氮气工质10厘米ECRIT中和器实验研究

10厘米电子回旋共振离子推力器(ECRIT)可以多类型气体工作,应用于吸气式电推进系统具有可行性,研究氮气工质ECRIT的ECR中和器是研究氮氧工质ECRIT的基础.当传统氙气工质10厘米ECRIT的ECR中和器以氮气为工质工作时,由于氮气分子量较低,离子容易漂移出中和器,引出电子电流减小,已不适合以氮气为工质工作.本文基于10厘米传统ECR中和器,以抑制离子漂移出中和器、提升电子引出性能为目的,实验研究适用于氮气工质工作的双极ECR中和器.结果表明,在气体质量流率0.04 mg/s、输入功率10W的条件下,以氮气为工质工作,引出电子电流134 mA时,传统ECR中和器所需的阳极电压为150 V,而双极ECR中和器仅需50 V的阳极电压,下降了约67%;阳极电压40 V时,传统ECR中和器的功率损耗为1204.82 W/A,而双极ECR中和器的功率损耗为95.23 W/A,约为前者的8.3%.氮气工质双极ECR中和器的离子屏蔽效果显著,电子引出性能得到改善.     

2 cm电子回旋共振离子推力器离子源中磁场对等离子体特性与壁面电流影响的数值模拟

电子回旋共振离子推力器(electron cyclotron resonance ion thruster,ECRIT)离子源内等离子体分布会影响束流引出,而磁场结构决定的ECR区与天线的相对位置共同影响了等离子体分布.在鞘层作用下,等离子体中的离子或电子被加速对壁面产生溅射,形成壁面离子或电子电流,造成壁面磨损和等离子体损失,因此研究壁面电流与等离子体特征十分重要.为此本文建立2 cm ECRIT的粒子PIC/MCC(particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision)仿真模型,数值模拟研究磁场结构对离子源内等离子体与壁面电流特性的影响.计算表明,当ECR区位于天线上游时,等离子体集中在天线上游和内外磁环间,栅极前离子密度最低,故离子源引出束流、磁环端面电流和天线壁面电流较低.ECR区位于天线下游时,天线和栅极上游附近的等离子体密度较高,故离子源引出束流、天线壁面电流和磁环端面电流较高.腔体壁面等离子体分布与电流受磁场影响最小.     

微型电子回旋共振离子推力器离子源结构优化实验研究

微型电子回旋共振(ECR)离子推力器可满足微小航天器空间探测的推进需求. 为此, 本文开展直径20 mm的微型ECR离子源结构优化实验研究. 根据放电室内静磁场和ECR谐振区的分布特点, 研究不同微波耦合输入位置对离子源性能的影响, 结果表明环形天线处在高于ECR谐振强度的强磁场区域时, 微波与等离子体实现无损耦合, 电子共振加热效果显著, 引出离子束流较大. 根据放电室电磁截止特性, 结合微波电场计算, 研究放电容积对离子源性能的影响, 实验表明过长或过短的腔体长度会导致引出离子束流下降甚至等离子体熄灭. 经优化后离子源性能测试表明, 在入射微波功率2.1 W、氩气流量14.9 μg/s下, 可引出离子束流5.4 mA, 气体放电损耗和利用率分别为389 W/A和15%.     

微波离子推力器中磁场发散区电子加热模式研究

在微波离子推力器的磁场结构设计中,一般认为增大磁镜区的面积能够约束更多电子,有利于提高能量利用率;减小发散区面积能够减少电子在壁面的损失,有利于降低放电损耗.随着一体化仿真研究深入,发现利用Child-Langmuir鞘层的特性可约束电子,使其在鞘层与磁镜间往复运动获能.对此,本文设计了适用于1 cm磁阵列微波离子推力器的磁场结构,并对其初始放电和束流引出过程进行了一体化仿真,对比阐明了电子在磁场发散区受Child-Langmuir鞘层、天线表面鞘层和磁镜共同约束下的获能模式.该获能模式可提升磁场发散区的电子温度,促进电离,提升栅极前等离子体密度,进而提升束流密度.仿真结果表明,在氙气流量0.3 sccm (1 sccm=1 mL/min),微波功率为1 W,栅极电压φ_sc/φ_ac=300 V/-50 V条件下,磁阵列微波离子推力器的电流密度较2 cm微波离子推力器提升57.9%.本文从理论上对磁场发散区电子加热模式进行了验证,研究结果将为微波离子推力器优化设计提供理论依据,促进微波离子推力器性能提升.     

不同磁路电子回旋共振离子源引出实验

空间推进所用的电子回旋共振离子源(ECRIS)应具有体积小、效率高的特点. 本文研究的ECRIS使用永磁体环产生磁场, 有效减小了体积, 该离子源利用微波在磁场中加热电子, 电子与中性气体发生电离碰撞产生等离子体. 磁场在微波加热电子的过程中起关键作用, 同时影响离子源内等离子体的约束和输运. 通过比较四种磁路结构离子源的离子电流引出特性来研究磁场对10 cm ECRIS性能的影响. 实验发现: 在使用氩气的条件下, 特定结构的离子源可引出160 mA的离子电流, 最高推进剂利用率达60%, 最小放电损耗为120 W·A^-1; 所有离子源均存在多个工作状态, 工作状态在微波功率、气体流量、引出电压变化时会发生突变. 离子源发生状态突变时的微波功率、气体流量的大小与离子源内磁体的位置有关. 通过比较不同离子源的引出离子束流、放电损耗、气体利用率、工作稳定性的差异, 归纳了磁场结构对此种ECRIS引出特性的影响规律, 分析了其中的机理. 实验结果表明: 保持输入微波功率、气体流量、引出电压不变时, 增大共振区的范围、减小共振区到栅极的距离, 离子源能引出更大的离子电流; 减小共振区到微波功率入口、气体入口的距离能降低维持离子源高状态所需的最小微波功率和最小气体流量, 提高气体利用率, 但会导致放电损耗增大. 研究结果有助于深化对此类离子源工作过程的认识, 为其设计和性能优化提供参考.     

计及溅射损失的平行板静电场法离子引出和收集

采用粒子模拟-Monte Carlo碰撞(particle in cell_Monte Carlo collision)方法研究了 原子蒸气激光同位素分离工程中一维平行板静电场法离子引出和收集过程，记录引出离子的 能量分布和角度分布，计算离子在收集板上造成的溅射损失.模拟结果表明，增加引出电压 可以缩短引出时间，降低碰撞损失，但是增加了溅射损失，使得收集率降低；增加电子温度 可以缩短引出时间，提高收集率；增加初始等离子体密度将使引出时间增加，收集率降低；而目标同位素丰度较高的情况下，离子引出过程的碰撞损失 关键词： 原子蒸气激光同位素分离 离子引出 溅射     

应用于电推进的碘工质电子回旋共振等离子体源

电子回旋共振(electron cyclotron resonance, ECR)源具有无需内电极、低气压电离、等离子体密度较高和结构紧凑等优点,适用于小功率电推进.因此,研究小功率碘工质ECR等离子体源具有重要意义.本文首先设计了一套耐腐蚀且可以均衡稳定输出碘蒸汽的储供系统;然后完成了耐碘腐蚀ECR推力器设计,利用耐腐蚀的同轴谐振腔结构将微波馈送到推力器,并将通道磁场变为会切型磁场以产生更多ECR层;最终联合点火实验成功,成为国际上首个可以用于电推进的ECR电离碘工质等离子体源.分析实验和静磁场、微波电场分布发现,小功率、低流量下的不稳定等离子体羽流闪烁由寻常波电子等离子体共振加热和非寻常波ECR加热模式之间的转化引起.高流量下电离率下降是由电子损失、壁面损失和碘工质电负性导致.并依据此原理提出了改进方案.放电后等离子体源没有明显损伤,说明具备长寿命潜力.此项工作初步证实了小功率碘工质ECR电推进方案可行.     

栅极热变形对离子推力器工作过程影响分析

栅极热变形是影响离子推力器性能和寿命的重要因素. 采用三维粒子方法对栅极系统等离子体输运过程进行模拟, 对比、分析栅极热变形前后栅极系统的电子返流限制、导流系数限制、离子通过率和发散角损失. 结果表明: 栅极热变形增大了屏栅离子通过率和推力器推力值, 并由于加速栅截止电流阈值的提高拓展了推力器工作电流区间, 但电子返流阈值的明显降低对栅极系统可靠工作造成了不利影响.     

微波电子回旋共振等离子体阴极电子束的实验研究

介绍了实验室研制的微波电子回旋共振(ECR)等离子体阴极电子束系统及初步研究结果，该系统包括微波ECR 等离子体源、电子束引出极、聚焦线圈等。通过测量水冷靶电流和靶上的束斑尺寸，实验研究了微波ECR 等离子体阴极电子束的流强、聚束性能等随电子束系统工作条件的变化。结果表明：微波输入功率越高、引出电压越高，引出电子束流强越大；工作气压对电子束流强的影响较复杂，随气压增加呈现出先降低后升高的特点；在7×10⁻⁴Pa 的极低气压下电子束流强可达75mA，引出电压9kV；能量利用率可达0.6；调整聚焦线圈的驱动电流，电子束的束斑直径从20mm 减小到13mm，电子束流强未有明显变化。     

多模式离子推力器栅极系统三维粒子模拟仿真

栅极系统是离子推力器推力产生的主要部件,推力器的性能和寿命都与栅极系统密切相关.对于具有多种工作模态的离子推力器,基于电流电压入口的仿真可以有效评估推力器的工作状况.采用三维粒子模拟方法对两栅极系统等离子体输运过程进行了仿真,获得了不同模式下的推力器性能参数,对比NSTAR的在轨测试参数,验证了模型的正确性;分析了工作模式变化对栅极区域电场分布和束流状态的影响以及离子推力器多模式设计需求.分析结果表明:远离栅极系统的外凸型屏栅鞘层和内凹型零等势面、低鞍点电势值和平缓的下游电势分布,有利于提高栅极系统离子通过率,抑制电子返流,减小Pits-and-Grooves腐蚀,是离子推力器工作模式的设计方向;提高束流电压会导致发散角损失增大,但可扩展栅极工作电流范围,在束流强度较大的模式下,使束流具有较好的聚焦状态,有利于减小Barrel腐蚀.研究结果为多模式离子推力器工作模式设计提供了参考.     

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The generation and control of microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma cathode electron beam is studied experimentally. A complete set of discharge, electron beam extraction, focusing and measuring system was set up. The characteristics and performance of microwave ECR plasmas as electron beam extraction source were studied by measuring the current of water cooling target and the beam spot size on the target. Experimental results indicated that both microwave input power and accelerating voltage are conducive to improving electron beam current. The influence of gas pressure on the electron beam current was complex. With the increase of gas pressure, the electron beam current is characterized by decreasing first and then increasing. The extracted electron current of microwave ECR plasma cathode can reach 75mA at gas pressure of 7×10⁻⁴Pa, and the energy of the electron beam can reach 9keV. The energy utilization can reach 0.6. By adjusting the current of the focusing coil, the diameter of electron beam spot is reduced from 20mm to 13mm and the electron beam current keeps the value unchanged.     

飞秒激光等离子体中电子热传导现象的数值模拟

采用相对论电磁粒子模拟程序研究了飞秒激光等离子体相互作用中产生的电流密度、电场和自生磁场的发展演化过程。介绍了电子的非局域热输运的基本特性以及激光加热过程中温度烧蚀前沿稠密等离子体子区的预热效应、临界面附近的限流效应,以及冕区的反扩散与限流效应,得到了经典Spitzer-Harm理论描述的电子热传导随自生磁场的演化情形。数值模拟表明:在线性强激光作用下,由于电子初始时刻的无规则热运动,在等离子体上激发电磁不稳定性,而不稳定性激发的强电磁场使电子束在非常短的距离内沉积能量,同时对在激光有质动力推开电子时形成的超热电子能量输运产生抑制作用。     

Properties of specific electron helical states leads to spin filtering effect in dsDNA molecules

In a recent paper, Gohler et al. [1] report that a high efficiency electron spin filter can be constructed from an adsorbed monolayer of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Understanding the mechanisms responsible for spin filtering under these conditions has proven to be a challenge, as classical analysis fails to account for the high degree of polarization observed. In this paper we show that these observations can be understood since conduction electrons in the DNA molecule are characterized by specific helical states having a magnetic moment opposite to the direction of the electron wavevector. These helical states are fundamental to the quantum-mechanical properties of periodic structures with helical symmetry. Free electrons passing through the DNA monolayer interact with these helical states, but the strength of this interaction depends on the relative orientation of the electron spin and the magnetic moment associated with the possible helical states. One of these configurations leads to a negligible interaction resulting in high spin polarization in the transmitted electron beam. The overall effect is that the free electron flux component with a magnetic moment in an opposite direction to the magnetic moment of the helical states can pass through the dsDNA monolayer without absorption, while the other spin component is highly absorbed by dsDNA. This is consistent with the finding that a monolayer of single-stranded DNA does not exhibit similar spin filtering properties.     

飞秒电子衍射系统中调制传递函数的理论计算

主要介绍了飞秒电子衍射系统的组成及设计指标. 包括光电阴极、电子聚焦系统、电子偏转系统、双微通道板(MCP)电子探测器等，并给出了基本的设计思路、设计结果. 光电阴极是由位于蓝宝石晶体上面的银膜构成，为了获得足够小的电子束斑以及减小电子上靶时的角度，紧贴栅极后放置一个100μm的小孔，对电子束的形状和大小进行限制. 采用磁电子透镜进行聚焦，电子衍射图样由放置在样品后面的双MCP像增强器进行探测. 在设计计算时，用Monte Carlo方法对光电子的初能量、初角度以及初位置分布进行抽样，用有限元法计算磁透镜 关键词： 飞秒电子枪 有限元法 Monte Carlo模拟 调制传递函数     

Parameter space map of an electron cyclotron resonance plasma in acompact chamber

Ion current density measurements were made in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma reactor for both argon and oxygen discharges. Spatial changes in the ion current density were also recorded across the reactor diameter for changes in pressure and power. These measurements revealed a minimum in the ion current density on the reactor axis. This observation has been explained as a consequence of the shape of the ECR region, which, in turn, is dependent on the mode of coupling. Current density measurements were made as a function of reactor pressure and microwave power for two different axial locations in the system. A Langmuir probe was also used at these two locations to measure the electron temperature as a function of these process conditions. It was observed that the ion current density and/or plasma density measured downstream from the ECR zone, increased significantly in the low-pressure/high-microwave power region. Results from this region of the operating parameter space have not previously been reported. Further existing models do not predict this observed increase in plasma density or ion current density. It has been proposed that a rarefication of the gas in the ECR region, as a result of gas heating, has acted to increase the outward diffusion of electrons from the ECR zone and, thus, has increased the ambipolar diffusion of ions to the downstream location. This proposal has been partially validated by experimental results in which the ion energy was measured as a function of reactor pressure and gas flow rate. The shape of the oxygen parameter space map differs significantly from that for Ar. The principal reasons for these changes are a number of different inelastic electron scattering mechanisms which effect the transport electrons out of the ECR zone and through ambipolar diffusion also the transport of ions. The second factor is the production of negative ionic species which varies with reactor pressure and, thus, T_e     

Low-energy electron transmission through dielectric capillaries

Transmission of electrons with energies from 2 to 10 keV through glass polycapillaries, tubes, and cones was experimentally studied. The dependence of the transmittance on the electron energy, beam current, capillary diameter, and irradiation time was measured. The electron transmittance through polycapillaries decreases with the beam current and measurement time. The results of measurements of the electron and X-ray spectrum at the quartz tube output suggest that a fraction of electrons incident on the wall charge it and ionize wall atoms; other electrons pass through the channel without collision with the wall, since their energy is almost unchanged. It follows from the measurement results that the electron transmission through capillaries is controlled by the potential at the inner channel surface induced by the charge injected during irradiation.