运用ESR方法测定一些地质样品年龄的尝试

本文介绍了用ESR测地质年代方法的发展、现状及基本原理。给出了用ESR方法测定四川鲜水河地震活动断裂带的泉华样品、泥河湾的丽蚌化石样品、北京周口店洞穴中石笋样品的天然辐射总剂量AD的初步结果。测定周口店洞穴中石笋样品的年龄为(6×10⁴)年。并对结果进行了讨论。最后,还就有关ESR测年代方法的一些有关问题进行了探讨。     

紫外光诱导下的固体胆红素自由基性质的ESR研究

利用电子自旋共振方法对固体胆红素及其自由基在紫外照射下的变化进行了研究,发现在紫外光下仅引起胆红素超氧自由基及半醌自由基浓度的增加,而没有新的自由基形式生成,指出Foote提出的光氧化机理假说的中间体自由基即是由上述两种自由基构成,并通过电子计算机对ESR谱的摸拟,提出了紫外辐照下的胆红素自由基形成机理,推测胆红素光化学反应的途径及产物与这两种自由基浓度及在不同环境下的反应活性有关.     

聚偏氟乙烯的等离子体处理和ESR研究

在外部电极电容耦合反应装置中对聚偏氟乙烯(PVF₂)表面进行等离子体放电处理,测量了等离子体处理后PVF₂凝胶量、剪切强度和表面接触角等参量值的变化,另外,用ESR技术对等离子体处理生成的自由基进行研究,指出等离子体作用后表面分子不饱和链的增加和自由基引发的交联反应与表面粘接性能的改善有关.     

以VO2+为自旋探针的配位共聚催化剂分子筛载体的ESR研究

以VO²⁺为自旋探针,观察了VO²⁺负载的分子筛载体的微环境,在计算机上模拟了复杂的多中心的实验ESR谱,发现VO²⁺在载体上的分散状况不仅取决于制备条件,也和分子筛的种类有关。利用这种方法,可得探针在载体上所处微环境的信息,进而可用于指导配位聚合催化剂载体的选择。     

聚偏氟乙烯的等离子体处理和ESR研究

在外部电极电容耦合反应装置中对聚偏氟乙烯(PVF₂)表面进行等离子体放电处理,测量了等离子体处理后PVF₂凝胶量、剪切强度和表面接触角等参量值的变化,另外,用ESR技术对等离子体处理生成的自由基进行研究,指出等离子体作用后表面分子不饱和链的增加和自由基引发的交联反应与表面粘接性能的改善有关.     

磺化乙丙三元胶离聚体溶液的ESR波谱研究

考察了磺化乙丙三元胶锰盐离聚体在二甲苯/正己醇混合溶剂中的ESR谱,结果表明醇对金属离子的溶剂化作用破坏了溶液中Mn²⁺的聚集,出现超精细分裂的ESR谱线,溶剂化程度与醇含量、醇分子体积、温度和Mn²⁺浓度有关,这些结果与离聚体溶液粘性行为得到的结论相一致。     

ESR吸收线宽的测量

引言在《大学物理》1987年第12期上,发表了“电子自旋共振(ESR)实验中测量吸收线宽△H的技巧”一文。出于与该文作者相近的兴趣和目的,我们曾进行了提高ESR实验精度的研究和探索。根据仔细深入的研究,我们认为该文中的若干提法和内容是不恰当的。在本文中,我们给出了正确的     

聚并苯导电高分子材料的ESR研究

本文对由热固性酚醛树脂通过高温裂解制备的聚并苯导电高分子本征材料的ESR进行了研究。结果表明在各种裂解温度下制备的样品由于其结构不同,表现在ESR线宽、自旋浓度、线型的峰高比等差异很大,并给予了解释。     

近红外光谱技术快速预测泡桐活立木年轮密度

应用近红外光谱分析技术主要对兰考泡桐活立木年轮密度进行了研究。取样时采用无损的方式,即不伐木,只从样木胸径处钻取直径为5 mm的木芯;用近红外光谱仪采用自动进级式采集样品光谱,波谱范围为350～2 500 nm;密度值采用水银体积仪测量;校正模型和预测模型建立与分析采用偏最小二乘和完全交互验证法。研究结果表明,中径级和大径级泡桐所选年轮数与近红外光谱值之间均存在很好的相关关系,预测模型相关系数分别达0.88和0.91;中径极的泡桐年轮密度与近红外光谱的校正模型和预测模型相关系数分别达到0.90和0.83,校正标准误差(SEC)和预测标准误差(SEP)分别为0.012和0.016。由此可见,该法可简单、快速、无损的预测中径级即接近采伐龄泡桐活立木的年轮密度。     

基于可见光谱通道的松树年轮参数获取方法研究

年轮参数是树木生长的重要指标。目前年轮的检测方法主要有人工测量法、扫描仪法和X射线法等。这些方法费时费力、检测成本高、操作难度大。为此,提出采用可见光谱进行年轮参数检测的新方法。首先针对活立木年轮检测需求,设计了木芯专用可见光谱分析装置。装置采用宽光谱对称式光源,封闭式暗箱设计,彩色CCD外置、固定距离采集方式。进而采集样品全彩色图像,分别提取不同光谱通道数据进行分析,最终获得年轮特征光谱参数。以从松树活立木钻取的木芯为例,经打磨后的木芯水平固定于载物台,光源均匀照射样品,CCD采集木芯漫反射RGB图像,基于对木芯全彩色图像的不同光谱通道的分析,分别提取RGB三帧灰度图像的强度曲线,区分早晚材分界线,得到树木年轮各项指标,实现树木年轮参数的快速提取。实验首先将CCD采集的RGB图像转换至NTSC色彩空间,以扩大色彩域。在设置滤波窗滤除背景,截取出木芯图像后,通过提取木芯图像的R,G和B三灰度分量图像,发现木芯B灰度图的早晚材区域差异最分明。基于该特征,可提取出早晚材分界线的位置信息。对木芯B灰度分量图微分,得到灰度沿水平方向的空间梯度。确定灰度变化率极大值对应的各点,鉴于木芯生长特性,灰度变化率极大值对应空间位置首先取为窄像素区域,进而在窄像素区域取中间值,此即木芯年轮各早晚材的中心点。其中,早材中心点对应光谱曲线的极大值,晚材中心点对应光谱曲线的极小值。结合专家经验,建立早晚材中心点与分界线的灰度关系,可得各分界线的位置。通过早晚材分界线与年轮各参数的关系,可进一步得出年轮各项指标。对比3位林木育种专家人工识别结果,本方法检测结果除了在木芯靠近端点处的位置外,都具有极高的准确度。采用可见光谱通道的数据采集与分析方法检测树木年轮参数,检测过程可实现全自动,高效、无损,精度可达到0.1 mm,结果精确。相比于人工测量法、扫描仪法,检测效率更高;相比于X射线法,检测过程更加安全、低耗,操作更方便。是一种具有较强应用性的方法。     

Comparison of δ13C and δ18O from cellulose,whole wood,and resin-free whole wood from an old high elevation Pinus uncinata in the Spanish central Pyrenees*

δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from sapwood of a single Pinus uncinata tree, from a high elevation site in the Spanish Pyrenees, were determined to evaluate the differences between whole wood and resin-free whole wood. This issue is addressed for the first time with P. uncinata over a 38-year long period. Results are also compared with published isotope values of α-cellulose samples from the same tree. The differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O between whole wood and resin-free whole wood vary within the analytical uncertainty of 0.3 and 0.5?‰, respectively, indicating that resin extraction is not necessary for sapwood of P. uncinata. Mean differences between cellulose and whole wood are 0.9?‰ (δ¹³C) and 5.0?‰ (δ¹⁸O), respectively. However, further analyses of different species and other sites are needed to evaluate whether the findings reported here are coherent more generally.     

采用特征融合的紫檀属内相似树种识别方法研究

紫檀属中的木材有很多属于名贵木材,不同树种之间十分相似。传统的木材识别方法多以木材解剖学为主,通过观察木材的切片结构特征对木材的树种进行判断,这类方法虽有较高的识别精度,但是其识别工艺较为复杂而且技术难度也相对较高。与木材解剖学相对应的是利用图像信息或光谱信息的木材树种识别方法,该类方法虽具有较为简单的识别工艺,但是在对同属相似木材树种进行识别时,往往不能够取得较好的识别效果。提出了一种基于木材切面光谱特征和纹理特征相融合的木材树种识别方法,该方法不仅识别工艺简单、自动化程度高,而且具有较高的识别精度。首先通过数码相机和光谱仪采集木材切面的图像信息和光谱信息,然后分别使用纹理特征提取方法和光谱特征提取方法提取两类特征的特征向量,接下来使用基于典型相关分析的特征级融合方法将这两个特征向量进行融合,最后使用支持向量机对融合后的特征向量进行分类识别。为了验证方法的有效性,以市场中常见的5种紫檀属树种的三个切面为研究对象,对这些木材树种进行了识别。实验结果显示,单独使用纹理特征的识别正确率最高为80.00%,单独使用光谱特征的识别正确率最高为94.40%,使用融合的特征最高的识别正确率可达99.20%。还将这5种木材树种与其他30种木材树种进行了混合,混合后的木材样本数量可达1750。实验进一步显示,该方法可以对包含紫檀属在内的35种木材的树种进行识别,其正确率可达98.29%。综上所述,木材的纹理特征和木材的光谱特征可以有效的相互补充,从而进一步提高识别正确率。最后还用所提出的方法与目前主流的方法进行了比较,结果发现所述的木材树种识别方法高于目前主流方法。     

Potential for assessing long-term dynamics in soil nitrogen availability from variations in delta15N of tree rings

Numerous researchers have used the isotopic signatures of C, H, and O in tree rings to provide a long-term record of changes in the physiological status, climate, or water-source use of trees. The frequently limiting element N is also found in tree rings, and variation in its isotopic signature may provide insight into long-term changes in soil N availability of a site. However, research has suggested that N is readily translocated among tree ring of different years; such infidelity between the isotopic compositions of the N taken up from the soil and the N contained in the ring of that growth year would obscure the long-term N isotopic record. We used a 15-year 15N-tracer study to assess the degree of N translocation among tree rings in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees growing in a young, mixed-conifer plantation. We also measured delta13C and delta15N values in unlabeled trees to assess the degree of their covariance in wood tissue, and to explore the potential for a biological linkage between them. We found that the maximum delta15N values in rings from the labeled trees occurred in the ring formed one-year after the 15N was applied to the roots. The delta15N value of rings from labeled trees declined exponentially and bidirectionally from this maximum peak, toward younger and older rings. The unlabeled trees showed considerable interannual variation in the delta15N values of their rings (up to 3 and 5 per thousand), but these values correlated poorly between trees over time and differed by as much as 6 per thousand. Removal of extractives from the wood reduced their delta15N value, but the change was fairly small and consistent among unlabeled trees. The delta13C and delta15N values of tree rings were correlated over time in only one of the unlabeled trees. Across all trees, both delta13C values of tree rings and annual stem wood production were well correlated with annual precipitation, suggesting that soil water balance is an important environmental factor controlling both net C gain and transpirational water loss at this site. Our results suggest that interannual translocation of N among tree rings is substantial, but may be predictable enough to remove this source of variation from the tree-ring record, potentially allowing the assessment of long-term changes in soil N availability of a site.     

Heat capacity of Bio-SiC and SiC/Si ecoceramics prepared from white eucalyptus, beech, and sapele tree wood

This paper reports on measurement of the heat capacity at constant pressure C _p of silicon bio-carbide prepared within the 5–300 K temperature interval from beech tree wood (bio-SiC(BE)), and within 80–300 K, from tree wood of sapele (bio-SiC(SA)), as well as SiC/Si ecoceramics of beech, sapele, and white eucalyptus wood. It has been shown that in bio-SiC(BE) the measured heat capacity contains a significant contribution of surface heat capacity, whose magnitude decreases with increasing temperature. Of the ecoceramics, only SiC/Si(SA) characterized by a high enough porosity has revealed a small contribution to the heat capacity coming from its surface component. The experimental results obtained are discussed.     

15N-Werte als Mittel zur Analyse der Stickstoffernährung bei insektivoren Pflanzen

The study presents a new serial pooling method of shifted tree ring blocks for the building of isotope chronologies. This method combines the advantages of traditional ‘serial’ and ‘intertree’ pooling, and can be recommended for the construction of sub-regional long isotope chronologies with sufficient replication, and on annual resolution, especially for the case of extremely narrow tree rings. For Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L., Khibiny Low Mountains, NW Russia) and Silver firs (Abies alba Mill., Franconia, Southern Germany), serial pooling of five consecutive tree rings seems appropriate because the species- and site-specific particularities lead to blurs of climate linkages in their tree rings for the period up to ca. five years back. An equivalent to a five-year running means that curve gained on the base annual data sets of single trees can be derived from the analysis of yearly shifted five-year blocks of consecutive tree rings, and therefore, with approximately 20% of the expense. Good coherence of δ¹³C- and δ¹⁸O-values between calculated means of annual total rings or late wood data and means of five-year blocks of consecutive total tree rings analysed experimentally on most similar material confirms this assumption.     

Bonding analysis for NgMOH (Ng=Ar,Kr and Xe; M=Cu and Ag)

The structures and stabilities of a new class of species, noble-gas–coinage-metal hydroxides NgMOH (Ng =?Ar, Kr and Xe; M =?Cu and Ag), are investigated at the MP2 theoretical level. All species are found to be in Cs symmetry with an approximate linear Ng–M–O moiety. The noble-gas–coinage-metal bond lengths are in the range of the respective covalent and van der Waals limits, showing a different degree of approach to the former along the series Ar–Kr–Xe for Ng–Cu and Ng–Ag bonds, respectively. The dissociation energies of noble-gas–coinage-metal bonds are relatively large as compared to the van der Waals complexes. Besides the charge-induced dipole contribution, other effects –?higher-order charge-induction energies, dispersion interaction, etc., should be considered to explain the noble-gas–coinage-metal bonding mechanism. The present results suggest that the title species are stable enough to be prepared experimentally.     

Anatomical descriptions of silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy

Fine structure and tissue substitution by minerals were investigated in silicified woods from Madagascar and Indonesia by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The silicified woods maintained the exterior morphology of once grown trees and showed typical inner structures of conifers. Radial planes of the silicified wood from Madagascar revealed tracheids as a major component of the axial system in the secondary xylem. Tracheids were mainly characterized by numerous bordered pits where a thickening in the middle (torus) was surrounded with the membrane (margo). The torus appeared to contrast with the fibrillar network of the margo. As a component of the axial system in the secondary phloem, sieve elements were found to have many sieve pores that were filled with seemingly crystalline materials. To correlate the colors of the silicified wood from Indonesia with elemental composition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry was employed in this study. Silicon was present as a basic component of the silicified wood. Calcium and iron were detected from red-colored regions, whereas magnesium was found in blue-colored regions. These results suggest that tissues of silicified woods had been substituted by minerals over the past period, while retaining the inherent morphology of the tree species. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis could be applied to unravel structural details and composition of plant fossils in palaeobotany.     

Thermopower of Bio-SiC and SiC/Si ecoceramics prepared from sapele tree wood

The thermopower coefficients of bio-SiC and SiC/Si ecoceramics prepared from sapele tree wood have been measured in the temperature interval 5–300 K. The measurements have been performed both along and perpendicular to empty (bio-SiC), as well as empty and partially silicon-filled (SiC/Si) channels in the samples. In bio-SiC, a contribution to thermopower associated with electron drag by phonons has been shown to exist within the temperature interval 5–200 (250) K. No such effect is realized in SiC/Si. This is assumed to derive from the presence in this material of heavily doped silicon embedded in SiC channels and the dominant part it plays in the behavior of the thermopower of this ceramics. The results obtained for the thermopower are compared with the available data for bio-SiC prepared from white eucalyptus tree wood and heavily doped bismuth.     

Thermal conductivity of the pine-biocarbon-preform/copper composite

The thermal conductivity of composites of a new type prepared by infiltration under vacuum of melted copper into empty sap channels (aligned with the sample length) of high-porosity biocarbon preforms of white pine tree wood has been studied in the temperature range 5–300 K. The biocarbon preforms have been prepared by pyrolysis of tree wood in an argon flow at two carbonization temperatures of 1000 and 2400°C. From the experimental values of the composite thermal conductivities, the fraction due to the thermal conductivity of the embedded copper is isolated and found to be substantially lower than that of the original copper used in preparation of the composites. The decrease in the thermal conductivity of copper in the composite is assigned to defects in its structure, namely, breaks in the copper filling the sap channels, as well as the radial ones, also filled by copper. A possibility of decreasing the thermal conductivity of copper in a composite due to its doping by the impurities present in the carbon preform is discussed.