离子交换平衡和动力学的研究(Ⅲ) Y~(3+)-H~+交换平衡和动力学

用强酸性阳离子交换树脂研究了Y~(3+)-H~+交换反应的平衡和动力学,测定了反应的等温线,求得合理热力学平衡常数Ka=1.9×10~2。实验表明,正交换反应RH/Y~(3+)符合一般规律,即在低浓度时,系液膜扩散机理,高浓度时,系粒内扩散机理;而逆交换反应R_3Y/H~+在本实验的浓度和搅拌速度下,均为粒内扩散机理。正逆交换反应机理的差别是树脂对三价稀土元素Y~(3+)具有极高的亲和性所致。估算了液膜互扩散系数与液膜厚度的比值。用电子计算机求算了随交换剂组成变化的积分粒内互扩散系数。     

P507与N235混合溶剂的稳定性及对NdCl3的协萃效应

稀土萃取分离过程皂化产生的含盐废水严重污染环境。利用P507萃取稀土离子、N235萃取酸的特性,设计了P507-N235双溶剂无皂化稀土萃取体系,研究了双溶剂有机相的稳定性及对Nd3+的协萃效应。P507与N235混合时发生放热现象,红外光谱分析显示其特征峰发生了变化,但32次萃取-再生后的混合萃取剂的化学结构稳定;P507与N235对Nd3+具有显著的协萃效果,形成的萃合物为REA3.(R3N.HA).3R3NHCl。研究结果为无皂化稀土萃取分离新工艺开发提供了依据。     

大麦根细胞质膜存在H~+/Ca~(2+)反向传递系统

在发现大麦根细胞质膜上存在不需Mg~(2+)和需Mg~(2+)两个Ca~(2+)转运过程的基础上,进一步研究了这两个过程的转运机制,发现需Mg~(2+)的Ca~(2+)转运过程依赖于跨膜H~+梯度。无论以ATP为能源的、还是人为造成的跨膜H~+梯度,都可驱动跨膜Ca~(2+)转运;跨膜Ca~(2+)转运过程伴随着H~+梯度的消减。不需Mg~(2+)的转运过程则与跨膜H~+梯度无关。这些结果指出,大麦根细胞质膜上除了Ca~(2+)-ATP酶这一初级Ca~(2+)转运系统外,还存在一个以跨膜H~+梯度为能源的次级Ca~(2+)转运系统,即H~+/Ca~(2+)反向传递系统。     

希土(Ⅲ)—氨基多羧酸配位热的测定

本文测量了置换反映:RE~(3+)+MgY~(2-)=REY~-+Mg~(2+)和RE~(3+)+MgZ~(3-)=REZ~(2-)+Mg~(2+)在离子强度I=0.10MNaClO_4,298.15K时的焓变(RE=La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Dy、Ho、Yb、Y。Y~(4-)为EDTA酸根,Z~(5-)为DTPA酸根)。借助配离子MgY~(2-)和MgZ~(3-)的生成热文献数据,求得了RE~(3+)—Y~(4-)和RE~(3+)—Z~(5-)的配位热△H,并进一步计算出配离子REY~-和REZ~(2-)的其他生成热力学参数△G和△S。利用内插法粗略地估算了Tb、Er、Tm、Lu四元素相应的热力学量。     

柱层析法分离木糖醇和山梨醇的研究

本文研究了层析、D031、001×7聚苯乙烯—二乙烯基苯磺酸型阳离子交换树脂和它们的H~+、NH_4~+、Co~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Ak~(3+)、Fe~(3+)或Cr~(+3)等离子基型对木糖醇和山梨糖醇的柱层析分离效果。结果表明,层析H~+、Fe~(3+)型和D031H~+型树脂能有效地分离木糖醇和山梨醇。最适宜温度均为55℃,最适宜洗脱液流量:层析H~+及Fe~(3+)型树脂分别为4.8ml/min和2.8ml/min,D031H~+型为3.0ml/min。以10~(-3)mol/dm~3的十二烷基硫酸钠的3％正丙醇溶液为洗脱液能明显提高分离能力。     

锰(Ⅲ)离子与羧酸或α-羟基羧酸体系引发丙烯酰胺聚合

锰(Ⅲ)离子可以引发烯类单体自由基聚合。羧酸,α-羟基羧酸对丙烯酰胺聚合有促进作用,其活性顺序为羟基多元羧酸(柠檬酸)>羟基羧酸(乳酸)>羧酸(正丁酸)。测定了在较高酸性([H~+]=3.0M)的硫酸水溶液中,单独Mn~(3+),Nn~(3+)-乙醇酸,Mn~(3+)-乳酸引发丙烯酰胺聚合的活化能与动力学方程。     

金属的溶剂萃取热力学研究 2:In~2(SO~4)~3+Na~2SO~4+D~2EHMTPA+n-C~8H~18+H~2O体系

在温度278.15-303.15K和离子强度=为0.1-2.0mol/kg范围内,在萃取体系In~2(SO~4)~3+Na~2SO~4+D~2EHMTPA+n-C~8H~18+H~2O体系中,本文测定了萃取平衡的In^3+的平衡浓度和水相pH值,其中Na~2SO~4为支持电解质.根据Pitzer电解质溶液理论,估算了平衡水相中的真实离子强度值,并用直线外推法和多项式拟合法确定了萃取过程的热力学平衡常数K^ ,进而计算了这个萃取过程的各个热力学量.     

三正辛胺-二甲苯液膜迁移Cd(Ⅱ)的研究

研究了三正辛胺-二甲苯支撑液膜体系中搅拌速率、反萃剂、三正辛胺浓度、料液中H+浓度等因素对Cd(Ⅱ)离子迁移的影响.用大块液膜测定了不同温度时Cd(Ⅱ)离子跨膜迁移的萃取及反萃取的表观速率常数k₁和k_2.实验表明,温度升高,k₁和k₂均增大(k₁>k₂),且达到膜相最大镉离子浓度时所需的时间逐渐减少.膜相积累的镉离子浓度达最大时,Cd(Ⅱ)离子跨膜传输为稳态传输.根据Arrhenious关系得到膜相萃取反应和反萃取反应的活化能分别为23.8和19.3kJ/mol.     

中国离子交换与吸附科学技术文摘(1985年)

本文以填充萃取剂2-乙基已基膦酸单2-乙基已基酯[HEH(EHP)]的树脂CL-P507为色层固定相,研究了在盐酸介质中淋洗液酸度、温度、流速对钇铒分离的影响,用钇和铒的1gD对-1g(H~+)作图,得到了斜率均为3的两条直线,其表明Ln~(3+)与H~+接1:3进行交换反应。研究了温度对平     

Mg~(2+)通过磷脂影响脂酶体中H~+-ATP酶的慢运动

本文研究Mg~(2+)对H~+-ATP酶在脂酶体中慢运动的影响。在不同Mg~(2+)浓度及不同温度下,测量了运用保温法嵌入脂酶体中的马来酰亚胺自旋标记的H~+-ATP酶的ST-EPR谱。由ST-EPR谱的诊断参数L″/L,C′/C与Mg~(2+)浓度以及温度的关系,并对照根据相同条件下测得的5NS-EPR谱超精细分裂而得到的序参数S与Mg~(2+)浓度以及温度的关系,分析得出:增加脂酶体中的Mg~(2+)浓度与降低测量温度都导致H~+-ATP酶在膜脂中的运动相关时间增加。进一步分析还得到H~+-ATP酶在膜脂中旋转扩散运动的快慢与周围膜脂的活化能大小有关。在脂酶体中Mg~(2+)浓度的变化将导致膜脂活化能发生改变,从而影响H~+-ATP酶在膜中的慢运动状态。     

Competitive transport of alkali metal ions from aqueous media into toluene solutions of 2-(sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxy)-decanoic acid. A comparative study

Competitive permeation of alkali metal ions from an alkaline source phase into or through a toluene phase facilitated by the lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acid 2-(symdibenzo-16-crown-5-oxy)-decanoic acid is studied in liquid—liquid extraction, bulk liquid membrane transport, and emulsion liquid membrane transport. Most rapid transport was obtained in emulsion liquid membrane experiments. Some differences in selectivity orders for alkali metal permeation were observed for the three separation techniques.     

Liquid Membrane Transport of Heavier Rare Earth Metal Ions Based on CPC Results with Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid

Abstract

The behaviors of heavier rare earth metal ions in bulk liquid membrane transport systems were examined for Gd³⁺, Tb³⁺, Dy³, Ho³⁺, Er³⁺, Tm³, Yb³⁺ and Lu³⁺ ions. The liquid membrane transport system was constructed by aq. HCl/CHCl₃ containing Di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid/aq. HCl. The optimum concentration of HCl in the aqueous phase with respect to the rate of transport for these ions increased with the atomic number of the rare earth elements. This trend of transport behaviors was on the same line observed for lighter rare earth ions in the preceding work. Difference in the rate of transport can be used for selective liquid membrane transport of several sets of combination with these ions.     

Separation of metals by liquid surfactant membranes containing crown ether carboxylic acids

A water-in-oil-in-water emulsion liquid membrane system is used to transport alkali metal and alkaline earth cations from an external alkaline aqueous source phase through an organic membrane containing a crown ether carboxylic acid and into the internal acidic aqueous phase of the emulsion droplet. The influence of varying the crown ether carboxylic acid structure upon the selectivity and efficiency of competitive metal ion transport is examined.     

Simplified model for extraction of rare-earth ions using emulsion liquid membrane

By considering the resistances of rare-earth ions in both the external and membrane phases, the interfacial reaction and the membrane breakage, a mathematical model for the extraction of rare-earth ions by batch emulsion liquid membrane process is established. Further, two simplified mass transfer equations are also derived from the proposed model in each of the specified cases. The validity of both the model and the resulting equations are tested by batch extraction of Sm³⁺ with emulsion liquid membrane containing di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid as a carrier in kerosene. The experimental results show that both the proposed model and the resulting equations can simulate mass transfer process satisfactorily.     

Selective Recognition of Calcium Ion through Liquid Membrane

The mole transport rate of alkaline earth metal ions through a bulk liquid membrane and a supported liquid membrane using a series of proton diionizable acyclic polyethers was measured. Among alkaline earth metal ions, the calcium ion was observed to be selectively transported in both single and competitive transport experiments. Potentiometric titration and solution calorimetric titration also gave calcium selectivity over other alkaline earth metal ions. Acyclic polyether bearing a diethylene glycol unit andn-tetradecyl lipophilic chain at the α position of carboxylic acid affords the best selectivity for the calcium ion in bulk and supported liquid membranes.     

Extraction of molybdenum by a supported liquid membrane method

This is a report on the extraction of molybdenum(VI) ions using a supported liquid membrane, prepared by dissolving in kerosene, the extractant Alamine 336 (a long-chain tertiary amine) employed as mobile carrier. A flat hydrophobic microporous membrane was utilised as solid support. Appropriate conditions for Mo(VI) extraction through the liquid membrane were obtained from the results of liquid-liquid extraction and stripping partition experiments. The influence of feed solution acidity, the carrier extractant concentration in the organic liquid film and the content of strip agent on the metal flux through membrane were investigated. It was established that maximal extraction of metal is achieved at a pH 2.0 if sulphuric acid is used in the feed solution and at a pH value over 11.0 if Na₂CO₃ is used as strip agent. Moreover, the molybdenum extraction through membrane is enhanced when a 0.02 mol l⁻¹ content of the amine carrier in the organic phase is used. The present paper deals with an equilibrium investigation of the extraction of Mo(VI) by Alamine 336 and its permeation conditions through the liquid membrane, and examines a possible mechanism of extraction.     

Analysis of tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives in heavy gas oil from Brazilian naphthenic acids by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization

Naphthenic acids, C(n)H(2n+Z)O(2), are a complex mixture of alkyl-substituted acyclic and cycle-aliphatic carboxylic acids. The content of naphthenic acids and their derivatives in crude oils is very small, which hinders their extraction from matrixes of wide and varied composition. In this work, liquid-liquid extraction, followed by solid phase extraction with an ion exchange resin (Amberlyst A-27) and ultrasound desorption were used to isolate the acid fraction from heavy gas oil of Marlim petroleum (Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The analysis was accomplished through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization, after derivatization with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamide (MTBDMSTFA). The results indicate the presence of carboxylic acids belonging to families of alicyclic and naphthenic compounds which contain up to four rings in the molecule.     

Detecting naphthenic acids in waters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Naphthenic acids (general formula C(n)H(2n+Z)O(2)) are water-soluble, toxic compounds found in petroleum and bitumen. Some of the current methods for detecting these acids in waters depend on measuring the presence of the carboxylic acid functional group, and therefore many of these methods also detect naturally occurring carboxylic acids that are not naphthenic acids. We report a procedure that includes liquid-liquid extraction, cleanup, and derivatization to form t-butyldimethylsilyl esters prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Using low- and high-resolution MS to detect the ion C(15)H(27)O(2)Si(+) (nominal m/z=267) is an excellent indicator of the presence of naphthenic acids at concentrations > or =10microgL(-1).     

Uranyi ion transport through tri-n-octylamine-xylene based supported liquid membranes

Tri-n-octylamine (TOA) dissolved in xylene has been used as carrier, constituting liquid membrane supported in Celgard 2400 polypropylene microporous film for the transport of uranyl ions against their concentration gradient from aqueous acid solutions to an alkaline aqueous phase. Effect of sttrring rate, nitric acid concentration and TOA concentration in the organic membrane phase, on the flux of uranyl ions through the membrane has been studied. Viscosity and density data have been obtained to estimate diffusion coefficients and hence the permeability coefficients to compare the same with experimental values, using distribution coefficient data, measured from solvent extraction experiments and available in the literature. Analysis of the flux data has been performed to study the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction involved in complex formation reaction. The results have been compared with simple liquid-liquid extraction data.     

Liquid-Membrane Transport of Rare Earth Metal Ions Facilitated by Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid: Comparison with the Results of Corresponding Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Abstract

Selective liquid-membrane transport of rare earth metal ions were found to be effectively attained by the use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) carrier. This finding was obtained on the basis of the idea that liquid-membrane transport phenomena would be basically correlated with those of “separator-aided centrifugal partition chromatography”, a separation technique based on the counter-current continuous extraction method. For the rare earth metal ion samples direct comparison of liquid-membrane transport with the corresponding centrifugal partition chromatography by employing the same two-phase liquid systems both containing D2EHPA showed that a close parallelism in the results obtained with the two separation systems.