重玻璃高压声速精密测量与反向加载光分析技术研究

研究了重玻璃黑体窗光分析技术,提出采用无氧铜标准样品(Hugoniot参数和声速 压力曲线已知)进行反向加载,确定重玻璃窗中的波后卸载声速,分析了声速测量不确定度。获得了76～160GPa压力范围内重玻璃Hugoniot参数、冲击温度和卸载声速的实验数据,声速测量不确定度小于2%。分析比较了不同装配条件对波形质量和声速测量不确定度的影响,发展了反向加载光分析技术。     

[100]LiF单晶在60 GPa以内冲击加载下的高压屈服强度特性

获取光学窗口自身的高压强度特性是开展材料高压高应变率冲击响应行为精密测量和数据反演的重要基础。利用平板撞击和双屈服面法,通过冲击-卸载、冲击-再加载原位粒子速度剖面精细测量和数据反演,获得了约60 GPa范围内[100]LiF屈服强度特性随冲击压力的变化规律。结果表明:在实验压力范围内,[100]LiF的屈服强度随加载压力的提高而显著提高,压力硬化效应显著;同时,LiF在冲击加载下的屈服强度高于磁驱准等熵加载结果,应变率硬化效应强于热软化效应。采用Huang-Asay模型确定了可描述冲击加载[100]LiF强度特性的本构模型参数,为LiF在强度、相变、层断裂等加窗测量实验中的深入应用和数据准确解读提供了重要支撑。     

磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12铝的强度测量

高压高应变率加载下材料的强度研究一直是冲击动力学的一个难题,目前动态载荷下材料的高压强度测量主要是基于平板撞击技术,冲击温升和应变率效应对材料强度的影响难以分离. 基于小型磁驱动加载装置CQ-4,开展了磁驱动准等熵压缩下LY12 铝的声速和强度测量的实验研究,讨论了考虑加载-卸载过程时磁驱动压缩实验的负载电极设计、实验样品设计、数据处理与分析等内容,并获得了12 GPa 压力范围沿加载-卸载路径的声速变化和峰值压力点的强度数据.      

单轴应变：本构关系——它的内容、方法和意义

论述了单轴应变加载下固体中偏应力的基本含义和偏应力在本构关系研究中的意义。指出了加载-卸载波剖面测量在本构关系研究中的重要作用。建立了测量金属材料在平面冲击压缩下的剪切模量的基本方法,对表征固体材料弹性特性的剪切模量在冲击压缩状态下的物理含义做出了解释。根据剪切模量的一般性定义,建立了描写受冲击材料的准弹性-塑性卸载特性的有效剪切模量与纵波声速和横渡声速的关系。通过同时测量受冲击材料中的追赶稀疏波速度和波后粒子速度,获得了LY12铝在20～110GPa冲击压力和无氧铜在41～104GPa冲击压力下的声速和剪切模量,以及从冲击压缩状态卸载时沿着准弹性卸载路径的声速和有效剪切模量。 对目前广泛使用的描写单轴应变下固体材料的加载-卸载响应特性的SCG本构模型进行了分析,指出该本构关系的局限性,认为这种本构关系原则上不能用来描写受冲击材料的卸载过程。根据LY12铝和无氧铜的实验研究结果,对SCG本构关系中的剪切模量方程进行修正,讨论了修正的物理含义。修正后的方程与实验测量结果符合很好,在此基础上提出新的加载本构方程。 根据铝和铜沿着准弹性卸载路径的声速测量结果,提出了描写受冲击压缩固体的准弹性卸载的有效剪切模量方程和相应的屈服强度方程。建立了单轴应变下包含加载-卸载过程的新的本构方程。根据本文的实验测量结果,给出了铝合金和无氧铜卸载本构方程的解析形式,确定了相关参数。 依据文中提出的加载本构和卸载本构方程,对实验测量的6发LY12铝的波剖面、美国5发6061-T6铝合金的加载-卸载波剖面及冲击波衰减数据,进行了数值模拟计算和预测。计算中采用与本文测量相同的卸载本构参数,计算结果与实验结果符合很好,再现了这些波剖面的准弹性-塑性卸载行为和冲击波衰减行为。对3发无氧铜波剖面的计算模拟,也获得了令人满意的结果。 最后,从现象学出发,对发生在冲击波阵面内的弹-塑性屈服过程进行了分析,对固相区冲击波后材料的状态不在屈服面上的原因进行解释。     

动载荷下材料的屈服强度变化

描述了冲击加载和准等熵加载下获得材料动态屈服强度的方法,并以钨合金材料为研究对象,通过VISAR测试技术测量了钨合金材料在冲击加载下的屈服强度随压力的变化,并把实验结果与文献报道的准等熵加载下的材料强度变化的实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,准等熵加载下材料的屈服强度明显高于冲击加载下的材料屈服强度,并认为这主要是由于两种加载方式下材料的温升效应不同所造成的。     

钽和LY12铝的高压声速测量

应用两种不同的实验装置钽飞片/LY12铝缓冲层/LiF窗口和钽飞片/LiF窗口,采用逆向碰撞法测量了钽在110~131 GPa冲击压力下的纵波声速。实测的钽的声速结果与文献\[5\]报道的数据有较好的一致性。研究结果表明,作为缓冲层的LY12铝与LiF窗口的阻抗比较接近,使用缓冲层对钽的声速测量结果没有明显影响。实验测量同时获得了LY12铝在110 GPa和131 GPa冲击压力下的纵波声速。结合文献\[4\]的数据表明LY12铝在125～150 GPa冲击压力范围内,纵波声速随冲击压力的增加逐渐降低至体波声速。     

拉伸应力区的声速测量、层裂强度和断裂密度

1 引言 在层裂的实验研究中,目前尚无法直接测量发生在材料内部的动态断裂过程。通常采用测量自由面速度剖面,推演出材料层裂特性的方法。在计算材料发生断裂时的拉伸应力即层裂强度时,需要知道拉伸应力即负压下的声速。测量负压下的声速比测量冲击压缩下的声速要困难得多。仅仅从自由面速度剖面并不能计算出负压声速,因为通常无法确定材料中应力由压应力转变为拉伸应力的“位置”、发生层裂的位置以及时间。能否通过特别的实验设计,确定发生这些过程的时一空位置,进而获得负压声速,一直是实验研究者企求解决的问题。下面介绍两种测量负压声速的实验装置设计和计算负压声速、层裂强度和断裂密度的方法,是这方面研究工作的尝试。     

冲击载荷下铁的弹性模量及屈服强度

用冲击加载——卸载方法测定了在10.26kb和111.6kb下铁的弹性模量及屈服强度,结合等,发表的1110kb和1850kb两个压力点的数据,发现铁的弹性模量及屈服强度在上述宽广的压力区间内均随压力而增加。这表明,尽管铁试件在上述压力范围内已经历了α→ε相的相转变,而冲击波的加工硬化效应仍然是很明显的。     

基于Monte Carlo方法的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验不确定度量化评估

磁驱动准等熵压缩实验是研究材料偏离Hugoniot状态高压物性和动力学行为的重要实验技术之一,开展不确定量化评估具有重要意义和价值。基于Monte Carlo原理,结合磁驱动准等熵压缩实验过程分析、Lagrange分析和特征线正向数据处理方法建立了适用于此类实验的Monte Carlo不确定度量化评估方法,实现利用磁驱动准等熵压缩实验获取材料声速、应力、应变等物理量以及状态方程和本构关系等物理模型的不确定度量化评估。利用建立的不确定度评估方法,对文献中已开展的钽、铜和NiTi合金的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验结果进行不确定度量化评估与分析。结果表明,基于本文中方法的评估结果与国外文献以相同原理得到的评估结果一致。对基于CQ-4装置开展的NiTi合金磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的评估结果表明,设计的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验是一种可靠的精密物理实验。在此基础上,深入讨论了磁驱动准等熵压缩实验的误差相关性和敏感性。结果表明：台阶样品厚度和粒子速度的测量是影响实验精度的主要因素。     

单轴载荷下X80钢的包申格效应研究

本文通过单轴拉伸和压缩试验研究了X80管线钢的包申格效应(BE)。采用正向与反向加载方法研究材料变形历史特性。测定了X80钢的简单拉伸试验曲线,其应力-应变关系表明,该材料具有理想弹塑性特点。为了得到X80钢的BE,在不同预变形下对几个试件分别进行加载,并当给定的预应变值分别达到0.63%,0.67%,0.95%,1.27%和1.55%时就卸载。随后再进行反向加载实验,并记录应力应变曲线。该钢材反向加载时出现加工硬化,且屈服强度比正向加载时要低。正反向加载之间的屈服强度差值随着预应变增加而增大;当预应变超过0.95%时,反向屈服强度达到恒量。实验表明,X80钢的反向加载特性可用Remberg-Osgood关系拟合。最后给出了屈服强度降和预塑性应变之间的经验公式。     

复杂加载下材料动态响应的数据反演技术

对梯度飞片撞击复杂路径加载实验中,具有冲击加载-斜波加载-斜波卸载的金属铝材料的波剖面信息进行了数据分析和处理,不同加载路径用不同力学响应关系式进行描述,以铝材料\氟化锂窗口界面处的速度剖面作为初始条件,用反积分方法向铝材料内部直至加载面进行了反向计算,所得计算结果与正向计算结果比较吻合较好。计算得到了材料内能、温度、声速及应变率在复杂路径加载中变化规律,并给出了材料的P-V参考线,所得结果可与正向积分计算结果相互校核。     

侧向稀疏波对非均质凝聚炸药冲击波起爆过程的影响

以压装TNT为例,开展二维拉氏实验,利用二维锰铜-康铜组合拉氏量计测量了轴对称位置和径向位置的压力时程曲线和径向位移曲线.同时利用二维拉格朗日分析计算程序RFLA对压装TNT的冲击波起爆过程进行了计算,分别得到了在2个不同径向位置上各个Lagrange位置上的质点速度、相对比容、比内能等时程曲线.研究结果展现了侧向稀疏...     

非均质结构PBX炸药的动态压缩过程模拟

采用离散元方法,构建了考虑PBX炸药晶体颗粒与黏结剂非均匀性的计算模型,通过在炸药试样两端采用相向飞片加载、将原SHPB实验的应力边界替代为速度边界的方法,开展了PBX炸药的动态压缩数值模拟研究,再现了考虑PBX炸药非均质特性的SHPB实验过程,获得了不同加-卸载路径下炸药应力应变曲线以及相应的损伤破坏图像。模拟结果表明:在动态压缩过程中,虽然PBX炸药处于整体应力平衡,由于PBX高度非均质性,内部应力分布并不均匀,晶体间应力以应力桥形式传递;应力曲线为试样整体平均,试样内局部所受真实应力可能高于曲线峰值应力;出现卸载回滞曲线的试样发生局部损伤破坏,而完全软化曲线的试样发生整体失稳破坏。     

Lagrangian and Eulerian Statistics of Pipe Flows Measured with 3D-PTV at Moderate and High Reynolds Numbers

Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) measurements have provided accurate Eulerian and Lagrangian high-order statistics of velocity and acceleration fluctuations and correlations at Reynolds number 10,300, based on the bulk velocity and the pipe diameter. Spatial resolution required in the analysis method and number of correlation samples required for Lagrangian and Eulerian statistics have been quantified. Flaws in a previously published analyzing method have been overcome. Furthermore, new experimental solutions are presented to facilitate similar measurements at Reynolds numbers of 15,000 and beyond. The Lagrangian velocity correction functions are used to determine the Kolmogorov constant.     

基于光纤传感器的固体杨氏模量与泊松比测量方法研究

提出了一种基于光纤传感器的测量固体材料杨氏模量与泊松比的方法,给出了Sagnac光纤干涉仪的环形光纤作为点传感器检测声波及用于声速测量的原理,推导出固体中声波速度与材料的杨氏模量及泊松比的关系式.以光纤Sagnac干涉仪作为传感器贴附于三角铸铁导轨表面,分别测出声表面波与纵波的速度,根据理论推导,得到了铸铁的杨氏模量与泊松比.实验结果与理论数值基本吻合,表明了此测量方法的可行性,为固体材料性能评估提供了一种新的方法.     

A conservative local interface sharpening scheme for the constrained interpolation profile method

A conservative local interface sharpening scheme has been developed for the constrained interpolation profile method with the conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme, because the conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme does not feature a mechanism to control the interface thickness, thus causing an increase of numerical error with the advance of the time step. The proposed sharpening scheme is based on the conservative level set method proposed by Olsson and Kreiss. However, because their method can cause excessive deformation of the free‐surface in certain circumstances, we propose an improvement of the method by developing a local sharpening technique. Several advection tests are presented to assess the correctness of the advection and the improved interface sharpening scheme. This is followed by the validations of dam‐breaking flow and the rising bubble flows. The mass of the fluid is exactly conserved and the computed terminal velocity of the rising bubble agrees well with the experiments compared with other numerical methods such as the volume of fluid method (VOF), the front tracking method, and the level set method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Properties of the Eulerian–Lagrangian method using linear interpolators in a three-dimensional shallow water model using z-level coordinates

We investigate the impact of the inexact interpolation on the Eulerian–Lagrangian solution of the advection equation by combining numerical experiments and formal analysis. The simulations, respectively, using the Eulerian–Lagrangian method (ELM) and the upwind scheme are compared. The artificial resistance of the ELM is observed which is characterised by the higher free-surface elevation and the distorted turbulent properties at a smaller time step. Through analysis, we find that the abnormalities are caused by the fact the conventional linear interpolation does not adapt well to the nonlinear velocity distribution, which produces an advection computation error that increases with a decreasing time step. The phenomena are explained and an improved method ELM is proposed based on the illustrations and analysis. The new method combines the face-controlled interpolation and the adjustable sub time steps to skip the large computation error domain in the backtracking, and it is validated by the original test case.     

A combined vortex and panel method for numerical simulations of viscous flows: a comparative study of a vortex particle method and a finite volume method

This paper describes and compares two vorticity‐based integral approaches for the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Either a Lagrangian vortex particle method or an Eulerian finite volume scheme is implemented to solve the vorticity transport equation with a vorticity boundary condition. The Biot–Savart integral is used to compute the velocity field from a vorticity distribution over a fluid domain. The vorticity boundary condition is improved by the use of an iteration scheme connected with the well‐established panel method. In the early stages of development of flows around an impulsively started circular cylinder, and past an impulsively started foil with varying angles of attack, the computational results obtained by the Lagrangian vortex method are compared with those obtained by the Eulerian finite volume method. The comparison is performed separately for the pressure fields as well. The results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement, and give a better understanding of the vorticity‐based methods. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of velocity distribution in straight open-channel flow with partial vegetation by singular perturbation method

A numerical analysis model based on two-dimensional shallow water differential equations is presented for straight open-channel flow with partial vegetation across the channel. Both the drag force acting on vegetation and the momentum exchange between the vegetation and non-vegetation zones are considered. The depth-averaged streamwise velocity is solved by the singular perturbation method, while the Reynolds stress is calculated based on the results of the streamwise velocity. Comparisons with the experimental data indicate that the accuracy of prediction is significantly improved by introducing a term for the secondary current in the model. A sensitivity analysis shows that a sound choice of the secondary current intensity coefficient is important for an accurate prediction of the depth-averaged streamwise velocity near the vegetation and non-vegetation interfaces, and the drag force coefficient is crucial for predictions in the vegetation zone.     

Solution of the Navier–Stokes equations in velocity–vorticity form using a Eulerian–Lagrangian boundary element method

This paper describes the Eulerian–Lagrangian boundary element model for the solution of incompressible viscous flow problems using velocity–vorticity variables. A Eulerian–Lagrangian boundary element method (ELBEM) is proposed by the combination of the Eulerian–Lagrangian method and the boundary element method (BEM). ELBEM overcomes the limitation of the traditional BEM, which is incapable of dealing with the arbitrary velocity field in advection‐dominated flow problems. The present ELBEM model involves the solution of the vorticity transport equation for vorticity whose solenoidal vorticity components are obtained iteratively by solving velocity Poisson equations involving the velocity and vorticity components. The velocity Poisson equations are solved using a boundary integral scheme and the vorticity transport equation is solved using the ELBEM. Here the results of two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes problems with low–medium Reynolds numbers in a typical cavity flow are presented and compared with a series solution and other numerical models. The ELBEM model has been found to be feasible and satisfactory. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.