Polarization Sensitive Spectral Interferometric Optical Coherence Tomography for Biological Samples

A spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography (OCT) system which has polarization sensitivity is developed. This system reduces the mechanical scanning dimension by employing the principle of spectral interferometry, and measures a two dimensional cross-sectional image of biological tissue with one dimensional mechanical scanning. Sixteen OCT images with different polarization conditions are measured, and two dimensional distributions of each element of the Müller matrix of a sample to be measured are calculated.     

Jones Matrix Imaging of Biological Samples Using Parallel-Detecting Polarization-Sensitive Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

A polarization-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (PS-FD-OCT) system has been developed. By using a two-dimensional CCD camera, this PS-FD-OCT simultaneously obtains two spectral interferograms corresponding to orthogonal polarization components of a probing beam. FD-OCT avoids axial mechanical scanning, therefore, two OCT images are obtained by a single lateral scanning. This system requires only two one-dimensional scannings for determining the Müller matrix images of a sample. In the Müller matrix images, the birefringence properties of the inner surface of a porcine esophagus are revealed.     

Note on “alternate structure for YBa2Cu3O7”

An alternate crystal structure for YBa₂Cu₃O₇ recently proposed by Reller, Bednorz and Müller has been examined by the profile analysis. Although the proposed structure can explain the X-ray data, that model is incompatible with the result of the neutron diffraction experiment.     

光致各向异性记录介质偏振全息图的透射矩阵

在给定参、物光波的偏振态和位相差的关系以后,用光致各向异性介质记录偏振全息图的光学常数分布便被确定。这样,可以把偏振全息图看作是一种复杂的偏振元件,按照偏振元件的矩阵理论,可以求出偏振全息图的透射矩阵。透射矩阵与照明光的琼斯矢量相乘,便可以求出再现光波的琼斯矢量。 关键词：     

Notes on relativistic equations of spin motion

Grounds and applications of Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equations for the precession of the polarization vector of relativistic particles are considered. A critical question in the discussion is the orientation of the rest frame reference vectors. Møller reference frames which keep constant the mutual orientation of the two infinitely close in time rest frames are shown to have a special role. The generally covariant form of the equations is discussed. The assertion that the principle of relativity is violated in the phenomenon of spin precession is proved to be untrue.     

利用偏振度研究散射介质浓度及杂质比的数值分析

为了研究散射介质的粒子数浓度对散射光偏振度的影响以及杂质混合比与目标偏振度的关系,求解了当激光器输出波长处于近红外波段806 nm时目标的米勒矩阵及偏振度的数值解,结果表明偏振度随散射介质粒子数浓度的变化十分显著;通过建立混合目标模型,讨论了杂质比与偏振度的数值关系,并对目标的偏振度进行了归一化,而且实现了由归一化偏振度对杂质混合比的反演。本文的研究结果为利用散射光偏振度研究大气遥感提供了新的途径。     

Characteristics of light scattering by normal and modified areas of skin tissue

Results from numerical calculations and experimental studies of the optical backscattering coefficients and changes in the polarization characteristics of normal and modified (birthmark, scar) skin tissue structures are presented. It is shown that determining the Mueller matrix is an effective way of detecting changes in the structure of skin tissue in vivo which reflects changes in the depolarization of light by an object for different polarization parameters of the incident (probe) radiation. The depolarization of light is found to be symmetric for normal areas of skin and antisymmetric for skin tissue with a modified structure. It is proposed that the polarization characteristics of scattered radiation be used in detecting damaged areas of skin tissue.     

Modeling and simulation of polarization errors in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor

Sagnac fiber optic current sensor (S-FOCS) is a kind of optical interferometer based on Sagnac structure, optical polarization states of sensing light wave in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor are limited. However, several factors induce optical polarization error, and non-ideal polarized light waves cause the interference signal crosstalk in sensor, including polarizer, quarter-wave retarder, splice angular, birefringence and so on. With these errors, linearly polarized light wave in PM fiber and circularly polarized light wave in sensing fiber become elliptically polarized light wave, then, nonreciprocal phase shift induced by magnetic field of the current is interrupted by wrong polarization state. To clarify characteristics of optical polarization error in fiber optic current sensor, we analyze the evolution process of random optical polarization state, linear optical polarization state and circular optical polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor by using Poincare sphere, then, build optical polarization error models by using Jones matrix. Based on models of polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor, we investigate the influence of several main error factors on optical polarization error characteristics theoretically, including extinction ratio in polarizer, phase delay in quarter-wave retarder, splice angular between quarter-wave retarder and polarization maintaining fiber. Finally, we simulate and quantify nonreciprocal phase shift to be detected in fiber optic current sensor related with optical polarization errors. In the end, we demonstrate S-FOCS in test. The results show that transfer matrix errors are induced by inaccurate polarization properties during polarization state conversion, then, the stability and accuracy of the S-FOCS are affected, and it is important to control the polarization properties at each step of the polarization state conversion precisely.     

A high accuracy algorithm for 3D periodic electromagnetic scattering

We develop a highly accurate numerical method for scattering of 3D electromagnetic waves by doubly periodic structures. We approximate scattered fields using the Müller boundary integral formulation of Maxwell’s equations. The accuracy is achieved as singularities are isolated through the use of partitions of unity, leaving smooth, periodic integrands that can be evaluated with high accuracy using trapezoid sums. The removed singularities are resolved through a transformation to polar coordinates. The method relies on the ideas used in the free space scattering algorithm of Bruno and Kunyansky.     

Assessment of tissue viability by polarization spectroscopy

A new and versatile method for tissue viability imaging based on polarization spectroscopy of blood in superficial tissue structures such as the skin is presented in this paper. Linearly polarized light in the visible wavelength region is partly reflected directly by the skin surface and partly diffusely backscattered from the dermal tissue matrix. Most of the directly reflected light preserves its polarization state while the light returning from the deeper tissue layers is depolarized. By the use of a polarization filter positioned in front of a sensitive CCD-array, the light directly reflected from the tissue surface is blocked, while the depolarized light returning from the deeper tissue layers reaches the detector array. By separating the colour planes of the detected image, spectroscopic information about the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) in the microvascular network of the tissue under investigation can be derived. A theory that utilizes the differences in light absorption of RBCs and bloodless tissue in the red and green wavelength region forms the basis of an algorithm for displaying a colour coded map of the RBC distribution in a tissue. Using a fluid model, a linear relationship (cc. = 0.99) between RBC concentration and the output signal was demonstrated within the physiological range 0–4%. In-vivo evaluation using transepidermal application of acetylcholine by the way of iontophoresis displayed the heterogeneity pattern of the vasodilatation produced by the vasoactive agent. Applications of this novel technology are likely to be found in drug and skin care product development as well as in the assessment of skin irritation and tissue repair processes and even ultimately in a clinic case situation.     

Influence of exchange fields in hybrid pairing superconductors II. Selfconsistent ground states

A previously investigated model of a two band superconductor with hybrid pairing and molecular fields is enlarged by exchange interactions generating those fields. The fields are calculated selfconsistently in molecular field approximation at zero temperature. They turn out to stabilise the previously found new state of gapless superconductivity and non vanishing spin polarization for a wide range of exchange couplings, in particular for zero external field.Dedicated to B. Mühlschlegel on the occasion of his 60th birthdayWork performed within the research program of Sonderforschungsbereich 125 Aachen-Jülich-Köln     

基于角锥棱镜的非平面单频环形腔本征态分析

对基于角锥棱镜的非平面单频环行激光器的本征态问题进行了详细讨论,通过参考光线研究了该环形腔的光路闭合情况.腔内允许存在的四个本征椭圆偏振态,由于模式竞争,最终仅存一个本征模式振荡,从而实现单频运转.通过对腔内环路矩阵结构的分析,得出该环形腔中线偏振模式的产生需要系统的光路结构对称.对角锥棱镜的圆柱部分施加磁场,随着磁场的增大,对称光路结构中的本征态结构发生变化,并在适当磁场处出现线偏振模式.     

Analysis of Polarization State by Digital Holography with Polarization Modulation

The digital holographic technique is applied to analyze the spatial distribution of polarization state of light transmitted through anisotropic objects using an orthogonal linearly polarized reference beam. The polarization orientation of reference beam is switched by an optical fiber Faraday rotator for successive hologram recording. To confirm the principle of polarization analysis, a quarter wave plate (QWP) is used and the distribution of polarization state over the object surface is analyzed for various orientations of the QWP. By providing an area of a known polarization for a part of the object wave as a reference, a phase drift of the reference waves can be evaluated and compensated for using the reference area. The principal axis and ellipticity of polarization ellipse are calculated and compared with their theoretical values. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical values is observed.     

State and degree of polarization along single-polarization optical fibres with random perturbations

A numerical study of the state and degree of polarization along single-polarization fibres has been carried out on the basis of Müller-Stokes matrix approach and the mode coupling centre model. The general quasimonochromatic case is considered. Correspondence between polarization holdingh-parameter and the mode coupling centres' parameters has been established. The spectral average process has been considered and a novel criterion has been proposed. Expressions for the degree of polarization along the fibre have been derived for the cases of guided mode excitation and nonpolarized input. The degree of polarization has been shown to tend to a saturation level which depends on theh-parameter, the differential mode attenuation gD and the coherence lengthL in the fibre.     

Can ultrasonic sound attenuation measurements elucidate the coupling of “Heavy electrons” to the lattice?

An unusual peak has been found by Müller et al. for the attenuation of longitudinal sound as a function of temperature around 12 K for UPt₃. Breathing mode coupling of the volume strain to the electronic energy states of a narrow band of high density at the fermi energy seems to be the origin of this peak.     

On the physical impossibility of ideal quantum measurements

Albert and Loewer have argued in this journal [4] that modal interpretations of quantum mechanics are ruled out if the abstract structure of Hilbert space is taken realistically. Their argument contains a dubious inference from a measure-zero set of non-ideal interactions. I look at possible ways to make this inference valid and I conclude that the evidence against the modal interpretation cannot be found in the Hilbert space alone. Instead an analysis of specific cases is required.I want to thank the audience at the 1995 Florence IUHPS Conference, and Harvey Brown, Nancy Cartwright, Jim Cushing, Marco Del Seta, Arthur Fine, Margaret Morrison, Fred Müller and Pieter Vermaas for comments and suggestions.     

基于超材料的中波红外宽带偏振转换研究

基于硅纳米块阵列和亚波长金属光栅,硅纳米块长轴与金属光栅夹角为45°,本文设计了一种高效、宽带偏振转换结构.模拟计算表明该结构实现了线偏振光90°旋转,在3.4—4.5μm波段偏振转换率大于60%,在3—5μm光谱范围内的转换对比率大于10~4.由于该结构光学性能优异,制备难度低,可以应用于光传输控制.     

Birefringence imaging of human skin by polarization-sensitive spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography

We have developed a spectral interferometric optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with polarization sensitivity that is able to measure a two-dimensional tomographic image by means of one-dimensional mechanical scanning. Our system, which has an axial resolution of 32 mum , calculates the distribution of each element of the Müller matrix of a measured object from 16 OCT images. The OCT system successfully reveals the birefringent nature of human skin tissue.     

偏光显微镜中偏振态的理论分析

为了更好地利用偏光显微镜检测光通过透明光学晶体材料后偏振态的变化,研究和鉴定晶体的光学特性,从介绍偏光显微镜的光学结构入手,分析了自然光通过偏光显微镜的几何光路,然后利用Stocks参量和Muller矩阵分析自然光通过偏光显微镜的偏振态变换,从理论上给出了出射光偏振态变化的原理,并利用计算机模拟了光强随各参数的变化曲线,分析了干涉图像形成的过程。对在实践中使用偏光显微镜测量晶体薄片的双折射率、延长符号、分析材料的光学特性以及观察材料的结构更具有指导性的意义。     

Weber electrodynamics,part II unipolar induction,Z-antenna

Weber electrodynamics predicts the localized unipolar induction observed by Müller and Kennard; whereas the Maxwell theory, based upon closed current loops and the flux rule, fails. The Weber theory for high frequency fields predicts a zero self torque on the Pappas-Vaughan Z-antenna, as observed. In contrast, the Maxwell theory predicts a sizeable self torque which is not observed.