Synthesis of hexamethylene-1,6-dicarbamate by methoxycarbonylation of 1,6-hexamethylene diamine with dimethyl carbonate over bulk and hybrid heteropoly acid catalyst

Synthesis of HDC by methoxycarbonylation of HDA with DMC was carried out over the bulk and hybrid heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst. The catalysts were systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and NH₃-TPD techniques. The by-products produced in the reaction were identified and a possible reaction pathway was proposed based on the by-products analysis. The performances of bulk and hybrid HPA catalysts were evaluated. The H₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀] catalyst revealed high performance compared with other catalysts and its high performance was attributed to its acidic properties. Effects of reaction parameters and reusability of the H₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀] catalyst were also investigated. Under the optimized reaction conditions, HDA conversion reached 93.2% with 64.8% HDC selectivity and only 3.8% by-product selectivity. Moreover, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed for the synthesis of HDC over H₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀] catalyst.     

二茂铁四唑和二茂铁甲醛缩3-取代丙二醇衍生物的合成

以甲酰基二茂铁6为原料, 通过与NH₄OH•HCl的缩合反应得到二茂铁肟7, 再经脱水剂脱水得到二茂铁腈8, 最后在(n-C₄H₉)₃SnCl的作用下与NaN₃反应生成新化合物二茂铁四唑(9). 以甲酰基二茂铁为原料, 在对甲苯磺酸(PTSA)的催化作用下与原甲酸三甲酯反应生成二甲基二茂铁缩醛(10), 然后与(R)-(－)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇反应得到新的二茂铁缩醛衍生物12, 12再与NaN₃发生取代反应得到新的二茂铁缩醛衍生物13. 而新的二茂铁缩醛衍生物15的合成则是先由(R)-(－)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇与CH₃OH在NaOH的作用下生成(R)-(－)-1-甲氧基-2,3-丙二醇(14), 再由14与二甲基二茂铁缩醛(10)反应得到的. 所合成的新化合物都用MS, ¹H NMR和IR谱确证了它们的结构.     

A Keggin heteropoly acid as an efficient catalyst for an expeditious, one-pot synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(hetero)arylbenzimidazoles

The Keggin heteropoly acid, silicotungstic acid, H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀, has been demonstrated to be highly efficient for an expeditious, one-pot synthesis of 1-methyl-2-(hetero)arylbenzimidazoles from N-methyl-1,2-phenylenediamine and (hetero)aryl aldehydes in ethyl acetate at room temperature. The catalyst works equally well for N-phenyl-1,2-phenylenediamine.     

Studying catalytic activity of ternary mixed-metal Keggin H7SiV3W9O40 as a versatile acid catalyst for the synthesis of β-acetamido ketones

One-pot four-component condensation of an aromatic aldehyde with an enolisable ketone and acetyl chloride is investigated in the presence of H₇SiV₃W₉O₄₀ in acetonitrile. The prepared catalyst was characterized by standard techniques such as XRD, SEM, and FT-IR to verify the Keggin structure of nanocatalyst. Furthermore, findings revealed a very good catalytic activity for the applied vanadium substituted heteropolyacid in this acid catalyzed condensation reaction. A series of Keggin Si and V-substituted heteropolyacids were compared for the synthesis of β-acetamido-β-(4-chlorophenyl)propiophenone, which showed a better catalytic activity for H₇SiV₃W₉O₄₀ and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ than the lacunary and mixed metal Keggin H₄SiW₉Mo₃O₄₀ and H₅SiW₉Mo₂VO₄₀. In addition, effect of the nitrilating agent was also demonstrated in this catalytic system and findings show less proficiency for PhCN compared to acetonitrile. Moreover, propiophenone as an α-substituted enolisable ketone was reacted with some aromatic aldehydes and the anti isomer is detected as the major diastereomer. Therefore, H₇SiV₃W₉O₄₀ can be introduced as a new effective, inexpensive, and eco-friendly catalyst for the introduced four-component condensation reaction.     

Heteropolyacids as new catalysts of the Ritter reaction

Some nitriles reacted with camphene in the presence of heteropolyacids (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀, H₇PMo₁₂O₄₀) as catalyst to give N-(1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-substituted amides in fairly high yields.     

Synthesis of N-substituted amides by the Ritter reaction with heteropoly acids as catalysts

Reactions of a number of nitriles with camphene in the presence of the heteropoly acids H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₇PMo₁₂O₄₂, and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ as catalysts were studied. In all cases, N-substituted amides were obtained in sufficiently high yields. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 374–376, February, 2006.     

The enthalpies of formation and evolved gas detection

The standard molar enthalpies of formation of H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·6H₂O (I), H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·6DMF·H₂O (II), H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·8DMSO·H₂O (III) have been determined. Thermodynamic cycles were designed, and the heat of reactions in the thermodynamic cycles were measured calorimetrically. The infrared spectra were compared with those of the heteropoly anion α-H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ [1] and of the ligands DMF and DMSO. The evolved gas from the adducts was monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer at a heating rate of 16 deg·min^?1.     

Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Cysteine at a CoSalophen/ n‐(butyl)4SiW12O40 Carbon Paste Electrode

In the present study, a novel mixture consisting of N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐phenylenediamino cobalt (CoSalophen, CoSal) complex and (n‐butyl)₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ (SiW₁₂), have been used to chemically modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE) for sensitive determination of cysteine (CySH). The electrocatalytic effect of the newly developed modified CPE towards oxidation of CySH was evaluated by comparing cyclic and differential pulse voltammograms in the presence of cysteine at bare, CoSal, SiW₁₂ and CoSal/SiW₁₂ modified CPE. The differential pulse voltammetry method was applied as a sensitive method for quantitative detection of CySH trace amounts, the experimental conditions being optimized in order to evaluate the best analytical parameters of the sensor. Reproducibility and stability studies were also performed and the sensor was applied for the determination of CySH in a pharmaceutical sample and in human blood serum and urine samples.     

Keggin类杂多化合物催化环氧化环戊烯的谱学研究

报道了一系列Keggin 类杂多化合物与H₂O₂ (30%)催化氧化环戊烯. 其中两缺位的 [γ-SiW₁₀(H₂O)₂O₃₄](Bu₄N)₄ 的催化活性最好, 环戊烯转化率为90%, 环戊烯环氧化物的选择性为98%. 反应前后的UV-vis, FT-IR分析表明, 反应后催化剂的结构保持, 没有发生降解. 在以磷为中心原子的磷系Keggin 杂多酸复合溴代十六烷基吡啶中, 钼钨混合型的催化活性优于钨磷酸(H₃PW₁₂O₄₀•mH₂O)和钼磷酸(H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀•mH₂O)的. 而在十一种钼钨混合型的含磷杂多化合物H₃PMo_12－nW_nO₄₀•mH₂O中, 当n＝6时的H₃PMo₆W₆O₄₀•mH₂O显示出了最好的活性. 我们采用UV-vis, FT-IR and ³¹P NMR 等谱学方法表征了新鲜的催化剂和处于反应状态下的催化剂. 发现在反应条件H₂O₂ (30%)的量是催化剂的50倍时, H₃PMo₆W₆O₄₀•mH₂O全部降解成数种含磷的物种, 这些含磷物种可能包含反应中最具催化活性的物种. 而在此条件时, 发现H₃PW₁₂O₄₀•mH₂O降解得很少, 只有一种磷钨氧物种生成, 但不是Venturello-Ishii催化体系中的活性物种{PO₄[WO(O₂)₂]₄}^3－.     

Mesostructure organic‐inorganic hybrid ionic liquids based on heteropoly acids: Effect of linkage on the molecular structure and catalytic activity

The new inorganic–organic hybrids based on SO₃H‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) and Keggin‐type heteropoly acids (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀, and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀; HPAs) are prepared and characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, XRD, CV, SEM/EDX, ICP‐OES, BJH and UV. Different molecular structures according to the different inorganic part were also proved. Potentiometric titration showed a good relationship between catalytic activity and acidity of the catalysts. Electrochemical aspects showed electron transfer ability of the compounds. For understanding catalytic activities of the HPA‐IL hybrids in N‐formylation reaction, effect of catalyst composition, substrate, and reaction conditions were studied. The best SO₃H‐functionalized ionic liquid catalyst was readily recovered and reused for four runs. Easy preparation of the catalyst, simple and easy work‐up, mild reaction conditions, low cost, excellent yields and short reaction times are the key features of this work.     

Assembly of a Supramolecular Architecture Based on Keggin POMs and Lanthanide Coordination Cations

Two new compounds based on Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) [SiW₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ (SiW₁₂), [Na(H₂O)₃(H₂L)SiW₁₂O₄₀](H₂L)₂   6H₂O (1), and [Ce(H₂O)₃(HL)₂(H₂L)]₂[SiW₁₂O₄₀]₂ 10H₂O (2) (HL = C₆H₅NO₂ = isonicotinic acid), have been conventionally synthesized and characterized by routine methods. Compound 1 possesses a 1D right-handed helical structure constructed by SiW₁₂O₄₀ ⁴⁻ {SiW₁₂} and [Na(H₂O)₃(HL)] complexes. Interestingly, these right-handed helical chains are linked together via H-bonds forming a novel chiral layer. By using the similar synthesis method to that for compound 1, except for employing Ce³⁺ cations in instead of La³⁺ cations, a 3D supramolecular compound 2 based on SiW₁₂ and Ce³⁺ coordination cations has been obtained, which contains 1D channels along a axis. Additionally, the luminescence properties of 2 were studied. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

钨硅酸的制备及其在催化合成缩酮(醛)中的应用

本文探讨了钨硅酸的制备方法,以合成环己酮1,2-内二醇缩酮为例验证钨硅酸的催化活性,并探讨了合成其它缩酮（醛）的适宜条件,得到的收率分别为：环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮85．5％、环己酮乙二醇缩酮89．6％、丁酮乙二醇缩酮79．5％、丁醛乙二醇缩醛89．1％、丁醛1,2丙二醇缩醛81．5％。     

Preparation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecatungstophosphate and its catalytic performance for esterification of ethanol and acetic acid

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecatungstophosphate catalyst ([bmim]₃PW₁₂O₄₀) with high water tolerance was prepared from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br) and phosphotungstic acid (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀). The catalyst was characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry, n-BuNH₂ potentiometric titration, elemental analysis and so on. Its catalytic activity for esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to ethyl acetate was measured. The results show that there were three crystal-water molecules in the [bmim]₃PW₁₂O₄₀ catalyst, and it preserved the primary Keggin structure and acid strength of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀. The acid amount of [bmim]₃PW₁₂O₄₀ catalyst was less than that of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀. The [bmim]₃PW₁₂O₄₀ catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity and reusability in the esterification of ethanol and acetic acid to ethyl acetate. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2008, 29(7) (in Chinese)     

Ni掺杂的Cu-ZnO催化剂甘油加氢反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂,采用多种物理化学手段研究了其化学物理性质及甘油加氢制取1,2-丙二醇反应催化性能。结果发现,金属Ni助剂的引入可以进一步优化Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油加氢生成1,2-丙二醇的反应活性。少量金属Ni的加入,Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂的甘油转化率变化不大,生成1,2-丙二醇的选择性明显增加。而进一步增加Ni含量到nNi/nCu=0.5,Ni含量过高会导致Ni-Cu-Zn O催化剂中实际Cu原子的量减少,从而导致甘油转化率下降。Ni掺杂的Cu-Zn O催化剂甘油加氢性能稳定性较好,在反应102 h后没有明显变化。     

Neat synthesis of octahydroxanthene-1,8-diones,catalyzed by silicotungstic acid as an efficient reusable inorganic catalyst

In this article, the first use of silicotungstic acid (H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀) as a catalyst for the synthesis of octahydroxanthene-1,8-diones by the reaction of 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (dimedone) with various aldehydes under thermal solvent-free conditions is described. The obtained results showed that the catalyst has a high catalytic activity, and the desired products were obtained in high yields. Moreover, the catalyst was found to be reusable, and a considerable catalytic activity still could be achieved after the fifth run. Easy work-up and avoidance of using harmful organic solvents are the other advantages of this simple procedure.     

Two inorganic–organic hybrids based on a polyoxometalate: Structures,characterizations, and epoxidation of olefins

Two new inorganic–organic hybrids, [Co₃(bpdo)₆(H₂O)₄Cl₂][SiW₁₂O₄₀]·H₂O (Co-SiW) and [Ni₃(bpdo)₆(H₂O)₄Cl₂][SiW₁₂O₄₀]·H₂O (Ni-SiW) (bpdo = 4,4′-bis(pyridine-N-oxide)), were synthesized from the Keggin-type [SiW₁₂O₄₀] anion and Co(II) and Ni(II) under hydrothermal conditions, respectively, and characterized by elemental analyses, powder XRD, IR spectra, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structural analysis indicates that the 1D chain is constructed from a POM-based half-cage as a secondary building block linked by bridging bpdo ligands. The zigzag chains further stack into a three-dimensional body with channels. The 3D network structure with amphiphilic cavities is shaped by electrostatic interactions through the planes, which has potential to allow molecules such as styrene and H₂O₂ ingress and egress. Both of the hybrids demonstrated catalytic activity for epoxidation of olefins, which was examined using styrene and aqueous hydrogen peroxide (30%) as oxidant in acetonitrile, along with Co-SiW and Ni-SiW in a heterogeneous manner at 60 °C. Moreover, the conversion of epoxidation reaction in a heterogeneous manner is close to that of homogeneous catalysis, while being conveniently recovered and steadily reused without change of catalyst structure after epoxidation reactions.     

Boehmite nano‐particles functionalized with silylpropylamine‐supported Keggin‐type heteropolyacids: Catalysts for epoxidation of alkenes

Boehmite nano‐particles with a high degree of surface hydroxyl groups were covalently functionalized by 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propylamine to support H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀], H₃[PW₁₂O₄₀], H₄[SiMo₁₂O₄₀] and H₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀] Keggin‐type heteropolyacids. After characterization of these catalysts by FT‐IR, powder X‐ray diffraction, TG/differential thermal analysis, CHN, inductively coupled plasma and transmission electron microscopy techniques, they were applied to the epoxidation of cis‐cycloocten. The progress of the reactions was investigated by gas–liquid chromatography, and the catalytic procedures were optimized for the parameters involved, such as the solvent and oxidant. The results showed that 25 mg of supported H₃[PMo₁₂O₄₀] catalyst in 1 ml C₂H₄Cl₂ with 0.5 mmol cyclooctene and 1 mmol tert‐butylhydroperoxide at reflux temperature gave 98% yield over 15 min. Recycling experiments revealed that these nanocatalysts could be repeatedly applied up to five times for a nearly complete epoxidation of cis‐cycloocten. The optimized experimental conditions were also used successfully for the epoxidation of some other alkenes, such as cyclohexene, styrene and α‐methyl styrene.     

Catalysis of heteropoly acidic salts for synthesis of diethylene glycol ethyl ether with diethylene glycol and ethanol

Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and Ag₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ showed high activity and stability in the synthesis of diethylene glycol ethyl ether with diethylene glycol and ethanol, on which the conversion is 80.2% and 78.4%, respectively, and the selectivity of diethylene glycol ether is 75.4% and 80.6%, respectively. After the third reaction cycle, Ag₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and Ag₄SiW₁₂O₄₀) still showed higher activity and selectivity, on which the conversion is 72. 6% and 77.5% respectively. But the activity of Ag₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ is lower, the conversion is only 21.0%. IR, XRD, TG and n‐butylamine titrimetry showed that the catalysis may be connected with two kinds of acidic centers owned by heteropoly acidic salt.     

H4SiW12O40 as the catalyst for the hydration and alcohol addition to 2-methylpropene

Catalytic hydration of 2-methyl-2-propene to tert-butanol (TBA) and alkylation with methanol to methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) with dodecatungstosilicic acid H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ as catalyst were investigated in a constant flow reactor at 40–80 °C. The catalyst is active in both reactions and exhibits high selectivities. The mechanisms of both reactions involving protonated intermediates were proposed.     

H4SiW12O40-catalyzed cyclization of epoxides/aldehydes and sulfonyl hydrazides: An efficient synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted 1H-pyrazoles

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of pyrazoles through a silicotungstic acid(H₄Si W₁₂O₄₀)-catalyzed cyclization of epoxides/aldehydes and sulfonyl hydrazides has been developed. Various epoxides/aldehydes were smoothly reacted with sulfonyl hydrazides to furnish regioselectivity 3,4-disubstituted 1H-pyrazoles. The application of such an earth-abundant, readily accessible, and nontoxic catalyst provides a green approach for the construction of 3,4-di...