Design,production and testing of PMN-PT electrostrictive transducers

Lead magnesium niobate ceramics (PMN) are promising materials for application in the field of high power transducers. The advantage of PMN materials are the large strains generated under moderate electric field and the low hysteresis. The electrostrictive effect is non-linear, the corresponding physical constants depend on temperature and frequency and a DC electrical bias is required. These difficulties must be considered at the design stage. A finite element model has been developed and validated in the ATILA code for non-linear static and time-domain analyses. These numerical modelings are used to design and test two Langevin-type electrostrictive transducers. The first transducer is made of PMN-PT-La (90-10-1%) ceramics (TRS Ceramics), the second one of ESCI ceramics (Morgan Matroc). For given static mechanical prestresses, resonance frequencies and effective coupling coefficients are measured at different DC electric fields and temperatures.     

Discontinuous Galerkin methods for dispersive and lossy Maxwell's equations and PML boundary conditions

In this paper, we will present a unified formulation of discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) for Maxwell's equations in linear dispersive and lossy materials of Debye type and in the artificial perfectly matched layer (PML) regions. An auxiliary differential equation (ADE) method is used to handle the frequency-dependent constitutive relations with the help of auxiliary polarization currents in the computational and PML regions. The numerical flux for the dispersive lossy Maxwell's equations with the auxiliary polarization current variables is derived. Various numerical results are provided to validate the proposed formulation.     

Analysis of temperature effect in dielectric response of electrostrictive polymers for pseudo-pyroelectric operations

Thanks to their flexibility and easy processability, electroactive polymers have gained a lot of attention over the last decades. More specifically, dielectric electrostrictive polymers have been demonstrated to provide interesting ways for mechanical actuation and energy harvesting or for electrocaloric applications. This Letter aims at presenting an additional application potential of such materials, showing their ability in terms of converting thermal energy into electrical energy. More particularly, it is shown that such materials, once polarized through the application of a bias electric field, allow a polarization variation with the temperature, yielding the so-called pseudo-pyroelectric effect. Theoretical analysis, supported by experiments, therefore demonstrates that such a material can exhibit pseudo-pyroelectric activity that can be tuned with the applied electric field.     

Direct measurement of frequency and polarization dependences of cross-phase modulation in fibers from high-resolution optical spectra

We present the results of an experiment for frequency and polarization dependence characterization of non-linear cross-phase-modulation (XPM) effects in optical fibers. The measurement technique is based on the direct analysis of high-resolution optical spectra of a signal wave that is phase modulated by an intensity-modulated pump wave. Measurement results provide experimental confirmation of the scalar character, over the whole resonant frequency range, of the electrostrictive contribution to the nonlinear refractive index. Also, the results confirm experimentally the relation describing the polarization dependence of the Kerr contribution to XPM in non-polarization-maintaining fibers.     

球形无规键无规场模型研究弛豫铁电体极化效应

基于球形无规键无规场模型和电场作用下弛豫铁电体微畴-宏畴机理,利用模糊畴界观点以及电场对极化的分数维效应,分析了电场对畴的作用机理.研究结果表明:电场对畴的诱导偶极子增量的极化效应导致了电滞回线的不饱和及相关的大的电致伸缩效应;而畴的偶极子增量耦合时结合能的变化对低电场的电滞回线略有影响,但基本不会改变高电场时的极化状态.初始微畴大小对电滞回线非常重要,细小的微畴会导致细长的电滞回线及电场与电致伸缩良好的线性关系.     

利用偏振度研究混合目标的混合比

提出一种利用偏振度研究混合目标混合比的新方法。通过建立混合目标模型将混合目标散射光的偏振度与混合目标的混合比建立直接的关系,在理论上得到了混合目标混合比分别与混合目标偏振度和归一化偏振度之间的数值关系,并且进一步给出了混合目标混合比由归一化偏振度的反演结果,为研究混合目标提供了新的思路与方法,对偏振度探测混合目标的实验以及工程应用都有重要的理论意义。     

Electrostrictive conversion enhancement of polymer composites using a nonlinear approach

Recent trends in electromechanical conversion demonstrated the advantages of using electrostrictive polymers for actuation or energy harvesting. However, their conversion abilities are lower than usual electroactive materials, such as piezoelectrics. The purpose of this Letter is to propose a solution for artificially increasing the coupling factor of electrostrictive materials. Based on an intermittent switching on an electrical circuit that leads to a voltage increase as well as a reduced phase between voltage and velocity, it is shown that such a process allows increasing the converted energy by 1200% and a gain up to 4 in terms of transferred electrical energy.     

Sagnac型光学电压互感器传感单元非线性误差分析与抑制

基于Pockels效应的Sagnac型光学电压互感器的传感单元是由法拉第准直旋光器和BGO晶体构成,其中由偏振串扰引入的非线性误差是影响互感器测量精度及稳定性的主要误差来源。为了抑制传感单元存在的非线性误差,从主要光路器件及器件间的耦合点中分析产生偏振串扰的非理想耦合点及耦合机理,并提取表征该耦合点的误差特征参量,建立各非理想耦合点的传输模型,由此推导由传感单元偏振串扰引入的非线性误差模型,数值仿真并实验验证非理想偏振耦合对互感器性能的影响。在此基础上,提出了由BGO晶体敏感环境振动、温度波动等产生的非线性误差的抑制方法,实验结果验证了抑制方法的有效性。     

Numerical Analysis of Photoinduced Surface Relief Grating Formation by Particle Method

The time evolution of photoinduced surface relief grating formation on azobenzene polymer films is analyzed by particle method for fluid mechanics. The surface relief grating is grown by using two beams interference with various polarization states numerically and compared with experimental results. The force acted on the dipole by electromagnetic field and surface force are considered as the driving force for photoinduced mass transport. The improved surface tension model is proposed in order to calculate curvature coefficient. The numerical results are coincided with experimental results qualititatively.     

Distributed piezoelectric modal sensors for circular plates

In this note, we deal with finding the shape of distributed piezoelectric modal sensors for circular plates with polar symmetric boundary conditions. The problem is treated by an optimization approach, where a binary function is used to model the design variable: the polarization profile of the piezoelectric layer. The numerical procedure proposed here allows us to find polarization profiles which take on two values only, i.e. either positive or negative polarization, that isolate particular vibration modes in the frequency domain.     

基于交织序列的偏振方向映射方法

偏振方向是偏振成像技术中的基本信息之一,能够反映出场景物体表面的方向信息,因此场景中偏振方向的分布对场景信息的解译有着重要的作用。传统的偏振方向表示方法存在着二维或三维信息映射方法的映射结果维度较高和由映射关系的距离相关性低而引起的映射方法噪声鲁棒性低问题。提出了具有距离保持特性的基于交织序列的偏振方向信息一维数值映射方法。选择从斯托克斯矢量分量中提取方向信息作为偏振方向的二维映射方法,再基于交织序列方法将二维数据映射为一维数值;之后研究了距离保持特性与映射方法对噪声鲁棒性的关系,并分析了该文所提出的偏振方向映射方法与传统偏振角映射方法的距离保持特性;进行了仿真实验与真实场景实验。仿真实验中,该文所提方法映射结果的PSNR均值相较于偏振映射方法提升了6%;真实场景实验中,该文方法映射结果相较于斯托克斯矢量映射方法降低了信息维度,相较于偏角映射方法,NMF特征的NRPSNR均值提升约14%,证明了所提出的映射方法具有低信息维度及较好的噪声鲁棒性。     

On the applicability of the average exchange model for electron spin polarization phenomena

The applicability of the average exchange model as a tool for describing electron spin polarization in micelles is investigated by comparison with analytical and numerical results. The analytical results are used for the interpretation of the various types of dependence, while the numerical results are used for quantitative tests. It is demonstrated that the dephasing effect of the exchange interaction has a significant influence both on the time dependence and on the stationary value of the polarization. Dephasing arising from the exchange interaction is not included in the average exchange model, and therefore the spin dynamics are not described correctly. The average exchange model can only be used to estimate the frequency and the stationary value of the polarization, and only in the case of very slow singlet-triplet mixing, weak exchange interaction, and low reactivity of the radicals.     

An improved fishnet three-dimensional metamaterial with multiband left-handed characteristics at terahertz frequencies

We present the design of a multiband left-handed three-dimensional (3D) metamaterial based on improved fishnet structure at terahertz frequencies. The design realizes a three-dimensional material by mechanical stacking of multiple layers. The electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial have been investigated by numerical simulation. The results show that simultaneously negative values of permittivity, permeability and refractive index are found around the frequencies of 0.73, 0.85 and 1.12 THz for the electromagnetic wave normal incidence. The proposed metamaterial with independent polarization and compact effect offers a way to develop THz 3D materials and devices suitable for multifrequencies.     

Polarization and spectral characteristics of anisotropic ring laser cavities with nonideal mirrors

A mathematical model for calculating the polarization and spectral characteristics of eigenmodes of nonplanar ring optical cavities with allowance for the phase anisotropy of oblique-incidence mirrors is described. The results of the numerical modeling and experimental measurements of the characteristics of laser mirrors and mode spectra of practically important four-mirror cavities with a nonplanar symmetric axial contour are compared. It is shown that the proposed mathematical model can be applied to optimal selection of lasers for laser cavities with allowance for their real parameters.     

基于紧聚焦方式的阵列光束相干合成特性分析

为获得高功率、波长量级尺寸的聚焦光斑,提出利用紧聚焦方式实现阵列光束相干合成的新方案.通过建立阵列光束经紧聚焦方式相干合成的物理模型,分析了阵列光束的排布方式、偏振态、束宽、间距和紧聚焦系统数值孔径等参数对合成光束特性的影响及规律.结果表明,阵列光束经紧聚焦方式合束时,线偏振及圆偏振阵列光束均能获得较好的合成效果,径向偏振阵列光束次之,而角向偏振阵列光束则不能有效地合成.通过优化阵列光束的排布方式、束宽和间距,以及合理选择紧聚焦系统的数值孔径,能在保持较好光束质量和较高合成效率的前提下获得能量集中度高的焦斑.     

Orientation Information from the Dipolar Interaction Between a Complex in the Excited Quartet State and a Doublet Spin Label

An algorithm is proposed for deriving the position of a stable radical relative to a photoexcited quartet state from the electron spin–spin interactions measured by double resonance methods. Intersystem crossing generates multiplet polarization in the quartet state and microwave excitation of the ±3/2 ? ±1/2 transitions converts the multiplet polarization into net polarization of the ±1/2 levels. The dependence of the electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) of the +1/2 ? ?1/2 transition on the field/frequency of the stimulation pulse is demonstrated. The algorithm is tested by comparing the predicted ESEEM patterns to those from explicit numerical calculations of the spin evolution (so-called numerical experiments), which act as a model for experiment results. The comparison demonstrates that within the point-dipole approximation it is feasible to obtain not only the distance between the two paramagnetic centers but also the orientation of the distance vector relative to the principal axes of the quartet state.     

Giant axial electrostrictive deformation in carbon nanotubes

An exceptionally large axial electrostrictive deformation is demonstrated in single walled carbon nanotubes using Hartree-Fock and density functional quantum mechanics simulations. Armchair and zigzag open-ended tubes and capped tubes are studied and in all of them the external electric field induced axial strains can be greater than 10% for a field strength within 1 V/A. The corresponding volumetric and gravimetric work capacities are predicted to be three and six orders higher than those of the best known ferroelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive materials and elastomers, respectively.     

Frequency Characterization of the Nonlinear Refractive Index in Optical Fiber

The Kerr and the electrostrictive contributions to the intensity-dependent nonlinear refractive index in optical fibers are discussed on both theoretical and experimental bases. Particular attention is devoted to the electrostrictive contribution that under particular conditions is enhanced by resonances. The resonant behavior of the electrostrictive effect is calculated, measured, and discussed for standard single-mode fibers and dispersion shifted fibers. Experimental results are also reported. Measure ments have been carried out with a simple and effective technique based on the cross-phase modulation effect that also allows one to evaluate the nonlinear refractive index at any bit rate. Electrostriction contributes 20 % to the total nonlinear refractive index but in the resonant regime becomes comparable to the Kerr effect.