Mechanical Properties,Rheology, and Crystallization of Epoxy-Resin-Compatibilized Polyamide 6/Polycarbonate Blends: Effect of Mixing Sequences

Blends of polyamide 6 (PA6)/polycarbonate (PC)/epoxy resin (EP) were melt blended with three different mixing sequences. Their mechanical properties, crystallization, and rheological behaviors, as well as the morphology, were investigated via mechanical testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic rheometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was noted that the mixing sequences affected the distribution of EP in the PA6 matrix, as well as the reactivity of EP with PA6 and PC. Mechanical testing showed that the blends prepared by the first (S₁, blending PA6, PC, and EP simultaneously) and second mixing sequences (S₂, blending PC with a premixture of PA6/EP) had higher notched Izod impact strengths due to the formation of PA6-EP-PC block copolymer (named as the AEC structure) during compounding, as evidenced by the results of dynamic rheology and SEM. Whereas for the third sequence (S₃, blending PA6 with a premixture of PC/EP), EP could barely react with PA6 and PC, leading to little formation of AEC structure, which resulted in a poor notched Izod impact strength of the blends. The incorporation of EP actually acted as a plasticizer to improve the elongation at break of the S₃ blends. In addition, the DSC results and SEM observations showed that there were distinct differences in the crystallization and morphology of the samples prepared by the different mixing sequences.     

Optical Phase Conjugation in Polyesters with Cyanoazobenzene Units in the Side Chain

Efficient optical phase-conjugate (PC) signals in four kinds of novel polyester films containing cyanoazobenzene units in the side chain are reported. One of them can efficiently generate only the photoinduced anisotropy (PA) component of PC signal, while the other three films can simultaneously generate two types of PC signals, PA and holographic components. These polymers have good potential not only as a phase conjugator but also as a polarization-sensitive hologram-recording material.Presented at the International Commission for Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994     

温控电弧放电法大量制备单壁碳纳米管

采用可以控制真空室温度的改进型直流电弧炉，在氮气和氦气(1∶1)混合气氛下，使用Co-Ni(1∶1wt%)合金催化剂，通过控制温度等工艺条件，在容器内壁生成了大量单壁碳纳米管，尤其在阴极与阳极之间有大量的宏观网状薄膜.通过两步纯化方法：在500℃空气中烘烧30min；再用37%盐酸浸泡72h，用去离子水过滤至中性烘干.经SEM，HRTEM，XRD，Raman观察分析，纯化后其纯度高(>95％)、管径均匀(1.24—1.38nm).实验结果表明：温度强烈影响单壁碳纳米管的产量，不同温度下管子的纯度、产量都有差异，在温度为600℃时，其纯度达到70％，产量为12g/h. 关键词： 单壁碳纳米管 电弧法 温度影响     

PCA和SPA的近红外光谱识别白菜种子品种研究

为了实现对不同品种白菜种子的快速无损鉴别,应用近红外光谱技术获取白菜种子的光谱反射率,首先采用变量标准化校正和多元散射校正对原始光谱进行预处理;其次,采用主成分分析法(PCA)对光谱数据进行聚类分析,从定性分析的角度得到三种不同白菜种子的特征差异,并采用连续投影算法(SPA)选取特征波长;最后,分别基于全波段光谱、PCA分析得到的前3个主成分变量以及SPA算法选取的特征波长,建立了最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)和偏最小二乘判别(PLS-DA)模型进行白菜种子不同品种的鉴别。从主成分PC1、PC2得分图中可以看出,主成分1和2对不同种类白菜种子具有很好的聚类作用。基于特征波长建立的PLS-DA和LS-SVM模型的判别结果优于基于主成分变量建立的模型,其中基于特征波长建立的LS-SVM模型识别效果最优,建模集和预测集的品种识别率均达到100%。结果表明,通过SPA算法选取的6个特征波长变量能够很好的反映光谱信息,提出的SPA算法结合LS-SVM预测模型能获得满意的分类结果,为白菜种子品种的识别提供了一种新方法。     

Phase diagram of solution of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes

We study a solution of long polyanions (PA) with shorter polycations (PC) and focus on the role of Coulomb interaction. A good example is solutions of DNA and PC which are widely studied for gene therapy. In the solution, each PA attracts many PCs to form a complex. When the ratio of total charges of PA and PC in the solution, x, equals to 1, complexes are neutral and they condense in a macroscopic drop. When x is far away from 1, complexes are strongly charged. The Coulomb repulsion is large and free complexes are stable. As x approaches to 1, PCs attached to PA disproportionate themselves in two competing ways. One way is inter-complex disproportionation, in which PCs make some complexes neutral and therefore condensed in a macroscopic drop while other complexes become even stronger charged and stay free. The other way is intra-complex disproportionation, in which PCs make one end of a complex neutral and condensed in a small droplet while the rest of the complex forms a strongly charged tail. Thus each complex becomes a “tadpole”. We get a phase diagram of PA–PC solution in a plane of x and the inverse screening radius of the monovalent salt, which includes phases with both kinds of disproportionation.     

基于主动学习的玉米种子纯度检测模型更新

种子纯度反映种子品种在特征特性方面典型一致的程度,提高种子纯度检测的准确性和可靠性对保证种子的质量具有重要的意义。高光谱图像技术可以同时反映种子的内部特征和外部特征,在农产品无损检测中已经得到广泛应用。利用近红外高光谱图像实现农产品无损检测的实质就是建立光谱信息与农产品品质参数之间的数学模型关系。但光谱信息易受环境、时间的影响,当待测样本的产地或者年份发生改变时光谱信息也随之改变,导致建立的模型的稳定性变差、泛化能力减弱。针对这一问题,采用主动学习算法选择具有代表性的待测样本,最终以添加最少最优的样本数来扩大原模型的样本空间,从而实现模型的快速更新,提高模型的稳定性,同时与基于随机选择算法（RS）和Kennard-Stone算法(KS)的模型更新效果进行比较。实验结果表明：在不同样本集划分比例下（1∶1, 3∶1, 4∶1）,利用主动学习添加40个新样本更新后的2010年的玉米种子纯度检测模型对2011年新样本的预测精度由47%,33.75%,49%提高到98.89%,98.33%,98.33%;利用主动学习添加56个新样本更新后的2011年的玉米种子纯度检测模型对2010年新样本的预测精度由50.83%,54.58%,53.75%提高到94.57%,94.02%,94.57%;同时基于主动学习算法的模型更新效果明显优于RS和KS。因此基于主动学习算法实现玉米种子纯度检测模型的更新是可行的。     

基于液相AFM及干涉频谱法的多孔氧化铝薄膜在线测量系统研究

介绍了多孔氧化铝薄膜(PA)厚度在线测量系统的工作原理、系统结构及独特性能。在白光(宽光谱)照射下,薄膜的上表面和下表面反射的两路光线发生干涉,产生了携带薄膜光学厚度信息的反射光谱。同时,利用液相原子力显微镜(AFM)实时获得的PA膜的表面形貌信息,根据膜系统的Maxwell-Garnette有效介电常数理论,经相干势近似计算得到薄膜的有效折射率,进而得到此时PA膜的物理厚度。使用该系统对PA膜氧化制备过程进行了在线扫描和膜厚测量试验,成功的获得了PA样品的实时表面形貌图像,得到样品的孔隙率和有效折射率。并根据样品反射光谱,利用反射干涉频谱法计算得到氧化150和180 min时,PA膜厚分别为5.35和6.25 μm。本系统具有测量简便、实时性好、无损及测量精确的特点,在实时测量和监控膜厚的同时可获得样品的表面形貌、孔隙率、有效折射率等信息。     

Posterior cordectomy and subtotal arytenoidectomy for the treatment of bilateral vocal fold immobility: Functional results

We report vocal and respiratory results following endoscopic CO₂ laser therapy for bilateral vocal fold immobility in adduction. Two techniques were used: posterior cordectomy (PC) and subtotal arytenoidectomy (SA). Respiratory improvement was demonstrated by the peak expiratory flow/peak inspiratory flow ratio (PEF/PIF, normal = 1), which was less than 2 for 83% of patients following PC and for 81% following SA. As for vocal results, there were no significant quantitative differences between the two techniques. Mean maximum phonation time (/a/) was 6.8 ± 2.6 s after SA and 7.8 ± 1.6 s following PC. The phonation quotient was 288 ± 116 ml/s after SA and 304 ± 92 ml/s after PC. Mean vocal intensity was 62 ± 4 dB after SA and 59 ± 3 dB after PC. Vocal quality was measured by high-resolution vocal frequency analysis, as represented by a histogram. Peaks corresponding to fundamental frequency and first harmonics were preserved in more than 60% of patients in the two groups. Vocal preservation is better when the paralyzed folds are in the paramedian position, with the possibility of adduction (Gerhardt syndrome). SA is performed in our procedure, though it is longer and more difficult to perform than PC. PC often requires two procedures to achieve satisfactory results.     

Temperature controlled synthesis of SrCO3 nanorods via a facile solid-state decomposition rout starting from a novel inorganic precursor

Strontium carbonate nanorods have been successfully synthesized via solid-state decomposition of a new precursor, [Sr(Pht)(H₂O)₂]. The obtained nanorods were found to be orthorhombic with the length of 70-100 nm and the diameter of about 10-15 nm. The Effect of calcinations temperature on morphology and purity of the products has been investigated. Strontium carbonate nanorods were formed at 500 °C. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. In addition, further evidence for the purity and stoichiometry of the product was obtained by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) spectrum.     

Polyacetylene nanoparticles-based preparation of polyaniline nanofibers

Abstract  

A conjugated polymer polyacetylene (PA) nanoparticles-based preparative strategy toward doped polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers has been demonstrated for the first time, carried out by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline under rapid stirring using ammonium persulfate as the oxidant in acidic aqueous media in the presence of dodecylsulfate (SDS)-stabilized PA nanoparticles. It is found that only PANI nanoparticulates are formed when the synthesis is performed in the absence of PA nanoparticles. The optical properties and the electronic conductivity of the resulting doped nanofibers and the corresponding dedoped products were studied and the influence of the amount of PA nanoparticles used on the morphologies of PANI nanostructures was also investigated. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the PANI nanofibers.     

Ultrasound assisted intensified recovery of lactose from whey based on antisolvent crystallization

The current work deals with understanding the fundamental aspects of intensified recovery of lactose from paneer (cottage cheese) whey using the anti-solvent induced sonocrystallization. Ultrasonic horn (22 kHz) with varying power levels over the range of 40–120 W has been used for initial experiments at 100% duty cycle and two different levels of ultrasonic exposure time as 10 min and 20 min. Similar experiments were also performed using ultrasonic bath for the same time of exposure but with at two ultrasonic frequencies (22 kHz and 33 kHz). It was observed that the lactose recovery as well as purity increased with an increase in ultrasonic power at 100% duty cycle for the case of treatment time as 10 min whereas the lactose recovery and purity increased only till an optimum power for the 20 min treatment. In the case of ultrasonic bath, lactose purity increased with an increase in the ultrasonic frequency from 22 kHz to 33 kHz though the lactose recovery marginally decreased. Overall, it was observed that the maximum lactose recovery was ∼98% obtained using ultrasonic horn while the maximum lactose purity was ∼97%. It was also observed that maximum lactose recovery was ∼94% for the case of ultrasonic bath while the maximum lactose purity was ∼92%. The work has enabled to understand the optimized application of ultrasound so as to maximize both the lactose yield and purity during the recovery from whey.     

Photosynthetic activity and growth analysis of the plant Costus spicatus cultivated under different light conditions

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different radiance levels (25%, 50% and 100% of full sunlight) in growth (height, leaf area, number of leaves) and photosynthetic activity of the plant Costus spicatus, popularly known in Brazil as Caninha do Brejo. Photoacoustic (PA) measurements were performed in order to evaluate comparatively the photosynthetic activity rate of plants submitted to different light intensity regimes. The results obtained show that plants maintained under low light intensity levels (25% of sunlight) presented higher height, leaf area and number of leaves, while plants grown under full sunlight presented higher radicular length. PA measurements indicated higher photosynthetic rate for plants grown under 50% of full sunlight, but plants developed under 25% of full sunlight (75% shading) presented the fastest response to light incidence (photosynthetic induction).     

基于主成分分析和神经网络的近红外光谱苹果品种鉴别方法研究

提出了一种用近红外光谱技术快速鉴别苹果品种的新方法,首先用主成分分析法对苹果品种进行聚类分析并获取苹果的近红外指纹图谱,再结合人工神经网络技术进行品种鉴别。主成分分析表明,主成分1和主成分2的累积可信度已达98％,以主成分1和2对所有建模样本的得分值做出的得分图,对不同种类苹果具有很好的聚类作用。利用主成分分析得到的载荷图可以得到对于苹果品种敏感的特征波段,用特征波段图谱作为神经网络的输入建立三层BP人工神经网络模型。每个品种各25个苹果共75个用来建立神经网络模型,余下的共15个用于预测。对未知的15个样本进行预测,品种识别准确率达到100%。说明文章提出的方法具有很好的分类和鉴别作用,为苹果的品种鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

Effect of viscosity ratio of the components of thermoplastic and liquid-crystalline polymer blends on the properties

The effects of viscosity ratio on the rheological and mechanical properties of the blends of four thermoplastics of low viscosity and a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) were studied. A polyamide of reduced crystallinity (amorphous PA), a polycarbonate (PC), a polyethylene-terephthalate (PET), and a cyclic polyolefin (COC) were investigated with the copolymer of 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (HNA) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) (Vectra A type LCP). The LCP content changed in the range of 0–50 w/w%. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests on injection molded test bars in parallel and perpendicular directions to the flow. Except for the PC/LCP blends, the viscosity decreased with increasing LCP content, the tensile strength increased significantly in the parallel and decreased in the perpendicular direction indicating formation of fibrillar phase morphology. In the case of PC/LCP blends, a reinforcing effect was observed at low LCP contents, but above 20 w/w% the viscosity increased and the parallel tensile strength dropped to the value measured in the perpendicular direction. The loss of the reinforcing effect might originate from chemical reactions of the two polymers.     

Experimental and kinetic modeling studies of phenyl acetate pyrolysis at atmospheric pressure

Phenyl acetate (CH₃COOC₆H₅, PA) shares a similar aryl acetate group with vitamin E acetate, which is thought to be responsible for producing pulmonary toxic ketene in e-cigarettes. Hence, PA is reported to be a model compound of vitamin E acetate in producing ketene. To better understand the pyrolysis chemistry of vitamin E acetate, pyrolysis of PA in a jet-stirred reactor was investigated by using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry at atmospheric pressure and at temperature range of 700 – 1025 K. Several key products such as acetylene, ethylene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, vinyl acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, benzene, phenol, etc., and especially, ketene, were identified and measured. By extending the phenyl formate pyrolysis model, a detailed PA pyrolysis model containing 735 species and 3365 reactions was constructed and validated against the current experimental results of PA pyrolysis. Rate of production analysis and sensitivity analysis show that the main reaction pathways of PA pyrolysis are the unimolecular decomposition forming phenol and ketene, followed by the C–CH₃ bond cleavage forming phenoxycarbonyl and methyl. The corresponding products of these two reactions and of the subsequent reactions, including phenol, ketene and carbon monoxide, etc., are demonstrated to be the key products in PA pyrolysis. Toxic aromatic compounds, such as benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene, etc., also have relatively high mole fractions in PA pyrolysis.     

Pelvic phased array coil: image quality assessment for spin-echo MR imaging.

The NMR phased array coil (PA) provides improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over that available with the body coil. We evaluated image quality obtained with a pelvic PA compared to that obtained with the body coil for spin-echo imaging. Thirty-three women undergoing clinical pelvic MRI were imaged with the body coil followed by imaging with the PA with the same field-of-view (FOV) in 11 patients, and with a small FOV in 23 patients. Image quality was assessed independently by two radiologists. In individual cases there was significant improvement in image quality with the PA, however the expected marked improvement in image quality was not consistently found. Two factors which may limit image quality are increased motion artifact and nonuniformity of signal with distance from the coils. Significant improvements in image quality may occur with improved techniques to decrease motion artifact.     

The influence of unconventional ultrasonic pasteurization on the characteristics of curds obtained from goat milk with the low cholesterol content

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different power-time ultrasound regimes of pasteurization on the physical, chemical, organoleptic properties, and lipid quality indices of goat curds characterized by a low cholesterol level. Cholesterol was eliminated by a percentage of 92.1 % by treating the raw goat milk with beta-cyclodextrin in the proportion of 0.6 %. Afterward, the goat milk was subjected to the following ultrasound regimes: 320 W for 1 (PA1), 3 (PA3), and 6 min (PA6) and 881 W for 1 (PP1), 3 (PP3), and 6 min (PP6) and then used for the curds production. Due to the ultrasound treatment, the milk suffered a concentration phenomenon, the most accentuated being registered for the PP6 sample. Considering the sensory properties, the most appreciated curd was the one obtained by the PP6 regime which recorded the highest scores for color and taste. Regarding the microbiological aspects, the ability of ultrasounds to inactivate microorganisms is observed and the most accentuated phenomenon is reported in the PP6 case. Thus, in comparison with the control sample, the total number of germs is reduced by a proportion of 91.85 %, the β-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli decreased by 93.15 %, while the coagulase-positive staphylococci were completely inactivated for the PP6 curd. The curds obtained for the PA6 and PP6 regimes registered the highest dry matter values as a cause of an accentuated syneresis process. The acidity values were higher for the curds obtained for PA1, PA3, and PA6 regimens due to more pronounced lactose hydrolysis and lower in the cases of PP3 and PP6 regimens compared to the control cheese. Twenty-five saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified in the curd samples and a rise in the unsaturated fatty acids proportion as the intensity of the applied ultrasound regime increased was observed. Also, AI, TI, and H/H lipid quality indices recorded better values as the power and time of the ultrasound action increased.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic evaluation of the polymerization process of epoxidized biodiesel with dicarboxylic anhydride

This paper reports on a polymerization study of the epoxidized methyl esters (EME) obtained from soybean oil, with phthalic anhydride (PA) and 2‐methyl‐imidazole in the presence of soybean oil biodiesel (BD) as solvent. The gelation region for the system EME/PA/2MI without BD was determined using the Flory's theory occurring between X _EME?=?0.33 to 0.54. The evaluation of the polymerization enthalpy (ΔH) indicates that the experimental stoichiometric composition of the system EME/PA/2MI without solvent is near to X _EME?=?X _PA?=?0.5. ΔH values higher than 76?J/g were observed for samples located in the theoretical gelation region. Different polymers were produced using the stoichiometric composition and varying only the amount of BD. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the polymerization reaction, using solvent, were evaluated by DSC technique. The results show that BD acts as solvent in the polymerization reaction and a compensation effect between activation energy and logarithm of pre‐exponential factor was observed. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the degradations of the products include two well‐defined processes. The compensation effect was observed in the thermal degradation kinetics too.     

Investigation and optimisation of a multipass resonant photoacoustic cell at high absorption levels

A theoretical and experimental investigation of photoacoustic (PA) signals in a resonant multipass PA cell with high background absorption (up to 29 m^-1) is presented. An analogous electric transmission line model including discontinuity inductances at cross section changes was used to model the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the multipass PA cell equipped with two buffer volumes. This model was validated with experimentally obtained results and used to predict the behaviour of the PA cell for different multipass arrangements and different buffer volume diameters. The highest PA signal is obtained for high pass number and large buffer radius. Increasing the absorption coefficient of the medium enhances the PA signal until a maximum is reached, leading to a minimum for the PA signal sensitivity. For a given background absorption, the number of passes required to maximise the sensitivity depends on the absorption coefficient. The model allows the determination of the best-suited number of passes for a given absorption coefficient and cell geometry. PACS 82.80.Kd; 42.62.Fi; 82.80.Gk     

基于反向传播神经网络的激光诱导荧光光谱塑料分类识别方法研究

塑料具有成本低、质量好,可塑性强等优点被广泛用于生产生活等领域,但废弃塑料处置不当容易引发二次污染。回收再利用有望成为解决废弃塑料污染问题的关键手段,其前提是对废料的准确分选。传统分选手段耗费时间,效率低下,难以实现废弃塑料的快速、经济、有效分类。激光诱导荧光技术是一种快速灵敏的光谱检测技术。具有操作简便,检测效率高,样品使用量小等优点常被应用于水体、土壤中油类,多环芳烃等有机污染物的快速识别与定量分析。利用激光诱导荧光技术可以快速采集不同塑料的荧光光谱,结合相应的模式识别算法,可实现塑料材质的快速准确识别。实验采集了8种塑料（ABS,HDPE,PA66,PLA,PP,PET,PS,PVC）共358组激光诱导荧光光谱,依据特征峰信息构建358×10的光谱矩阵。利用主成份分析法削减原光谱矩阵中的线性相关量,提高数据精度。结果显示前3个主成分的累计方差贡献值达98.085%,足以表征原光谱矩阵的主要信息。将降维的主成分PC1, PC2, PC3作为输入进行光谱分类,其中同种塑料光谱聚合度高,元素构成不同的塑料如PA66,PLA,HDPE和PVC的光谱分离度较好,而元素构成相同的塑料如PET和PLA的光谱分离度较差。PCA算法并不能准确的对未知塑料进行识别。BP-神经网络具有收敛速度快,预测精度高等特点被广泛用于模式识别和分类研究。将经PCA算法得到的简化特征矩阵作为BP-神经网络算法的输入集,其中随机抽取256组数据作为BP-神经网络算法模型的训练集,剩余的102组数据作为模型检测集。BP神经网络的隐藏层设定值为1,激活函数选择双极性Sigmoid函数,输出层为8种塑料样品。识别结果显示,102组数据中只有一组HDPE光谱数据被错识为PS,其余101组数据全部正确识别。8种塑料荧光光谱的综合识别准确率达到99%。研究结果表明激光诱导荧光技术结合BP-神经网络算法可实现不同材质塑料的快速准确识别。为实现废弃塑料的自动化智能分选,降低回收成本,减少废弃塑料危害提供新的参考。