标准物质RDX、HMX定值的不确定度评估

用建立的非水溶剂电位滴定法测定纯度标准物质1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环己烷(RDX)和1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(HMX)的含量,用电位滴定曲线准确确定滴定终点。对两种标准物质测定过程和标定过程中不确定度来源进行了分析和计算,得到RDX含量测量结果为(99.710±0.188)%;HMX含量测量结果为(99.703±0.189)%。     

1,3,5,7-四乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷合成反应中间体的制备分离

1,3,5,7-四乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(TAT)是高能炸药奥克托今(HMX)重要的合成反应前体之一,1,5-二乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(DAPT)醋酐酰解法和乙腈甲醛小分子缩合法均能制备得到TAT.采用半制备高效液相色谱制备分离了上述两种制备方法反应原液中的六种中间体,分别是1-乙酰氧甲基-3,5,7-三乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷、1,3,5-三乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷、1-乙酰氧甲基-3,5,7-三乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷、N,N’-亚甲基二乙酰胺、三乙酰胺二亚甲基三胺和四乙酰胺三亚甲基四胺,为反应机理研究提供了有力的证据.DAPT醋酐酰解法反应原液样品的最佳制备色谱条件为:正相硅胶柱(20 mm×250 mm,10～20μm),流动相:V(乙腈)∶V(甲醇)=95∶5,流速为10 mL·min-1,检测波长为215 nm,进样量为1 mL,样品浓度30 mg/mL.乙腈甲醛小分子缩合法反应原液样品的最佳制备色谱条件为:正相硅胶柱(20 mm×250 mm,10～20μm),流动相:V(乙腈)∶V(水)=90∶10,流速为10 mL·min-1,检测波长为215 nm,进样量为1 mL,样品浓度30 mg/mL.制备得到的中间体经HPLC分析知纯度均在97%以上,可直接作为结构鉴定的标准样品.     

Crystal structure and quantum chemical investigation of [Cd(NTO)_4Cd(H_2O)_6]·4H_2O

The common explosives, RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), HMX (1,3,5,7- tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane) and TNT (trinitrotoluene), were considered adequately for all weapons applications. Due to many catastrophic explosions resulting from unintentional initia-tion of impact, friction or shock, these explosives have become less attractive. TATB (1,3,5-tria- mino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) is noted for its insensitivity, however, it does not have the energetic performance of e…     

3,4-双（4＇-硝基呋咱-3＇-基）氧化呋咱合成、表征与性能研究

采用丙二腈为原料,经亚硝化、重排、肟化、脱水环化、分子间缩合环化以及氧化等反应合成含能化合物3,4-双（4＇-硝基呋咱-3＇-基）氧化呋咱（DNTF）,总收率为43%,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振光谱、INADEQUATE谱、质谱和元素分析等进行了结构表征.开展了DNTF物化与爆轰性能研究,其密度1.937 g/cm3,熔点109～110℃,爆速8930 m/s（ρ=1.870 g/cm3）,摩擦感度44%～60%（90°摆角）,撞击感度80%～96%（10 kg,25 cm）,特性落高H50为38.9 cm（5 kg）,爆发点315～340℃,爆热5789 J/g（ρ=1.83 g/cm3）,威力168.4%TNT当量,真空安定性（5 g样品,100℃,40 h）放气量1.09 mL.采用DSC法和TG-DTG法测定了DNTF的热稳定性,利用真空安定法研究了DNTF同1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环己烷（RDX）,1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷（HMX）,2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）及推进剂含能组分的相容性,结果表明：DNTF具有较好的热稳定性,其分解温度为253.56℃;良好的相容性,可与常用含能材料（RDX,HMX,TNT）相容.DNTF能量较高、熔点较低、机械感度适中,安定性好,可作为新一代熔铸混合炸药的液相载体.     

Theoretical studies on high energetic density nitramine explosives containing pyridine

The insensitive property of explosives containing pyridine is combined with the high energy of nitramine explosives,and the concept of new nitramine explosives containing pyridine is proposed,into which nitramine group with N N bonds is introduced as much as possible.Based on molecular structures of nitramine compounds containing pyridine,density functional theory(DFT) calculation method was applied to study designed molecules at B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level.The geometric and electronic structures,density,heats of formation(HOF),detonation performance and bond dissociation energies(BDE) were investigated and comparable to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX).The simulation results reveal that molecules B and D perform similarly to traditionally used RDX.Molecule E outperform RDX,with performance that approach that of HMX and may be considered as potential candidate of high energy density compound(HEDC).These results provide basic information for molecular design of novel high energetic density compounds.     

高能体系分子间相互作用研究: 含NNO~2和NH~2混合物

以abinitioHF/6-31G^*计算求得NH~3+NH~2NO~2的两种优化构型,经MP4电子相关能校正和Boys-Bernardi方案校正基组叠加误差求得精确的分子间相互作用能。还用PM3方法计算研究TATB(均三氨基三硝基苯)分别与HMX(奥克托金)和RDX(黑索金)的混合体系,经色散能校正电子相关近似地求得分子间相互作用能。结果表明,NH~3与NH~2NO~2之间的最大结合能为-38.32kJ/mol;分子间相互作用增强了N-NO~2键强度;TATB与HMX,RDX的结合能远大于石墨与HMX或RDX的结合能,表明TATB对HMX和RDX的润湿和钝感作用较石墨更强。     

1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的合成与性能研究

以2-甲基嘧啶-4,6-二酮为原料, 通过硝化和水解过程合成出FOX-7 (1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯), 经IR, MS, NMR和元素分析鉴定了其结构, 并对影响得率的主要因素进行了简要分析. 重结晶提纯后培养合成产物的单晶, 用四圆衍射仪对其进行了结构解析, 得到了合成产物的晶体学数据. 测试了FOX-7的电火花感度和落锤感度, 并同RDX (1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环己烷)、HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)以及TATB(三氨基三硝基苯)进行了对比, 结果表明FOX-7的感度要低于RDX, 但较TATB差. 同时对原始样品和重结晶FOX-7的外观形貌和热性质进行了测试, 并对变化情况进行了说明, 发现FOX-7的外观形貌和热性质可以进一步改善和优化.     

β-1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷热膨胀各向异性的量子化学计算与分子动力学模拟

在303～383 K和NPT系综和COMPASS力场下对β-1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷（HMX）超晶胞初始结构的分子动力学模拟,得到常压下各温度的晶体平衡构型并发现分子的堆积方式不变;通过线性拟合求算出线膨胀系数与实验值相近,体现出明显的各向异性. 采用密度泛函理论方法对沿各晶轴方向膨胀率变化（100%～105%）的HMX单胞模型进行了总能计算,得到的能量变化率体现各向异性并与热膨胀系数值关联,建立了关联方程. 由此阐释了HMX晶体热膨胀各向异性的本质即特定的分子堆积模式.     

Are the Nitro-and Amino-substituted Piperidine High-energy-density Compounds?

Nitro and amino groups were introduced into piperidine skeleton to design derivatives of piperidine(labeled as α, β_1, β_2, β_3, γ and δ). Heats of formation(HOFs) are calculated in detail at the B3PW91/6-311+G(d,p) level for these aminonitropiperidines. The results show that all derivatives have negative heats of formation, which were affected by the positions of substituted groups. The molecular stability is estimated and analyzed based on bond dissociation energies(BDE) and characteristic heights(H_(50)). All derivatives designed in this paper are confirmed with lower impact sensitivity than 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane(RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane(HMX). Furthermore, the detonation velocities(D) and the detonation pressures(P) are predicted via the Kamlet-Jacobs equation. In all these molecules, δ has comparable detonation character with that of RDX and HMX and can be the candidate of high-energy-density compounds(HEDCs).     

适用于TATB,RDX,HMX含能材料的全原子力场的建立与验证

报道一个适用于三种常见的含能材料分子三硝基三氨基苯(TATB),环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX),环四亚甲基四硝胺(HMX)的全原子力场.力场采用广泛使用的力场函数形式,其中键参数通过拟合量子化学密度泛函计算的数据获得,电荷参数和范德华参数通过拟合相应的分子晶体的物理性质(密度和升华焓)优化得到.通过计算分子和分子晶体的性质显示该力场可以用来准确地预测分子结构、分子振动频率和分子晶体的晶胞参数、密度和升华焓.进一步的验证显示该力场可用来较为准确地预测分子晶体的状态方程和机械模量.     

Dependency of thermal and electrical conductivity on temperature and composition of Sn in Pb–Sn alloys

The variations of thermal conductivity with temperature for Pb–Sn alloys were measured using a radial heat flow apparatus. The variations of electrical conductivity with the temperature for same alloys were determined from the Wiedemann–Franz law by using the measured values of thermal conductivity. According to present experimental results, the thermal and electrical conductivity of Pb–Sn alloys linearly decrease with increasing temperature but exponentially increase with increasing the composition of Sn. The enthalpy of fusion and the change of specific heat for Pb–Sn alloys were also determined by means of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) from heating trace during the transformation from eutectic liquid to eutectic solid.     

An investigation on eutectic binary phase diagram of volatilizable energetic materials by high pressure DSC

The eutectic binary phase diagrams of volatilizable energetic material 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) with 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1-methyl-2,4-dinitroimidazole (MDNI) have been investigated by high pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC), respectively. The liquefying and melting processes of TNAZ/RDX and TNAZ/MDNI volatilizable systems have been studied. On the basis of the data of apparent fusion heat and liquefying temperature, the phase diagrams of apparent fusion heat (H) with composition (X) and liquefying temperature (T) with composition (X) were constructed, respectively. The results showed that the gasification or volatilization of easy volatile energetic materials could be efficiently restrained by high pressure atmosphere, and the perfect and ideal phase diagrams can be constructed. The eutectic temperatures for TNAZ/RDX and TNAZ/MDNI are measured to be 95.5 and 82.3 °C, respectively. The eutectic compositions of mole ratios for the two systems are obtained to be 93.55/6.45 (T–X method), 93.79/6.21 (H–X method) and 62.25/37.75 (T–X method), 63.29/33.71 (H–X method), respectively.     

癸酸-十四烷酸二元体系的相变性能

以癸酸(CA)-十四烷酸(MA)二元体系的理论预测相图为指导, 测量了该体系不同组成超声波混合后的步冷曲线, 绘制了该体系的实验相图, 判断出最低共熔温度与组成范围; 采用DSC测试最低共熔组成的相变性能, 采用IR检测最低共熔组成300次热循环前后的波形变化. 实验结果表明, CA-MA二元体系最低共熔组成范围为(76%~82%)CA+(24%~18%)MA, 最低共熔温度为294.45 K, 最大过冷度为274.75 K, 相变过程中无分层现象; DSC和IR的测试结果表明, 组成为78%CA+22%MA的相变焓为149.02 J/g, 开始相变温度为292.80 K, 热稳定性好.     

Thermoanalytical study of the polymorphic transformation of cubic into graphite-like boron nitride

The polymorphic transformation of cubic into graphite-like boron nitride was studied by using DTA, high-temperature calorimetry and dilatometry over the temperature range 1000–2500 K. The transformation enthalpy was determined to be +22 _?11 ⁺⁵ kJ/mol.     

Optimum heat treatment conditions for masking the bitterness of the clarithromycin wax matrix

The effects of the contents of aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E (AMCE) in a wax matrix on the mechanism of polymorphic transformation of glyceryl monostearate (GM) were clarified by evaluating the enthalpy change defined as 1.51 (DeltaH(1)-DeltaH(2))/DeltaH(2), where DeltaH(1) and DeltaH(2) denote the enthalpies in the first and second thermal analyses, respectively. Using this value, K(1), the rate constant of transformation from alpha-form to beta'-form, and K(2), the rate constant of transformation from beta'-form to beta-form, could be obtained. As the ratio of AMCE increased, K(2) increased, but a minimum point existed for K(1). K(1) was always larger than K(2), but gradually approached K(2) as the ratio of AMCE increased. The optimum temperature for the transformation of GM was 50 degrees C, at which the enthalpy change was maximum. To prepare the wax matrix preparation of clarithromycin (CAM), we considered 40 degrees C the optimum treatment temperature for the transformation of GM in a CAM wax matrix compounded from CAM, GM and AMCE, since the matrices were mutually welded at above 45 degrees C during the spray congealing process. Although K(1) and K(2) were almost the same at 40 degrees C, the rate of transformation was accelerated by tumbling. By applying the tumbling that accelerated the transformation of GM in a CAM wax matrix, almost all of the alpha-form disappeared, and the release of CAM from the wax matrix diminished when the enthalpy change was more than 0.8.     

Paracetamol-propyphenazone interaction and formulation difficulties associated with eutectic formation in combination solid dosage forms

Polymorphic behaviours of paracetamol and propyphenazone and interaction between these two compounds were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR)-spectroscopy. Binary mixtures containing various ratios of the compounds were prepared as physical and fused mixtures and analysed by DSC to study their thermal behaviours. Phase diagrams obtained from the melting endotherms of the binary mixtures demonstrated formation of an eutectic mixture at a paracetamol-propyphenazone combination of about 35:65 (w/w) with an eutectic temperature of 56 degrees C. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed no chemical interaction due to eutectic formation, and a lower degree of crystallinity of the eutectic mixture than individual substances was observed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The DSC and X-ray powder diffraction data demonstrated a polymorphic change in propyphenazone as a result of melting of the compound. Tablets, containing both paracetamol and propyphenazone in a combination formulation and prepared using standard wet granulation technology, were found to have physical instability when packed in either polyvinylchloride// aluminium or polyvinylchloride/polyvinyldienechloride// aluminium blisters and stored for one month at 40 degrees C with either 75% relative humidity or without any humidity control. The instability of the tablets was more apparent under the high humidity condition.     

Effect of composition on the thermal behavior of NiMnGa alloys

The methods to determine martensitic transformation temperature, enthalpy and entropy change, specific heat capacity change with temperature, and transformation activation energies of Ni–%29.5Mn–%21Ga, Ni–%29Mn–%21Ga, Ni–%29.5Mn–%20Ga, and Ni–%28.5Mn–%20.5Ga (atomic percentage) alloys were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. It was observed that the transformation temperature increased with an increase in atomic nickel ratio. Meanwhile, it was detected that the change in enthalpy increases with the amount of nickel. The highest values of entropy change and the heat capacity at room temperature were observed in the alloy having the least amount of nickel in it.     

Thermal investigation of PEG 4000 — oxazepam binary system

A thermal study using DSC and Hot Stage Microscopy (HSM) was carried out to investigate the interaction in solid state of the binary system PEG 4000 — oxazepam, and to establish their phase diagram. The eutectic composition, which melting occurs at lower temperature as compared with the pure components, has been determined. The results obtained by DSC and HSM have indicated that PEG 4000 — oxazepam mixtures displays no obvious incompatibilities, and that the system shows a typical eutectic behaviour. However because of the closeness of the melting of PEG 4000 to the eutectic temperature, it was difficult to determine precisely the eutectic composition and temperature on the basis of DSC measurements alone. The use of heats of fusion corresponding to physical mixtures allowed an estimation of the eutectic composition at 6% w/w oxazepam. Additional information of temperature (57.6C) and composition (5–10% w/w oxazepam) of the eutectic was obtained by HSM using the contact method. This low melting temperature in this range of compositions offers advantages in terms of drug stability and easy manufacture.     

Phase equilibria in the NaCl–KI–K<Subscript>2</Subscript>CrO<Subscript>4</Subscript> stable triangle of the Na,K‖Cl,I,CrO<Subscript>4</Subscript> system

The NaCl–KI–K₂CrO₄ stable triangle was studied by differential thermal analysis. The melting temperature, melt composition, and specific melting enthalpy corresponding to the ternary eutectic were determined in the system. The compositions of crystallizing phases in the eutectic were confirmed by X-ray diffraction.     

Phase diagrams of diphenyl–<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecane and diphenyl–diphenyl oxide–<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-dodecane systems

The phase equilibria in the binary diphenyl–n-dodecane and ternary diphenyl–diphenyl oxide–n-dodecane systems was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The melting temperatures and eutectic compositions were determined. The physicochemical characteristics of eutectic alloys such as the flash point, density, and enthalpy of fusion were given. The kinematic viscosity of eutectic alloys was determined in the temperature range 25–50°C.