大庆油田三元复合驱结垢样品中碳酸钙的结晶特性及形貌特征

采用EDAX, XRD和SEM等方法对大庆油田三元复合驱结垢样品中碳酸钙的结晶特性及形貌特征进行了研究. 结果表明, 结垢样品中的碳酸钙呈现出球形、棒状和花状等形貌特征和层状生长的结晶特征. 部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)降低了重烷基苯磺酸盐(HABS)表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc), 促进了其胶束化作用; HABS使溶液中HPAM链的刚性增强, 负电吸引能力增强; 二者均会形成模板, 导致结垢样品中的碳酸钙具有不同的形貌特征. 聚丙烯酰胺和表面活性剂的存在未改变结垢样品中碳酸钙的层状生长特征.     

稳态荧光探针法测定三聚季铵盐表面活性剂的胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针, 十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)为猝灭剂, 以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液, 根据芘的荧光强度之比I1/I3随表面活性剂水溶液浓度的变化, 测定了三聚季铵盐表面活性剂CTTTA的cmc值, 测定值与表面张力法测定的cmc值一致；当猝灭剂CPC的浓度取0.1~0.3 mmol·L-1范围时, 用稳态荧光探针法测定了CTTTA的胶束聚集数. 实验数据表明, 表面活性剂溶液浓度为6~10倍cmc时, 胶束聚集数N随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大, 并用外推法得到CTTTA的临界胶束聚集数.     

PS-b-PAA两亲性嵌段聚电解质在水溶液中的聚集行为及其流变特性

以两嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PS-b-PAA)为研究对象,采用动态光散射(DLS)及透射电镜(TEM)表征了胶束及聚集体的结构,采用应力控制型旋转流变仪AR-G2研究了体系的流变特性.着重考察了聚电解质浓度、pH值以及外加盐(KBr)浓度对其在水中聚集行为的影响及对体系流变特性的影响.发现随着外加盐和聚电解质浓度的增高,体系中的胶束发生聚集,形成更大的聚集体.而pH值对胶束的聚集形态无明显的影响.胶束乳液均呈现明显的剪切变稀特征.然而,随着聚电解质浓度增加,低剪切速率下体系的表观粘度增高;高剪切速率时体系粘度趋于同一值(0.01Pa·s).与纯胶束乳液相比,外加盐的存在导致体系粘度增加;当外加盐浓度增加至4.31g/L,在低剪切速率下,体系出现牛顿平台区.溶液pH值对体系粘度无显著影响.     

稳态荧光探针法测定临界胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针、二苯甲酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了SDS和AS的胶束聚集数(Nm).以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液,二苯甲酮的适宜浓度取小于1.00 mmol•L－1时,可以获得满意的实验结果.当表面活性剂溶液浓度为5～9倍cmc时,Nm随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大,而随温度的变化略有波动.cSAA=cmc时,Nm值为一本征值,定义为临界胶束聚集数[Nm].[Nm]值可从Nm－cSAA实验曲线外延得到.25℃时SDS的临界胶束聚集数[Nm]为57;40℃时SDS的[Nm]为49,AS的[Nm]为55.     

稳态荧光探针研究Guerbet醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠的聚集行为

以芘为荧光探针、二苯甲酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了合成的4种具有支链结构的Guerbet醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠的临界胶束浓度和胶团的聚集数.结果表明,用稳态荧光探针法得到的临界胶束浓度(CMC)数值与表面张力法相差不大.结合临界胶束浓度、胶束微环境的极性和胶束聚集数的变化规律,推测了这类表面活性剂形成的胶束聚集体的结构形态.     

聚酰胺-胺基两亲树枝状大分子与十二烷基硫酸钠混合体系的分子聚集行为

以浊度分析、动态激光光散射(DLS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及原子力显微镜(AFM)等方法研究了以1.0代(G1)聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)为核心、以聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷(PPO-PEO)为辐射臂的树枝状大分子与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)之间的相互作用.值得注意的是,当树枝状大分子溶液的浓度为1%(质量分数),SDS的浓度远低于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时,体系的浊度值开始明显升高,DLS、TEM以及AFM的研究结果显示出此时聚集体的尺寸逐渐增加,意味着SDS与树枝状大分子有着很强的分子间相互作用,形成了树枝状大分子与SDS构成的复合物.当SDS浓度增高至0.1mmol·L-1(约为cmc的1%)左右时,体系的浊度值随着SDS浓度的增加变化不大,DLS、TEM、AFM的实验结果显示,聚集体尺寸趋于稳定状态.当SDS的浓度继续升高至0.25和0.5mol·L-1时,体系中形成了SDS分子间的自聚集或者存在多个SDS分子与单个树枝状大分子的分子间聚集.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂的合成 及其表面性质的研究

合成了系列壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型Gemini季铵盐表面活性剂(GNPQA), 用核磁、红外和元素分析对它们的结构进行了表征, 考察了反应条件对转化率的影响, 并用表面张力法和稳态荧光探针法对GNPQA的表面性能及胶束聚集数(N)进行了研究. 结果表明, 较优的反应条件: 反应时间为12 h, 反应温度为70 ℃, 反应原料摩尔比为n(双聚壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚)∶n(三乙胺)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)＝1∶1∶1; GNPQA的临界胶束浓度(CMC)值较相应的单体壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型季铵盐表面活性剂(NPQA)降低了1～2个数量级, 显示了较高的表面活性; 当GNPQA溶液浓度为5～9倍CMC时, N值随浓度增大而线性增大; 随着氧乙烯(EO)单元数的增长, GNPQA的CMC和N值均逐渐减小; 结合GNPQA的表面性能参数和N值的变化规律, 探讨了这类表面活性剂表面及胶束聚集体的结构形态.     

N-甲基二乙醇胺用量对水性阳-非离子聚氨酯溶液性能的影响

通过预聚体法合成了水性阳-非离子聚氨酯表面活性剂(CPUS),利用红外光谱和核磁共振谱对聚合物的结构和组成进行了表征.并通过动态光散射(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)、表面张力仪、稳态流变分析及荧光光谱法等系统研究了阳离子亲水扩链剂N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)用量对CPUS表面张力、临界胶束浓度、流变性、胶束的尺寸、微极性和聚集行为的影响.TEM表明,CPUS胶束呈球形核壳结构.随着MDEA含量的增加,CPUS水溶液表面张力和临界胶束浓度(CMC)先减小后增大,其最低值分别为39.54 m N/m和1.99 g/L,胶束的平均粒径和分布系数逐渐减小.当浓度低于CMC时,光散射强度较低且变化缓慢,当浓度高于CMC时,光散射强度呈现逐渐增长趋势,胶束聚集数逐渐增加.随着MDEA含量的增加,乳液黏度增加,胶束间的相互作用增强,假塑行为增强.荧光光谱法表明随CPUS浓度增加,I1/I3值从1.8降低到1.3,I338/I334值从0.5升高到1.7,表明疏水基团聚集形成疏水微区,芘分子从水相极性环境转移到胶束疏水内核.随着MDEA含量的增加,胶束微极性和形成难度先减小后增加.     

聚丙烯酰胺/聚L-谷氨酸苄酯接枝共聚物的合成及其胶束制备

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为大分子引发剂, 采用开环聚合方法, 在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中引发L-谷氨酸苄酯环内酸酐(BLG-NCA)聚合合成了两亲性聚丙烯酰胺/聚L-谷氨酸苄酯接枝共聚物(PAM-g-BLG), 采用IR, 1H NMR和GPC方法对共聚物结构进行了表征; 用芘作荧光探针, 研究了共聚物胶束的形成及其临界胶束浓度(cmc), 利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态. 结果表明, PAM能够引发BLG-NCA开环聚合得到接枝共聚物, 在一定条件下接枝共聚物能够形成球形的稳定胶束, cmc值和胶束粒径随着共聚物中疏水性聚L-谷氨酸苄酯(PBLG)链段含量的增加而减小.     

稀溶液滴膜法制备聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯伸展链及其构象转变

采用聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物(PS-b-PMMA)的甲苯稀溶液滴膜法制备PMMA伸展链,用原子力显微镜观察了PMMA分子链形貌及其在丙酮、水蒸气退火后的构象转变.结果表明,浓度(聚合物质量/溶液质量)为1×10~(-6)的PS-b-PMMA甲苯溶液可以在云母基底表面制备出高度为0.2 nm、长度为100~300 nm的PMMA伸展链;该方法可以适用于不同分子量的PS-b-PMMA共聚物,当PMMA嵌段分子链大于PS时,更容易制备高度伸展的PMMA分子链.丙酮蒸气退火可使胶束中的PMMA伸展链迅速收缩并与PS核融为一体变成球形结构.水蒸气退火作用下PMMA分子链的构象转变与制备胶束的起始浓度有关,浓度为1×10~(-6)的胶束只形成球状结构;浓度为5×10~(-6)的胶束含有较多的PMMA伸展链,在水蒸气退火后可形成花状胶束并可以组装成周围带有台阶状PMMA分子层的棒状胶束.     

Formation of stable vaterite with poly(acrylic acid) by the delayed addition method

The crystallization of CaCO3 was examined by changing the addition time of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate by selectively interacting with the crystal at different stages during the crystal-forming process. The precipitation of CaCO3 was carried out by a double jet method to prevent heterogeneous nucleation on glass walls, and the sodium salt of PAA was added by a delayed addition method. In the initial presence of PAA in an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate, PAA acted as an inhibitor for the nucleation and growth of crystallization. However, it was found that stable vaterite particles were successfully obtained by delaying the addition of PAA from 1 to 60 min. The vaterite particles were stable in the aqueous solution for more than 30 days, and the CaCO3 particles were formed by a spherulitic growth mechanism. It is suggested that PAA strongly binds with the Ca2+ ion on the surface of CaCO3 particles to stabilize the unstable vaterite form effectively. Upon changing the addition time of PAA, we found that CaCO3 particles were formed through different formation mechanisms in selectively controlled crystallization at different stages during the crystallization process.     

Formation of thin calcium carbonate films with aragonite and vaterite forms coexisting with polyacrylic acids and chitosan membranes

CaCO3 crystallization on a chitosan membrane was studied using diffusion of (NH4)2CO3 vapors into a CaCl2 solution containing differing added amounts of two polyacrylic acids (PAAs) with molecular weights of ca. 2.0 x 10(3) and ca. 4.5 x 10(4). The coexistence of PAA and the chitosan membranes produced thin CaCO3 island crystals, which developed into a continuous CaCO3 film on the membranes. Continuous CaCO3 films consisting of only aragonite formed on the chitosan membranes at the optimum amount of PAA. When the amount of PAA is not optimum, the polymorph of CaCO3 switches from aragonite to vaterite, and the morphology has a tendency to become an isolated island structure. The formation of the aragonite and vaterite island crystals and the appearance of a range of added PAA suitable for their formation are explained by the action of two parallel phenomena: (a) the high concentration of Ca2+ ions in the chitosan membrane vicinity is achieved by the interaction between the -COO- groups of PAA adsorbed by the -NH3+ groups of the chitosan membrane through an electrostatic force and free Ca2+ ions in the CaCl2 solution, which produces the high supersaturation with CaCO3 in the membrane vicinity during CO2 diffusion; (b) PAA, remaining as mobile carboxylic anions in the CaCO3 solution, inhibits the growth of the CaCO3 island crystals by its adsorption. The CaCO3 supersaturation in the membrane vicinity is controlled by regulating the balance of these phenomena, which leads to the formation of the desired CaCO3 polymorph.     

Nucleation and growth of CaCO3 mediated by the egg-white protein ovalbumin: a time-resolved in situ study using small-angle neutron scattering

Mineralization of calcium carbonate in aqueous solutions starting from its initiation was studied by time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS revealed that homogeneous crystallization of CaCO 3 involves an initial formation of thin plate-shaped nuclei which subsequently reassemble to 3-dimensional particles, first of fractal and finally of compact structure. The presence of the egg-white protein ovalbumin leads to a different progression of mineralization through several stages; the first step represents amorphous CaCO 3, whereas the other phases are crystalline. The formation and dissolution of the amorphous phase is accompanied by Ca (2+)-mediated unfolding and cross-linking of about 50 protein monomers showing the characteristic scattering of linear chains with a large statistical segment length. The protein complexes act as nucleation centers for the amorphous phase because of their enrichment by Ca (2+) ions. SANS revealed the sequential formation of CaCO 3 starting from the amorphous phase and the subsequent formation of the crystalline polymorphs vaterite and aragonite. This formation from less dense to more dense polymorphs follows the Ostwald-Volmer rule.     

Oriented aggregation and novel phase transformation of vaterite controlled by the synergistic effect of calcium dodecyl sulfate and n-pentanol

Calcium dodecyl sulfate (CDS) was used for the first time both as an anionic surfactant and as the source of mineral ions in the precipitation process of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The simple reaction of the enriched Ca2+ ions at the so-called organic-inorganic interfaces with the slowly bubbled CO2 gas resulted in the metastable vaterite polymorph with various structures. The single-crystalline vaterite of the hexagonal platelets, the lens-shaped structures with hexagonal symmetry, the olive-shaped superstructures and these with a concave at each top of olives, and another metastable polymorph of aragonite were obtained, respectively, depending upon the concentration ratio between CDS and n-pentanol. The synergistic effect of CDS and n-pentanol is believed to play a crucial role in driving the oriented aggregation of metastable nanoparticles. Simultaneously, the novel phase transformation of vaterite to aragonite was observed, implying the possible formation mechanism of aragonite at room temperature and in the absence of magnesium ions.     

Controlling the polymorph and morphology of CaCO3 crystals using surfactant mixtures

Inspired by mineralization in biological organisms, fabrication of higher ordered CaCO(3) crystals modified by surfactants has received much attention. In our present work, mixed surfactants of hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to mediate the nucleation and growth of CaCO(3) crystals. When the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the solution is constant (0.1 mM), the polymorph of CaCO(3) crystals changed from pure vaterite to pure aragonite with increase of the ratio of hexadecyl(trimethyl)azanium bromide to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Various morphologies of vaterite and aragonite were obtained. Based on the time-resolved experiments, we suggest that the flower-like CaCO(3) formed via aggregation of hexagon-like vaterite induced by the surfactants. More importantly, we realized that a cluster-shaped morphology of aragonite was produced through the nucleation of aragonite at the surfaces of the hexagon-like vaterite.     

Continuous structural evolution of calcium carbonate particles: a unifying model of copolymer-mediated crystallization

Two double-hydrophilic block copolymers, each comprising a nonionic block and an anionic block comprising pendent aromatic sulfonate groups, were used as additives to modify the crystallization of CaCO3. Marked morphological changes in the CaCO3 particles were observed depending on the reaction conditions used. A poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) diblock copolymer was particularly versatile in effecting a morphological change in calcite particles, and a continuous structural transition in the product particles from polycrystalline to mesocrystal to single crystal was observed with variation in the calcium concentration. The existence of this structural sequence provides unique insight into the mechanism of polymer-mediated crystallization. We propose that it reflects continuity in the crystallization mechanism itself, spanning the limits from nonoriented aggregation of nanoparticles to classical ion-by-ion growth. The various pathways to polycrystalline, mesocrystal, and single-crystal particles, which had previously been considered to be distinct, therefore all form part of a unifying crystallization framework based on the aggregation of precursor subunits.     

阴离子氨基酸表面活性剂调控碳酸钙的仿生合成

室温下, 在乙醇或乙醇-水混合体系中, 利用氨基酸表面活性剂N-酰基十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sar)调控合成碳酸钙, 采用SEM, XRD和FTIR等技术表征了反应产物. 在乙醇体系中, 首先形成多面体形状的文石, 然后逐渐转变为圆球状的无定形碳酸钙. 在乙醇-水混合体系中, 合成了花簇状多级结构碳酸钙晶体. 增加N-酰基十二烷基肌氨酸钠的用量有助于形成球霰石结构, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶1 时, 得到的花状碳酸钙为球霰石和方解石的混合物, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶2 时, 得到纯净的球霰石, 其形貌为大小较均一的单分散的球, 直径约为7 μm; 另外, 当n(Ca2+)∶n(Sar)=1∶1时, 混合溶剂中水和乙醇的体积比由1.5∶1依次增加为7∶3和3∶1时, 碳酸钙晶体的形貌由花状逐渐向球形过渡, 晶体中球霰石和方解石的含量也随之变化, 其中, 当水和醇的体积比为7∶3时, 产物主要为球霰石型晶体.     

Bioinspired synthesis of calcium carbonate hollow spheres with a nacre-type laminated microstructure

In this Article, we combine the characters of hyperbranched polymers and the concept of double-hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) to design a 3D crystal growth modifier, HPG-COOH. The novel modifier can efficiently control the crystallization of CaCO(3) from amorphous nanoparticles to vaterite hollow spheres by a nonclassical crystallization process. The obtained vaterite hollow spheres have a special puffy dandelion-like appearance; that is, the shell of the hollow spheres is constructed by platelet-like vaterite mesocrystals, perpendicular to the globe surface. The cross-section of the wall of a vaterite hollow sphere is similar to that of nacres in microstructure, in which platelet-like calcium carbonate mesocrystals pile up with one another. These results reveal the topology effect of the crystal growth modifier on biomineralization and the essential role of the nonclassical crystallization for constructing hierarchical microstructures.     

Synthesis of vaterite and aragonite crystals using biomolecules of tomato and capsicum

In this paper, biomimetic synthesis of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the presence of biomolecules of two vegetables-tomato and capsicum is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry were used to characterize the CaCO₃ obtained. The biomolecules in the extracts of two vegetables are determined by UV-vis or FTIR. The results indicate that a mixture of calcite and vaterite spheres constructed from small particles is produced with the extract of tomato, while aragonite rods or ellipsoids are formed in the presence of extract of capsicum. The possible formation mechanism of the CaCO₃ crystals with tomato biomolecules can be interpreted by particle-aggregation based non-classical crystallization laws. The proteins and/or other biomolecules in tomato and capsicum may control the formation of vaterite and aragonite crystals by adsorbing onto facets of them.     

PREPARATION OF CaCO3 PARTICLES IN WATER POOL IN NONAQUEOUS NONIONIC SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS

ABSTRACT

CaCO₃ particles were prepared by bubbling of CO₂ into the systems consisting of polyoxyethylene(6) nonylphenyl ether/aqueous Ca(OH) ₂/cyclohexane. Spherical particles were formed in any systems, but those size distribution depended on the solubility behavior of aqueous Ca(OH) ₂ in surfactant solutions, i.e., monodisperse particles were formed in colorless solution, whereas in blue translucent solution they became bimodal. Such change was also observed for the size of reversed micelles. This suggested that the formation of CaCO₃ particles were related with that of micelles. On the other hand, the particles obtained were consisted of calcite, vaterite and aragonite. Those fraction differed also from the solubility behavior of aqueous Ca(OH) ₂. Both the vaterite and aragonite were transformed into calcite and those rate constants were order of 10^?6 sec^?1.