仿生复眼成像系统设计与制作的研究进展

基于仿生复眼光学成像系统体积小、重量轻、视场大、灵敏度高等优点,对其研究现状和发展前景进行了综述。简要介绍了生物复眼的结构与分类;分别从平面型和曲面型仿生复眼成像系统的设计概述了仿生复眼的研究进展,给出了国内外典型复眼成像系统的结构、模型和成像功能;总结了仿生复眼成像系统应用于不同领域的特点和优势。最后,分析了目前仿生复眼的工艺现状,指出仿生复眼的功能主要受微器件制作工艺的限制,而超精密加工技术是一种革新的、综合的微细加工方法,具有制作更高精度透镜阵列,提高人工仿生复眼应用能力的潜力。     

仿生复眼照相机可使景深极大化

节肢动物的复眼一直是科学家感兴趣的研究对象。中国研究人员参与的一个国际科研团队5月1日在英国《自然》杂志上报告说,他们开发出模拟复眼特性的人造同位复眼照相机,这种相机可实现视角和景深极大化,且不会产生轴外像差。     

大视场复眼结构图像处理算法研究

针对多维子眼成像通道曲面排布组成的大视场复眼结构,提出了一种切割-旋转-映射的图像处理算法来实现多通道图像的大视场拼接.通过确定复眼结构的排布特征,分析了各成像通道捕获的子眼图像之间的相互关系,去除相邻子眼图像之间的冗余部分,并运用几何光学及成像光学原理,研究了子眼图像与三维映射空间之间的关系,从而实现了二维子眼图像在三维空间的大视场拼接.实验制备了包含37个镜头且视场角可达118°的人工复眼结构,并运用提出的图像处理算法处理制备的复眼结构捕获的子眼图像.结果表明:算法处理图像过程中不损失图像的分辨率,可以有效地实现多通道图像的大视场拼接,且获得的图像可视性强,满足实用化要求,可进一步推进曲面复眼成像系统的应用.     

基于仿生复眼的大视场探测系统结构研究

昆虫复眼具有小型化、多孔径、大视场、高灵敏度等特点,开展仿生复眼在成像探测技术方面的应用具有重要的意义。介绍了复眼的分类、结构和成像特点,结合当前仿生复眼的研究进展和技术水平,对大视场复眼成像探测系统的结构进行了探索和研究,得到了三种适合用于探测系统的复眼探测结构,对其结构形式进行了介绍,对其优缺点进行了分析,并选取其中一种较好的方案进行了详细设计。所设计的复眼由37个子眼组成,总视场150°。对仿生复眼在光学成像探测方面的应用进行了有益的探索,具有一定的前瞻性和参考价值。     

小型无人机载大视场复眼相机光学系统设计

针对小型无人机载大视场光学成像观测需求,设计了一款仿生复眼大视场微小型相机.该相机光学系统总焦距为4mm,F数为4,视场角可达106°,在500m的飞行高度分辨率可达0.5m.所设计系统由曲面排布的微透镜阵列、光学像面变换子系统、图像接收和数据采集处理单元三部分组成.仿生复眼中的子透镜采用双胶合透镜组合以减小系统像差,相邻子透镜在满足视场一定重叠率的前提下,可允许相邻多达7个子透镜同时对地面目标进行成像,达到目标定位和测速的目的.仿真结果表明无人机载大视场复眼相机系统在给定的公差范围内像质满足要求,每个通道的光学畸变可控制在1.2%以下.     

用于CF-LCoS LED照明的大角度复眼系统共轭成像优化设计

根据LED发光特性以及彩色滤光片式硅基液晶芯片特性,从成像光学的角度导出了复眼照明系统的基本成像公式.在此基础上由彩色滤光片式硅基液晶芯片目标区域的大小及其对光束入射角以及LED经整形以后的光斑尺寸与发散角的要求,根据推导的复眼系统的基本成像公式计算彩色滤光片式硅基液晶芯片复眼照明系统的初始结构,利用复眼照明系统中的多重共轭成像关系,将复眼成像,中继透镜成像分别优化,最后将两者通过孔径与中间像匹配的基本要求进行复眼阵列组合,设计了基于彩色滤光片式硅基液晶芯片的大照度入射光下的复眼照明系统.该系统以较小的复眼数,在保证彩色滤光片式硅基液晶芯片照明要求的条件下,较好地解决了照明系统效率、均匀性与大角度问题.与传统计算方法相比,该方法简单明了.非成像软件的模拟结果证明该方法准确,均匀性好,效率高.实验样机结果验证了本文所提方法的正确性和有效性.     

无人机载型曲面仿生复眼成像测速系统

基于仿生复眼的视觉优势,将曲面仿生复眼结构应用于无人机载光电探测系统,实现机载宽视场高分辨运动目标探测。根据生物复眼的结构形态,设计了六边形排列的曲面透镜阵列作为曲面仿生复眼,辅以光学中继转像子系统和CMOS图像传感器,构成曲面仿生复眼成像测速系统。该系统的成像视场可达98°×98°,系统焦距为5 mm,角分辨率为1.8 mrad,F数为3.5,系统体积为Ф123 mm×195 mm,重量为1.35 kg。根据仿生复眼的成像原理,利用仿生复眼成像系统中相邻小眼存在的视场重叠优势,提出了曲面仿生复眼的测速原理,使得多个小眼能够同时探测场景中的同一个目标。运动汽车的测速实验表明该测速方法能够有效提高运动目标测试的可靠性和准确性。     

共口径宽光谱复眼光学系统设计

为了扩大复眼光学系统的接收光谱,研究了一种可见光、长波红外复眼光学系统.推导了双波段共焦面方程,建立了子眼系统与接收系统的匹配要求.子眼光学系统的工作波段为0.38~0.78μm和8~12μm,焦距为5mm,相对孔径为1∶3,视场为10°.两个波段的子眼系统成像位置均为2.92mm,相邻的两个中心光轴夹角为4.016°,共650个子眼,合并后的视场为90°.接收系统的焦距为4mm,视场为80°,相对孔径为1∶3.子眼系统和接收系统的图像质量良好,在-40~60℃的温度范围内无热差影响.     

曲面相机阵列多分辨成像方法

针对现有成像系统因数据冗余而无法兼顾大视场、高分辨、高效性的问题,结合人眼视网膜变分辨成像和并列式复眼成像原理,设计一种多分辨率成像的复合仿生成像系统.该成像系统按照球面和平面兼顾的曲面布局方式,利用11个相机镜头构建相机阵列,组成了四个等级分辨率的子眼拍摄模块.通过物距100 m的远景实验和物距10 m的近景实验发现,该系统在实现高分辨成像的同时,获得总视场达150.8°×37.8°.多分辨率成像实验结果表明,该系统获取的图像的分辨率从中心视场到边缘视场逐渐降低,并且相较于中心清晰全视场成像,四级分辨率成像的拼接图像数据量减少了17.2倍的数据冗余.     

几何光学 光学系统、成像与分析

TH7032006053854曲面复眼成像系统的研究=Study on curved compoundeye i maging system[刊,中]/张红鑫(中科院长春光机所应用光学国家重点实验室.吉林,长春(130033)),卢振武…//光学精密工程.—2006,14(3).—346-350研究了两种曲面复眼成像系统,并首次将曲面场镜阵列引入曲面复眼成像系统,使其边缘视场的成像质量进一步提高,视场角进一步加大。进行了成像系统的建模以及光线追迹,两种结构的视场角分别达到60°和88°,整个系统的体积分别为0.9mm×0.9mm×0.5mm和0.9mm×0.9mm×0.75mm。文中给出了用激光直写设备在曲面基底上进行光刻来制…     

Analytic modeling of the angular sensitivity function and modulation transfer function of ultrathin multichannel imaging systems

We propose what we believe to be a novel, refined model of the angular sensitivity function of artificial apposition compound eyes. Compared with the formerly used Gaussian approximation that was derived for natural compound eyes, our model is better suited to describe the resolution capacity of artificial compound eyes accounting for the cylindrical sensitivity function of technical receptors. It is shown that this analytic model is valid over a broad range of parameters of the optical system, which was not fulfilled by one of the previous models. Finally, an analytic approach is used to derive the modulation transfer function of these multichannel imaging systems.     

Artificial ommatidia by self-aligned microlenses and waveguides

We report the fabrication of artificial ommatidia, the imaging units of insects' compound eyes, by use of polymer integrated optics. These biomimetic structures are obtained by configuring microlenses to play dual roles for self-writing of waveguides (during the fabrication) and collection of light (during the operation). The artificial ommatidium, consisting of a microlens, a spacer, and a waveguide, directly resembles the structure of its biological counterpart. Optical characterizations reveal single-peak angular sensitivity with a +/- 0.75 degrees acceptance angle that is comparable to those found in nature. Using geometric and physical optics, we also investigate the relationship between angular sensitivity and the geometry of artificial ommatidia.     

An Artificial Compound Eye Using a Microlens Array and Its Application to Scale-Invariant Processing

An artificial compound eye corresponding to apposition eyes of insects has been demonstrated using a two-dimensional array of gradient-index rod lenses known as a Selfoc lens plate (a SLP). A single erect Moiré image is reconstructed from a number of inverted micro-images by an experimental optical system composed of the SLP, a pinhole array and a plano-concave lens. Characteristics of the compound eye is briefly discussed from the viewpoints of space-bandwidth product, viewing angle, and focal depth. Capability of a scale-invariant image sensor that has been proposed as an application of the compound-eye-type imager was also proved experimentally.     

昆虫复眼的仿生研究进展

作为生物光学发展的一个重要部分,对昆虫复眼的研究越来越重要,从结构、分类、人工仿生及应用等方面对昆虫复眼的研究近况进行了综述,并展望了其发展趋势。     

Lessons from nature: biomimetic subwavelength structures for high‐performance optics

In nature, optical structures in the subwavelength range have been evolved over millions of years. For example, in the form of ‘moth‐eye’ structures they show a strong anti‐reflective effect on the compound eyes of night‐active insects and therefore offer a successful protection over predators. In this contribution the advantages and challenges to transfer this natural concept of subwavelength structured optical interfaces to high‐end optical systems are discussed. Here, in comparison to alternative conventional multilayer systems, the bioinspired anti‐reflective structures offer a wide wavelength range and a broad angle dependency. Additionally, adhesion problems are reduced drastically. Simultaneously to the theoretical consideration of the best profile form of the subwavelength structures, appropriate realization technologies have been developed in recent years, where both top‐down and bottom‐up approaches have been investigated. Depending on the choice of the structuring technique, anti‐reflective subwavelength structures are applicable to a wide spectrum of optical elements ranging from micro‐optical components to aspheres for applications in imaging and also illumination setups of high‐end optical instruments.     

激光红外主被动复合导引系统

提出了采用激光主动三维成像技术配合被动红外成像技术共同工作的复合导引体制,用于提升地对地导弹的作战效能及对于隐身目标的识别能力。给出了各分系统的设计方案,并提出了合理的导引策略。该套系统能够兼顾红外大视场搜索及激光小视场三维成像,丰富的目标图像信息更加有利于对作战目标进行准确识别。整套复合光学导引系统结构简单、加工难度适中,在将整套导引系统口径控制在100 mm左右的情况下,同样能够实现4 km以上距离的导引。该项技术的提出对于我国复合导引技术的发展及我军导弹作战能力的提升有着重要意义。     

光学稀疏孔径系统的成像及其图像复原

由多个小口径成像系统通过特殊排列综合而成的光学稀疏孔径系统是实现高分辨率天文目标成像观测的一种新方法.建立了光学稀疏孔径系统的衍射受限非相干成像模型,并针对某一具体的光学稀疏孔径系统,运用图像复原维纳滤波器完成了系统成像和图像恢复处理的计算机仿真实验.结果表明,光学稀疏孔径系统可以等效实现单个大口径成像系统的成像观测效果.     

Validity of retinal oxygen saturation analysis: Hyperspectral imaging in visible wavelength with fundus camera and liquid crystal wavelength tunable filter

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of a newly developed hyperspectral fundus imaging camera with a liquid crystal tunable filter. The intensities of different wavelengths of light transmitted through an artery, vein, and the area surrounding these vessels and reflected out were measured, and the differential spectral absorptions were analyzed. Measurements were made from 16 normal eyes and from two artificial capillaries. The ratios of absorption (ROA) of arteries to veins from 500 to 580 nm (range 1) and from 600 to 720 nm (range 2) were calculated. For all eyes, the ROA_range1 was larger than ROA_range2. The ROA obtained from the artificial capillary filled with blood saturated with oxygen or nitrogen was similar to that of simulated data of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin extinction rate. Most ROAs of human eyes were lower than those of the simulated data and the artificial capillaries. Oxygen saturation analysis by hyperspectral fundus imaging of retinal vessels were qualitatively in agreement with thein vitro analysis or simulated values. However, further improvements are necessary to evaluate the oxygen saturation quantitatively in the retinal blood vessels.