elastic deformation and to determine the theoretical shear strengths of the BMGs.     

Ratcheting of granular materials

We investigate the quasistatic mechanical response of soils under cyclic loading using a discrete model of randomly generated convex polygons. This response exhibits a sequence of regimes, each one characterized by a linear accumulation of plastic deformation with the number of cycles. At the grain level, a quasiperiodic ratchetlike behavior is observed at the contacts, which excludes the existence of an elastic regime. The study of this slow dynamics allows exploration of the role of friction in the permanent deformation of unbound granular materials subjected to cyclic loading.     

Shear modulus of polydomain, mono-domain and non-mesomorphic side-chain elastomers: Influence of the nematic order

We investigate the behavior of the complex shear modulus of a series of elastomers including mono-domain and poly-domain liquid crystal samples, and a non-mesomorphic sample. We find that the dynamics of the glass transition are strongly modified by the nematic order. This result explains why the truly elastic response of liquid crystal elastomers can only be observed in the isotropic phase at very high temperatures and at very low frequencies. Between the elastic regime and the glassy state, the elastomers have a visco-elastic regime, which is characterized by a Rouse-like behavior for mono-domain and poly-domain samples, and by a Zimm-like behavior for the non-mesomorphic sample. We also show that the mono-domain sample exhibits marked anisotropy of the shear-modulus G ^′. This anisotropy, which is observed for the first time, is a function of frequency and is inverted between low and high frequencies, due to relaxation effects of the orientational order. Received 28 January 2000 and Received in final form 16 October 2000     

Effect of matrix yield properties on fragmentation behavior of single fiber composites

Experimental and theoretical investigations have been conducted to study the dependence of fiber fragmentation behavior on matrix yielding properties. The cured Epikote 828 resins with two types of curing agents have almost similar elastic moduli, but different tensile yield strengths. The interfacial chemistry between fiber and epoxy resin is unchanged due to the same constituent of the epoxy resin. The experimental results indicate that the fragmentation behavior of the fibers embedded in the matrix is significantly different for the tested glass fiber treated by γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The average fragment length decreased with increasing tensile yield strength of resin, which suggests that the interfacial shear strength determined in the fragmentation test should be different depending on the tensile yield strength of resin used. The important phenomenon observed is the transition of the micro-damage mode from matrix crack to interfacial debonding. An elastoplastic shear-lag model was used to calculate the shear stress and fiber tensile stress distributions considering different plastic behaviors of the matrices. The theoretical results indicate that the plastic behavior of the matrix has a large influence on stress transfer. Based on elastic and plastic properties of the matrix, the fiber fragmentation behavior in the matrix is predicted. Experimental and theoretical results are favorably compared.     

Subdiffusion and cage effect in a sheared granular material

We investigate experimentally the diffusion properties of a bidimensional bidisperse dry granular material under quasistatic cyclic shear. The comparison of these properties with results obtained both in computer simulations of hard spheres systems and Lennard-Jones liquids and experiments on colloidal systems near the glass transition demonstrates a strong analogy between the statistical behavior of granular matter and these systems, despite their intrinsic microscopic differences (thermal vs athermal). More specifically, we study in detail the cage dynamics responsible for the subdiffusion in the slow relaxation regime, and obtain the values of relevant time and length scales.     

Variation of elastic characteristics of metastable austenite steel under cycling straining

We have analyzed the effect of elastoplastic cyclic straining on anisotropy of elastic properties of 08Kh18N10T metastable austenite steel. The possibility of determining the strain amplitude of the fatigue loading cycle by an acoustic method involving measuring the elastic characteristic of the material has been demonstrated. The resulting experimental dependences that can be used to estimate the number of cycles before failure using ultrasonic measurements have been revealed.     

Various kinds of two-dimensional rheological models

Two-dimensional rheological models consisting of two-dimensional elastic, viscous, and plastic elements are introduced in order to represent more closely the real rheological behavior of various isotropic and orthotropic viscoelastic, elastoplastic, viscoplastic, and elastoviscoplastic bodies in the plane-stress or plane-strain state, respectively. These models represent schematically the unit area of a body and consist of plane elastic, viscous, and plastic regions with rectangular straight boundaries lying in the principal direction of orthotropy.

The two-dimensional rheological models may be considered either from the phenomenological or from the structural point of view. They may also represent rheological structures with variously oriented multiphase systems having elastic, viscous, and plastic properties. The configuration of such models may correspond to the rheological nonhomogeneity of bodies and to both kinds of orthotropy arising either from the orthotropic properties of elastic, plastic, and viscous phases or from various configurations of phases. These models may also represent nonsymmetrical shear effects which are analogous to those arising in elastic Cosserat media.

The main differences between the presented two-dimensional models and the usual rheological models, which are one-dimensional, consist of the possibilities of representing directly two-dimensional rheological behavior, the anisotropy of rheological processes, and nonsymmetrical shear effects in rheological bodies.     

Growth of interfacial debonding in notched two-dimensional unidirectional composite under stress and displacement controls

A simplified calculation method for study of the growth of interfacial debonding between elastic fiber and elastic matrix ahead of the notch-tip in composites under displacement and stress controlled conditions was presented based on the shear lag approach in which the influences of residual stress and frictional shear stress at the debonded interface were incorporated. The calculation method was applied to a model two-dimensional composite. An outline is given of the difference and similarity in the growing behavior of the debonding between the displacement and stress controls, and of the influences of the residual stresses, frictional shear stress, the nature of the final cut component (fiber or matrix) and sample length on the debonding behavior.