薄膜梯度扩散-硫氰酸钾分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Mo(VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-硫氰酸钾(PT)分光光度法(DGT-PT法)富集测量水中痕量Mo(VI)的分析方法。先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Mo(VI),再以PT分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Mo(VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Mo(VI)的浓度。DGT-PT法测得配制水中Mo(VI)的回收率为96.3%~101.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3%~4.0%;测得工业废水中Mo(VI)的浓度为27.13~121.79μg/L,加标回收率为96.0%~101.6%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Mo(VI)富集近18倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Mo(VI)的定量检测。     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)的分析方法。先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(VI),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(VI)的浓度。DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(VI)的回收率为95.1%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.60%~3.58%;测得工业废水中Cr(VI)的浓度为18.54~137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3%~101.8%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(VI)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(VI)的定量检测。     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Mo (VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)- 硫氰酸钾(PT)分光光度法(DGT-PT法)富集测量水中痕量Mo (VI) 的分析方法。本研究先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术 (PQAS DGT) 原位分离富集水中Mo (VI),再以PT分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Mo (VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Mo (VI)的浓度。DGT-PT法测得配制水中Mo ( VI) 的回收率为96.3% ~ 101.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3% ~4.0%;测得工业废水中Mo (VI) 的浓度为27.13 ~ 121.79mg/L,加标回收率为96.0% ~ 101.6%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Mo (VI) 富集近18倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Mo (VI) 的定量检测。     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的分析方法.先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(Ⅵ),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(Ⅵ)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度.DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(Ⅵ)的回收率为95.1％～101.3％,相对标准偏差为1.60％～3.58％;测得工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度为18.54 ～ 137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3％～101.8％.当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(Ⅵ)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的定量检测.     

谷胱甘肽功能化有序介孔碳用于选择性分离富集痕量镉

将谷胱甘肽修饰到有序介孔碳表面,制备了一种谷胱甘肽功能化的有序介孔碳(GSH-CMK-3),采用傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜、热重分析等对其进行了表征。GSH-CMK-3具有优良的化学稳定性和热稳定性,对Cd~(2+)具有较强的吸附性能,静态吸附容量为87.87 mg/g,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型。在顺序注射微填充柱分离富集体系中,以0.006 mol/L硫脲(溶于0.2 mol/L HNO_3)为洗脱剂,洗脱效率为96%。在最佳实验条件下,进样体积为1000 μL,洗脱体积为50 μL时,富集倍数为17.3,以石墨炉原子吸收为检测器,建立了痕量Cd~(2+)的分离富集分析方法,测定Cd~(2+)的线性范围为0.05~0.20 μg/L,精密度为2.9%(n=13,100 ng/L),检出限为1.9 ng/L(n=7,3σ),对标准物质GBW08608(水中镉、铬、铜、镍、铅、锌成分分析标准物质)中的痕量Cd~(2+)的分析结果与标示值无明显差异。     

改性介孔二氧化硅分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法检测痕量镉

利用叠氮化介孔二氧化硅与炔丙胺反应,制备了炔丙胺介孔二氧化硅吸附材料,采用傅立叶红外光谱仪对其进行表征,并用于水样中痕量镉的富集。吸附材料在溶液pH 7.5时,恒温振荡30 min能高效吸附痕量Cd~(2+),吸附的Cd~(2+)用1 m L 1 mol/L HNO_3振荡30 min完全洗脱,火焰原子吸收法测定。在最佳实验条件下,方法的线性范围为0.5~50 ng/m L,方法检出限为0.06 ng/m L(3σ,n=20),富集倍数可达50倍,对20 ng/m L Cd~(2+)测定相对标准偏差为1.9%(n=20),加标回收率为95.5%~97.5%。吸附材料可循环使用25次以上并用于水样中Cd~(2+)的测定。     

镉(Ⅱ)-7-(4-氯-2-硝基苯偶氮)-8-羟基喹啉-5-磺酸体系的吸附伏安法研究

本文报道了一种测定痕量镉离子的灵敏的电分析方法。在pH8.34 NH_3-NH_4Cl介质中,CNAQS-Cd~(2+)络合物在-0.72V有一灵敏的吸附还原峰,峰电流与镉浓度在一定范围内成线性关系,最低检测限为0.20ng/ml。确定Cd~(2+)-CNAQS的络合比为1:1,并对其电化学机理进行了初步的探讨,拟定了测定痕量镉的方法,应用于高炉煤气洗涤污水中镉分析,结果与原子吸收法一致。     

聚乙烯醇-水-丙酮体系分离富集-PAR光度法测定环境水样中痕量镉

利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-镉络合物在水和丙酮中溶解度的差异,提出了水溶性聚乙烯醇丙酮体系分离富集痕量镉的方法。在pH 3～10的溶液中,Cd~(2+)与PVA生成水溶性络合物,当加入足够量的丙酮(≥25 mL)及饱和氯化钾(1.0 mL)溶液作盐析剂时,此络合物沉淀析出。用倾倒法将液固分离后,用少量水溶解沉淀,以PAR作显色剂用光度测定其含镉量。线性范围为5～2 000μg·L~(-1),检出限(3s/b)为2μg·L~(-1)。该方法用于环境水样中镉的测定,所得结果与火焰原子吸收光谱法测得的结果相符。用标准加入法测得方法的回收率在96.3%～98.0%之间。对沉淀分离过程的机理也作了简要论述。     

磁性碳纳米管固相萃取-原子荧光光谱法测定水中痕量镉

建立了检测水中痕量镉的磁性固相萃取-原子荧光光谱法。制备磁性碳纳米管,以其作为固相萃取吸附剂用来萃取和富集水中的痕量镉,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法进行检测。在最佳条件下,镉在0.05~5.0μg·L-1范围内呈线性,检出限(3σ)为1.6 ng·L-1。加标回收率在97.1%~101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差在1.6%~4.8%之间。方法用于分析标准物质,测定值与认定值相符。     

强碱性阴离子交换纤维富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铅和镉

pH 5时,于500mL海水样品中加入8-羟基喹啉使其中的Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)螯合。在过柱液流量10mL·min~(-1)下,上述两螯合物能定量富集在填充有0.5g强碱性阴离子交换纤维的固相萃取柱上,并用1.0mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液10mL将两者完全洗脱,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定洗脱液中的痕量铅和镉。铅和镉在一定的质量浓度范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限依次为0.019,0.012μg·L~(-1)。两种元素的加标回收率在94.3%~99.9%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.2%~3.4%之间。     

Sodium polyacrylate as a binding agent in diffusive gradients in thin-films technique for the measurement of Cu and Cd in waters

An aqueous solution containing sodium polyacrylate (PA, 0.0030 M) was used in diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) to measure DGT-labile Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ concentrations. The DGT devices (PA DGT) were validated in four types of solutions, including synthetic river waters containing metal ions with or without complexing EDTA, natural river water (Hun River, Shenyang, China) spiked with Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, and an industrial wastewater (Shenyang, China). Results showed that only free metal ions were measured by PA DGT, recovery = 98.79% for Cu²⁺ and recovery = 97.80% for Cd²⁺ in solutions containing only free metal ions, recovery = 51.02% for Cu²⁺ and recovery = 51.92% for Cd²⁺ in solution with metal/EDTA molar ratio of 2:1 and recovery = 0 in solutions with metal/EDTA molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. These indicated that the complexes of Cu-EDTA and Cd-EDTA were DGT-inert or not DGT-labile. The DGT performance in spiked river water (recovery = 8.47% for Cu²⁺ and recovery = 27.48% for Cd²⁺) and in industrial wastewater (recovery = 14.16% for Cd²⁺) were also investigated. Conditional stability constants (log K) of PA-Cu and PA-Cd complexes were determined as 6.98 and 5.61, respectively, indicating strong interaction between PA and the metals.     

Diffusive gradients in thin films technique for uranium measurements in river water

The diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) was used for uranium measurements in water. DGT devices with Dowex resin binding phase (Dow DGT) were tested in synthetic river water, which gave 84% response to total uranium concentration. The devices were also deployed in natural river water and compared to devices with other types of binding phases, Chelex 100 resin beads imbedded in polyacrylamide hydrogel (Chelex DGT) and DE 81 anion exchange membrane (DE DGT), deployed in the same location at the same time. The measurement by Dow DGT was the lowest among the different types of the DGT devices, 45% of total uranium, while measurement by DE DGT was the highest, 98% of total uranium. The results achieved by the three types of DGT devices were explained by three DGT working mechanisms, equilibrium between complexes of resin/uranyl carbonates and complexes of resin/competitive ligands in water, effective reduction of uranyl carbonate concentration by the binding phase and dissociation of UO₂(CO₃)₂²⁻ and UO₂(CO₃)₃⁴⁻ within the diffusive layer in a DGT device. It is hoped that by deploying the DGT devices with different binding phases in natural waters, additional information on uranium speciation could be obtained.     

Preparation of guanidinylated carboxymethyl chitosan and its application in the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique for measuring labile trace metals in water

ABSTRACT

Guanidinylated carboxymethyl chitosan (GCMCS) was prepared via the guanidinylation of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). A device employing the diffusive gradients for thin films (DGT) technique was made using a GCMCS aqueous solution as the binding agent and a cellulose acetate dialysis membrane (CADM) as the diffusion phase to measure labile Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in water. The percentage uptake (U%) values of labile Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in a synthetic water sample were almost consistent with the theoretical values at 101.6 ± 2.8%, 104.6 ± 6.1% and 95.9 ± 4.4%, respectively. The optimum pH ranges for the measurement of labile Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were 3.0–7.0, 3.0–7.0 and 4.0–8.0, respectively. The ionic strength mainly affected the diffusion of metal ions in the CADM. The diffusion rates decreased with increasing concentrations of NaNO₃ solutions. The application of GCMCS-DGT in natural water and industrial wastewater showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) only affects metal species, and the accurate determination of labile Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ can be achieved when the diffusion coefficients of these metal ions in the diffusion phase have been determined. GCMCS is suitable for DGT application as a chelating agent for metal ions.     

CdTe量子点作为荧光探针测定水环境中微量镉离子

利用CdTe量子点(QDs)和乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)构建的纳米探针,建立了一种能快速灵敏检测Cd2+的新方法。利用EDTA溶液与Cd2+的络合作用对QDs的表面进行化学蚀刻,在QDs表面形成了Cd2+的空腔,这些表面缺陷使得QDs荧光猝灭,而继续加入Cd2+后,新加入的Cd2+能够迅速补位空腔修复表面缺陷,使得QDs的荧光恢复。在最佳的实验条件下,当Cd2+浓度在3.3×10-9~6.7×10-6mol/L范围时,QDs恢复的荧光强度与Cd2+浓度之间呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.0×10-9mol/L(S/N=3)。此外,相对于其他金属离子,该荧光探针对Cd2+具有高选择性,并且将其用于实际水样中Cd2+含量的检测,结果令人满意。     

Trace metal speciation measurements in waters by the liquid binding phase DGT device

The speciation measurements of trace metals by the diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) using a poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) aqueous solution as a binding phase and a cellulose dialysis membrane (CDM) as a diffusive layer, CDM-PSS DGT, were investigated and showed good agreement with computer modelling calculations. The diffusion coefficients of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complexes with Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ were measured and compared with those of the inorganic metal ions. CDM-PSS DGT device was tested for speciation measurement in sample solutions containing EDTA, tannic acid (TA), glucose (GL), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBS) and humic acid (HA) as complexing ligands forming organic complexes with varying stability constants. Lower percentages of DGT labile copper concentrations over total filterable copper concentrations obtained from the deployments in freshwater sites indicated that copper complexes with organic matter were basically not measured by the devices.     

Application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for available potassium measurement in agricultural soils: Effects of competing cations on potassium uptake by the resin gel

The utilization of Amberlite (IRP-69 ion-exchange resin, 100–500 wet mesh) as the binding phase in the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has shown potential to improve the assessment of plant-available K in soils. The binding phase has recently been optimized by using a mixed Amberlite and ferrihydrite (MAF) gel which results in linear K uptake over extended deployment periods and in solutions with higher K concentrations. As restriction of K uptake by Ca on the Amberlite based resin gel has been previously proposed, potential competing effects of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NH₄⁺ on K uptake by the MAF gel were investigated. These cations had no effect on K elution efficiency which was 85%. However, K uptake by the MAF gel was restricted in the presence of competing cations in solution. Consequently, the diffusion coefficient of K decreased in the presence of cations compared to previous studies but was stable at 1.12 × 10⁻⁵ cm² s⁻¹ at 25 °C regardless of cation concentrations. Uptake of K by the DGT device was affected by the presence of excessive Ca in more than 30% of twenty typical Australian agricultural soils. However, this problem could be circumvented by using a shorter deployment time than the normal 24 h. Moderate correlation of concentrations of K extracted by DGT with Colwell K (extracted by NaHCO₃, R² = 0.69) and NH₄OAc K (R² = 0.61) indicates that DGT measures a different pool of K in soils than that measured by the standard extractants used. In addition, the MAF gel has the ability to measure Ca and Mg simultaneously.     

An improved rapid method for the determination of actinides in water

A new rapid method has been developed for the determination of Th, Pu, Np, U, Am and Cm isotopes in water samples of about 1 L. Actinides are pre-concentrated by co-precipitation with Ca phosphate, sequentially separated on stacked TEVA and TK221 cartridges and measured by alpha spectrometry. The TK221 extraction chromatographic resin contains i.e. CMPO and DGA extractants. It has been characterized by measuring the weight distribution ratios (D_w) of actinides which are higher than 1000 for all actinides in 3 M HNO₃. The method has been optimized, applied for the analysis of tap and seawater samples and validated by participating in an IAEA proficiency test. Chemical recoveries for all actinides are better than 50%. The method can be performed within one day.

     

Study on the Liquid‐Solid Flotation Separation of Cadmium by Ammonium Sulfate‐Potassium Iodide‐Cetylpyridine Chloride‐Water System

The liquid‐solid flotation separation behaviors of Cd²⁺ in ammonium sulfate‐potassium iodide‐cetylpyridine chloride‐water system and the conditions for the separation of Cd²⁺ from other metal ions were studied. The results showed that in the presence of 1.0 g (NH₄)₂SO₄ and when the dosage of 0.1 M potassium iodide was 2.0 mL and 0.01 M cetylpyridine chloride (CPC) solution was 1.0 mL respectively, the formed water‐insoluble ternary association complex of KI‐CPC‐Cd floated above water phase and liquid‐solid phases were formed with clear interface. In this condition, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Al³⁺ could not be floated and Cd²⁺ was floated quantitatively at pH 5.0. Therefore, the quantitative separation of Cd²⁺ from the above metal ions could be achieved. The quantitative flotation separation determination of Cd²⁺ in the sample of synthetic water and industrial waster water was performed, and the results agreed well with those by AAS method. The recoveries were 97.2%～102.4%, and the RSD was 1.8%.