Modeling Speciation and Solubility in Aqueous Systems Containing U(IV,VI), Np(IV,V, VI), Pu(III,IV, V,VI), Am(III), and Cm(III)

A comprehensive thermodynamic model, referred to as the Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte model, has been applied to calculate phase equilibria and chemical speciation in selected aqueous actinide systems. The solution chemistry of U(IV, VI), Np(IV, V, VI), Pu(III, IV, V, VI), Am(III), and Cm(III) has been analyzed to develop the parameters of the model. These parameters include the standard-state thermochemical properties of aqueous and solid actinide species as well as the ion interaction parameters that reflect the solution’s nonideality. The model reproduces the solubility behavior and accurately predicts the formation of competing solid phases as a function of pH (from 0 to 14 and higher), temperature (up to 573 K), partial pressure of CO₂ (up to \( p_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} \)  = 1 bar), and concentrations of acids (to 127 mol·kg^?1), bases (to 18 mol·kg^?1), carbonates (to 6 mol·kg^?1) and other ionic components (i.e., Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, OH^?, Cl^?, \( {\text{ClO}}_{4}^{ - } \), and \( {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } \)). Redox effects on solubility and speciation have been incorporated into the model, as exemplified by the reductive and oxidative dissolution of Np(VI) and Pu(IV) solids, respectively. Thus, the model can be used to elucidate the phase and chemical equilibria for radionuclides in natural aquatic systems or in nuclear waste repository environments as a function of environmental conditions. Additionally, the model has been applied to systems relevant to nuclear fuel processing, in which nitric acid and nitrate salts of plutonium and uranium are present at high concentrations. The model reproduces speciation and solubility in the U(VI) + HNO₃ + H₂O and Pu(IV, VI) + HNO₃ + H₂O systems up to very high nitric acid concentrations (\( x_{{{\text{HNO}}_{3} }} \approx 0.70 \)). Furthermore, the similarities and differences in the solubility behavior of the actinides have been analyzed in terms of aqueous speciation.     

Extraction of Ag(I), Cd(II), In(III), Sn(II), Sn(IV), Sb(III), and U(VI) from aqueous solutions by ketone solutions using single-step batch and continuous SISAK methods1,2

The extraction properties of Ag(I), Cd(II), In(III), Sn(II), Sn(IV), Sb(III), and U(VI) from aqueous KI/H₂SO₄ solution into a mixture of 4-methyl-2-pentanone (methyl isobutyl ketone, MIBK) and cyclohexanone (CHO) were studied. Both single-step batch and SISAK² methods were used. The oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV) by iodine and complexation of Sn(IV) by 2,3-dimercapto-propanol-1 (BAL) were also investigated. A method for rapid and continuous separation of indium from tin was developed for investigation of short-lived indium fission products.     

Separation of trace elements,In(III), Sn(IV), Sb(V) and Te(IV) by adsorption on activated carbon and graphite

Adsorption behaviour of trace elements, In(III), Sn(IV), Sb(V) and Te(IV) on activated carbon and graphite powder was studied. Adsorption characteristics of the ions enabled the separation of In(III)–Sn(IV), Sn(IV)–Sb(V) and Sb(V)–Te(IV) pairs. Applications to practical separation, milking of^113mIn from¹¹³Sn, removal of tin impurity from¹¹⁹Sb, and milking of¹¹⁹Sb from^119mTe, are presented.     

Nanoparticles of type Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-graphene oxide and coated with an amino acid-derived ionic liquid for extraction of Al(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Pb(II) prior to their determination by ICP-OES

An amino acid derived ionic liquid, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO) were used to prepare a material for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of the ions Al(III), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II). The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectral (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), magnetic analysis and isoelectric point (pI) analysis. It is shown to be a viable sorbent for the separation of these metal ions. Single factor experiments were carried out to optimize adsorption including pH values, ionic strength, temperature and solution volume. Following desorption with 0.1 M HCl, the ions were quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions, the method provides a linear range from 10 to 170 μg· L^?1 for Al(III); from 4.0 to 200 μg· L^?1 for Cr(III); from 5.0 to 170 μg· L^?1 for Cu(II); and from 5.0 to 200 μg· L^?1 for Pb(II). The limits of detection (LOD) are 6.2 ng L^?1 for Al(III); 1.6 ng L^?1 for Cr(III); 0.52 ng L^?1 for Cu(II); and 30 ng L^?1 for Pb(II). Method performance was investigated by determination of these ions in (spiked) environmental water and gave recoveries in the range of 89.1%–117.8%.

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Graphical abstract The graph shows that Al(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Pb(II) are not adsorbed quantitatively by Fe₃O₄-SiO₂. On the other hand, Cr(III) and Pb(II) are adsorbed quantitatively by Fe₃O₄-SiO₂-GO while Al(III) and Cu(II) are not quantitatively retained. However, 3D–Fe₃O₄-SiO₂-GO-AAIL adsorb all these 4 metal ions quantitatively.

     

Azidokomplexe in nichtwäßrigen Lösungsmitteln, 3. Mitt.: Ti(III), V(III) und Cr(III) in Acetonitril,Propandiol-1,2-carbonat und Trimethylphosphat

Ions of Ti(III), V(III) and Cr(III) seem to be converted to the following azido complexes in acetonitrile, propanediol-1,2-carbonate and trimethylphosphate: [Ti(N₃)₂]⁺ (inTMP), Ti(N₃)₃ (probably distorted octahedral inAN, PDC andTMP, low solubility inTMP), [Ti(N₃)₄]^? (probably tetragonal inAN, probably octahedral inTMP), [Ti(N₃)₆ ^3? (probably distorted octahedral inAN andPDC); [V(N₃)]²⁺ (inAN, PDC andTMP), V(N₃)₃ (octahedral inAN, PDC andTMP, low solubility inTMP), [V(N₃)₄]^? (inPDC), [V(N₃)₆]^3? (octahedral inAN andPDC); [Cr(N₃)]²⁺ (inTMP), [Cr(N₃)₂]⁺ (octahedral inAN andPDC), Cr(N₃)₃ (octahedral inAN, PDC andTMP), [Cr(N₃)₆]^3? (octahedral inAN andPDC).     

Carbon-coated Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> nanoparticles with surface amido groups for magnetic solid phase extraction of Cr(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) prior to their quantitation by ICP-MS

A magnetic nanosorbent was prepared from Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and polyacrylamide using a solvothermal process. Two functions are achieved simultaneously in this process: The first consists in the formation of a carbon layer around the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and the second one in the functionalization with an amido group. This combination allows the protection of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from dissolution in acid medium during heavy metal adsorption. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, TGA, and in terms of surface area. Results showed the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles to be embedded in a sheet of carbon with folded surfaces which is functionalized with amido groups. The nanosorbent was applied to the enrichment of Cr(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) via magnetic solid phase extraction (mag-SPE). The effects of pH value, eluent type and sample volume were optimized. The validation of the procedure was verified by the analysis of a wheat gluten certified reference material (8418). The limits of detection for the above ions range from 1 to 110 ng L^?1. The relative standard deviations are <10%. The procedure was successfully applied to the enrichment of Cr(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) from various water and food samples.

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Graphical abstract Schematic of a new magnetic nanosorbent synthesized from Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and polyacrylamide using a solvothermal method. The sorbent was used for the enrichment of Cr(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) in water and food samples for their ICP-MS detection.

     

Interaction of Aluminium (III) with the f-Family Ions Np(VI), Pu(VI), Np(V), Np(IV), Pu(IV), Nd(III), and Am(III) in the Course of Simultaneous Hydrolysis

The interaction of Np(VI), Pu(VI), Np(V), Np(IV), Pu(IV), Nd(III), and Am(III) with Al(III) in solutions at pH 0–4 was studied by the spectrophotometric method. It was shown that, in the range of pH 3–4, the hydrolyzed forms of neptunyl and plutonyl react with the hydrolyzed forms of aluminium. In the case of Pu(VI), the mixed hydroxoaqua complexes (H₂O)₃PuO₂(-OH)₂Al(OH)(H₂O)₃ ²⁺ or (H₂O)₄PuO₂OAl(OH)(H₂O)₄ ²⁺ are formed at the first stage of hydrolysis. Np(VI) also forms similar hydroxoaqua complexes with Al(III). The formation of the mixed hydroxoaqua complexes was also observed when Np(IV) or Pu(IV) was simultaneously hydrolyzed with Al(III) at pH 1.5–2.5. The Np(IV) complex with Al(III) has, most likely, the formula (H₂O) _n (OH)Np(-OH)₂Al(OH)(H₂O)₃ ³⁺. At pH from 2 to 4.1 (when aluminium hydroxide precipitates), the Np(V) or Nd(III) ions exist in solutions with or without Al(III) in similar forms. When pH is increased to 5–5.5, these ions are almost not captured by the aluminium hydroxide precipitate.     

Fullerene-based anodic stripping voltammetry for simultaneous determination of Hg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) in foodstuff

Various carbon nanomaterials for use in anodic stripping voltammetric analysis of Hg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) are screened. Graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and fullerene (C₆₀), dispersed in chitosan (Chit) aqueous solution, are used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The fullerene-chitosan modified GCE (C₆₀-Chit/GCE) displays superior performance in terms of simultaneous determination of the above ions. The electrodes and materials are characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The excellent performance of C₆₀-Chit/GCE is attributed to the good electrical conductivity, large surface area, strong adsorption affinity and unique crystalline structure of C₆₀. Using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, the assay has the following features for Hg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively: (a) Peak voltages of +0.14, ?0.11, ?0.58 and???0.82 V (vs SCE); (b) linear ranges extending from 0.01–6.0 μM, 0.05–6.0 μM, 0.005–6.0 μM and 0.5–9.0 μM; and (c), detection limits (3σ method) of 3 nM (0.6 ppb), 14 nM (0.9 ppb), 1 nM (0.2 ppb) and 21 nM (2.4 ppb). Moreover, the modified GCE is well reproducible and suitable for long-term usage. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of these ions in spiked foodstuff.

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Graphical abstract Compared with graphene, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers, an electrode modified with fullerene in chitosan electrode displays superior performance for the simultaneous anodic stripping voltammetric detection of Hg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II).

     

Chlorokomplexe von Ti(III), V(III) und Cr(III) in Propandiol-1,2-carbonat und Trimethylphosphat

Addition of chloride ions to the hexasolvated ions of Ti(III), V(III) and Cr(III) in propandiol-1,2-carbonate (PDC) and trimethylphosphate (TMP) may lead to the following complexes: [TiCl]²⁺ (inPDC), [TiCl₂]⁺ (inTMP), TiCl₃ (inPDC andTMP, low solubility inTMP), [TiCl₄]^? (inPDC andTMP?), [TiCl₆]^3? (inPDC); [VCl]²⁺ (inPDC andTMP), VCl₃ (inPDC andTMP, low solubility inTMP), [VCl₄]^? (inPDC); [CrCl]²⁺ (inTMP), [CrCl₂]⁺ (inPDC), CrCl₃ (inPDC andTMP), [CrCl₄]^? (inPDC).     

Inorganic speciation of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in natural water with GF-AAS using solid phase extraction technology

The paper presents a procedure for the multi-element inorganic speciation of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in natural water with GF-AAS using solid phase extraction technology. Total As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) were determined according to the following procedure: titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was used to adsorb inorganic species of As, Se and Sb in sample solution; after filtration, the solid phase was prepared to be slurry for determination. For As(III), Se(IV) and Sb(III), their inorganic species were coprecipitated with Pb-PDC, dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and then determined. The concentrations of As(V), Se(VI) and Sb(V) can be calculated by the difference of the concentrations obtained by the above determinations. For the determination of As(III), Se(IV) and Sb(III), palladium was chosen as a modifier and pyrolysis temperature was 800 °C. Optimum conditions for the coprecipitation were listed for 100 ml of sample solution: pH 3.0, 15 min of stirring time, 40.0 μg l⁻¹ Pb(NO₃)₂ and 150.0 μg l⁻¹ APDC. The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace amounts of As(III, V), Se(IV, VI) and Sb(III, V) in river water and seawater.     

Synthesis,characterization, spectroscopic and catalytic oxidation studies of Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(III), V(IV) and U(VI) Schiff base complexes with N,O donor ligands derived from 2,3-diaminopyridine

Fifteen new complexes of transition metals were designed using three Schiff base ligands and aldol condensation of 2,3-diaminopyridine with 5-R-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (R = F, Cl, Br) in the 1:2 molar ratio. The tetradentate ligands N,N′-bis(5-R-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) pyridine were acquired with the common formula H₂[(5-R-sal)₂py] and characterized by IR, UV–Vis spectra, ¹H-NMR and elemental analysis. These ligands produce 1:1 complexes M[(5-R-sal)₂py] with Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(III), V(IV) and U(VI) metal ions. The electronic property and nature of complexes were identified by IR, UV–Vis spectra, elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetric methods. The catalytic activity of complexes for epoxidation of styrene with UHP as primary oxidant at minimal temperature (10 °C) has been planned. The spectral data of the ligands and their complexes are deliberate in connection with the structural changes which happen due to complex preparation. The electrochemical outcome has good conformability with what suggested for electronic interaction among metal center and ligand by the UV–Vis and IR measurements.     

A new spot test reagent for chromium(VI), vanadium(V), and hexacyanoferrate(III) ions: the schiff base from 4,4′-methylenedianiline and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Summary A new Schiff base, bis(4-dimethylaminobenzylidine)4,4-methylenedianiline (I) has been prepared by reacting 4-dimethylaminoben-zaldehyde with 4,4-methylenedianiline. A 1% solution ofI in conc. sulphuric acid gives a deep red or blood red colour with Cr(VI), and V(V), and a deep rose red colour with [Fe(CN)₆]^3-. The limits of detection and dilution are 0.7 g, 171,000 for Cr(VI); 5 g, 110,000 for V(V); and 7 g, 17,100 for [Fe(CN)₆]^3-. Cr(III), V(IV), and [Fe(CN)₆]^4- do not interfere. The effects of common anions and cations are reported.

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Zusammenfassung Durch Umsetzung von 4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyd mit 4,4-Methylen-dianilin wurde eine neue Schiffsche Base hergestellt, deren 1%ige Lösung in konz. Schwefelsäure eine tiefrote oder blutrote Farbe mit Cr(VI) und V(V), eine tiefrosa Farbe mit [Fe(CN)₆]^3– gibt. Die Nachweisgrenzen bzw. die Grenzkonzentrationen betragen: 0,7 g, 171000 für Cr(VI), 5 g, 110000 für V(V) und 7 g, 17100 für [Fe(CN)]₆ ^3–. Cr(III), V(IV) und [Fe(CN)₆]^4– stören nicht. Der Einfluß gängiger Anionen und Kationen wird angegeben.

     

Polarographic analytical determination of Hg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), As(III), Sb(III), Ti(IV) and U(VI) in the presence of Fe(III)

The analytical determination of Hg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), As(III), Sb(III), Ti(IV) and U(VI) in the presence of Fe(III) and 1 M H₂SO₄ are investigated using the polarographic technique. The wave corresponding to the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) was found to be completely suppressed by the addition of 1% pyrogallol. Thus, different mixtures of these elements, viz. Hg(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), As(III) and Fe(III)-mixture (A), Cu(II), Cd(II), Sb(III), As(III) and Fe(III)-mixture (B), and Cu(II), Cd(II), Ti(IV), U(VI) and Fe(III)-mixture (C), were quantitatively determined using 1% pyrogallol and 1 M H₂SO₄ as supporting electrolyte. The i₁/c results give excellent correlations in each case, as indicated from the results of leastsquares regression analysis.     

Biphasic Oxidation of cis‐Diaquabis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(III) by N‐Bromosuccinimide and the Formation of Chromium(IV) and Chromium(V)

The oxidation of cis‐diaquabis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(III) [cis‐Cr^III(phen)₂(H₂O)₂]³⁺ by ‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) to yield cis‐dioxobis(1,10‐phenanthroline)chromium(V) has been studied spectrophotometrically in the pH 1.57–3.56 and 5.68–6.68 ranges at 25.0°C. The reaction displayed biphasic kinetics at pH < 4.0 and a simple first order at the pH > 5.0. In the low pH range, the reaction proceeds by two successive steps; the first faster step corresponds to the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(IV), and the second slower one corresponds to the oxidation of Cr(IV) to Cr(V), the final product of the reaction. The formation of both Cr(IV) and Cr(V) has been detected by electron spin resonance (ESR). The ESR clearly showed the formation and decay of Cr(IV) as well as the formation of Cr(V). Each oxidation process exhibited a first‐order dependence on the initial [Cr(III)]. The pseudo–first‐order rate constants k₃₄ and k₄₅, for the faster and slower steps, respectively, were obtained by a computer program using Origin7.0. Both rate constants showed first‐order dependence on [NBS] and increased with increasing pH.     

Coordination polyhedra PbX<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript> (X = F,Cl, Br,I) in crystal structures

The Voronoi-Dirichlet polyhedra (VDP) and the intersecting sphere method were used to analyze the coordination of Pb(II) and Pb(IV) atoms by halogen atoms in the crystal structures of 158 compounds. A decrease in the steric effect of the Pb(II) lone electron pair with a decrease in the electronegativity of the surrounding atoms was established. The influence of the nature of the central atom on the steric effect of the lone pair in the structure of the AX _n ^z? complexes, where X is halogen or oxygen, A = Tl(I), Sn(II), Pb(II), As(III),Sb(III), Bi(III), S(IV), Se(IV), Te(IV), or Cl(V) was considered.     

Kinetics of cerium(IV) oxidation of macrocyclic complexes of chromium(III) and fate of chromium(IV) intermediates

Kinetics and mechanism of the cerium(IV) oxidation of Cr(III) complexes of a series of macrocyclic (or pseudomacrocyclic) ligands with [14]-membered intraligand ring-sizes have now been investigated at I = 1.0 M (LiClO₄) Temp. 30°C. The complexes of the formulation Cr(macrocycle)(X)(H₂O) where X = CHCl₂ and H₂O, n = 0 or 1 undergo oxidation to Cr(VI) with the formation of chromium(IV) intermediates. The observed kinetic parameters for the Ce(IV) oxidation of Cr(III) macrocyclic complexes have been discussed in terms of changes brought about by the macrocyclic ligands on the Cr(III)—Cr(IV) redox potentials and in specific rates for Cr(IV)—Cr(V) conversion. On the basis of this study, it has been suggested that the trapping of Cr(IV) is easier when a macrocyclic ligand having a symmetrical intra-ligand ring size and unsaturation in the cyclic structure is coordinated equatorially. Cyclic voltammetric studies indicate the formation of Cr(IV) transient in the case of electrochemical oxidation of trans-Cr(Me₄[14]tetraene)(H₂O).     

A new method for selective preconcentration of tin

In this paper the method of co-precipitating 10 g of Sn(IV) with Be(II) from an ammoniacal medium is made highly selective by incorporating a ternary masking system: (a) NH₂OH-NTA-EDTA or (b) H₂O₂-NTA-EDTA. It serves to preconcentrate Sn(IV) from a number of ionic species, especially from Nb(V), Ta(V) and Ti(IV) in mg or even cg amounts. System (a) is also effective for masking Th(IV) and U(IV), and (b) for Sb(III), Sb(V) and Ge(IV). Hence the two systems are complementary.     

Spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) using oximidobenzotetronic acid

Summary Oximidobenzotetronic acid (OBTA) is proposed as a sensitive spectrophotometric reagent for the estimation of 0.5–3.0 ppm of copper(II) at 427 nm in 50% dioxan at p_H 5.3–7.5. For the estimation of 2 ppm Cu(II), 1.3 ppm Ni(II), 1.3 ppm Co(II), 3.2 ppm Fe(II), 10.3 ppm Fe(III), 9.7 ppm Ce(IV), 300 ppm acetate, 160 ppm oxalate, 95 ppm tartrate, 50 ppm citrate, as well as Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II)) Pb(II), Mn(II), As(III) as well as (V), Th(IV), Be(II), Ce(III), La(III), V(V) and Mo(VI), even when present in large quantities, do not interfere. The interference due to 25 ppm Bi(III), 20 ppm Sb(III), 20 ppm Sn(II), 25 ppm Sn(IV) and 30 ppm W(VI) can be removed by the addition of 95 ppm tartrate ions.

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Zusammenfassung Oximidobenzotetronsäure wurde als empfindliches Reagens zur spektrophotometrischen Bestimmung von 0,5 bis 3,0 ppm Kupfer(II) bei 427 nm in 50%iger Dioxanlösung bei p_H 5,3 bis 7,5 vorgeschlagen. Die Anwesenheit von 1,3 ppm Ni(II), 1,3 ppm Co(II), 3,2 ppm Fe(II), 10,3 ppm Fe(III), 9,7 ppm Ce(IV), 300 ppm Acetat, 160 ppm Oxalat, 95 ppm Tartrat, 50 ppm Citrat sowie die Anwesenheit auch großer Mengen Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), As(III) bzw. (V), Th(IV), Be(II), Ce(III), La(III), V(V) und Mo(VI) stören die Bestimmung von 2 ppm Cu(II) nicht. Der störende Einfluß von 25 ppm Bi(III), 20 ppm Sb(III), 20 ppm Sn(II), 25 ppm Sn(IV) und 30 ppm W(VI) kann durch Zusatz von 95 ppm Tartrat beseitigt werden.

     

Extraction behavior of Tm(III), Dy(III) and Sm(III) lanthanide with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxalamine

The extraction of Sm(III), Dy(III) and Tm(III) with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxalamine (BPHA) in benzene at pH range (1–10) has been studied. Quantitative separation was found in borate media at pH 8. The slope analysis showed that the extracted complex was M(BPHA)₃, where M=Sm(III), Dy(III) and Tm(III). The effect of various masking agents indicated that EDTA, oxalate, fluoride, phosphate and citrate, interfered in this study. Decontamination study showed that Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Sc(III) and Fe(III) had very poor separation factors, whereas Sn(II), Cd(II), In(III), Ru(II), Hg(II), Ag(I), Ta(V) and Hf(IV) had very large separation factor. The effect of different diluents showed that carbontetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, toluene, nitrobenzene dichloromethane, MIBK and cyclohexanone were equally good for extraction except TBP due to ion association.