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1.
A method for observing near-surface fluctuations in pH caused by a water–air flux of carbon dioxide under conditions of ambient
atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is developed and tested. Peaks in fluorescence intensity measured as a function of pH and
turbulence are shown to be consistent with predictions from a chemical kinetics model of CO2 exchange. The square root of the frequency of the pH fluctuations scale linearly with independently measured bulk air–water
gas transfer velocities in agreement with surface divergence models for air–water gas transfer. These data indicate that the
method proposed here is tracking changes in near-surface CO2 concentrations. This laser-induced fluorescence method can be used to study the air–water exchange of CO2 in wind-wave tunnels without the need for elevated CO2 concentrations in the gas phase. 相似文献
2.
Although a fundamental physical parameter, surface tension is difficult to measure. Common tensiometry inaccuracy comes from
failure to control air–liquid–solid contact conditions, or account for liquid meniscus geometry and buoyancy corrections.
This paper describes an in situ tensiometry technique, based on withdrawal of a thin-walled tube from the liquid interface,
that enforces a known air–liquid–solid contact condition. This technique can be pursued at any level of experimental hygiene.
Experimental results for filtered tap water, an alcohol–water solution, and a surfactant–water solution show that results
repeatable to three significant digits are obtained with modest effort for a variety of geometrical parameters.
Received: 7 October 1997/Accepted: 23 April 1998 相似文献
3.
Correlations are presented to compute the mutual solubilities of CO2 and chloride brines at temperatures 12–300°C, pressures 1–600 bar (0.1–60 MPa), and salinities 0–6 m NaCl. The formulation
is computationally efficient and primarily intended for numerical simulations of CO2-water flow in carbon sequestration and geothermal studies. The phase-partitioning model relies on experimental data from
literature for phase partitioning between CO2 and NaCl brines, and extends the previously published correlations to higher temperatures. The model relies on activity coefficients
for the H2O-rich (aqueous) phase and fugacity coefficients for the CO2-rich phase. Activity coefficients are treated using a Margules expression for CO2 in pure water, and a Pitzer expression for salting-out effects. Fugacity coefficients are computed using a modified Redlich–Kwong
equation of state and mixing rules that incorporate asymmetric binary interaction parameters. Parameters for the calculation
of activity and fugacity coefficients were fitted to published solubility data over the P–T range of interest. In doing so, mutual solubilities and gas-phase volumetric data are typically reproduced within the scatter
of the available data. An example of multiphase flow simulation implementing the mutual solubility model is presented for
the case of a hypothetical, enhanced geothermal system where CO2 is used as the heat extraction fluid. In this simulation, dry supercritical CO2 at 20°C is injected into a 200°C hot-water reservoir. Results show that the injected CO2 displaces the formation water relatively quickly, but that the produced CO2 contains significant water for long periods of time. The amount of water in the CO2 could have implications for reactivity with reservoir rocks and engineered materials. 相似文献
4.
An experimental study is presented for water droplet impingement on a liquid surface. The impaction process was recorded
using a high-speed digital camera at 1,000 frames/s. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 3.1 mm ± 0.1 mm, and all experiments
were performed in atmospheric air. The impact velocity was varied from 0.36 m/s to 2.2 m/s thus varying the impact Weber number
from 5.5 to 206. The impacted liquid surface consisted of two fluids, namely water and methoxy-nonafluorobutane, C4F9OCH3 (HFE7100). The depth of the water and HFE7100 pool was varied from 2 mm to 25 mm. The collision dynamics of water in the
HFE7100 pool was observed to be drastically different from that observed for the water droplet impingement on a water pool.
The critical impact Weber number for jet breakup was found to be independent of liquid depth. Water–HFE7100 impact resulted
in no jet breakup over the range of velocities studied. Therefore, no critical impact Weber number can be defined for water–HFE7100
impact.
Received: 27 June 2001/Accepted: 29 November 2001 相似文献
5.
A. Sathyabhama 《Heat and Mass Transfer》2012,48(3):497-503
Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients were determined experimentally for NH3–H2O, NH3–H2O–LiNO3 and NH3–H2O–LiBr mixtures. Both the salts were effective in increasing the heat transfer coefficient of NH3–H2O mixture. A concentration of 10 mass% of the salts in water, produced the greatest enhancement in heat transfer coefficient
at all the range of pressure, heat flux and ammonia concentration studied in this investigation. The experiments indicated
that ammonia concentration also has the impact on the augmentation of heat transfer coefficient in NH3–H2O binary mixture by the addition of salts. For the solution of ammonia mass fraction 0.30, high concentration of LiBr gives
the highest heat transfer coefficient, for ammonia mass fraction of 0.25, high concentration of LiNO3 gives the maximum heat transfer coefficient, for ammonia mass fraction of 0.15, both the salts are equally effective in increasing
the heat transfer coefficient. 相似文献
6.
Chaio-Shiung Chen 《Nonlinear dynamics》2010,61(4):623-632
This paper presents an optimal nonlinear observer for synchronizing the transmitter-receiver pair with guaranteed optimal
performance. In the proposed scheme, a generalized nonlinear state-space observer via uniform matrix transformations is constructed
to estimate the transmitter state and the information signal, simultaneously. A nonlinear optimal design approach is used
to synchronize chaotic systems. Solving the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (H–J–B) equations we can obtain a linear optimal feedback
scheme for piecewise-linear chaotic systems. Moreover, a robust scheme derived from the H
∞ optimization theory improves the synchronization performance of general nonlinear chaotic systems by suppressing the influence
of their high order residual terms. Finally, two numerical simulation examples are illustrated by the chaotic Chua’s circuit
system and the Lorenz chaotic system to demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme. 相似文献
7.
T. V. Bazhenova T. A. Bormotova V. V. Golub A. M. Shul’meister C. B. Shcherbak 《Fluid Dynamics》2000,35(1):117-122
The results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the process of diffraction of shock waves from a square channel
at a ninety-degree convex corner are presented for various incident shock wave Mach numbers M0 (1.4<M0<7). The type of reflection of the near-wall fragment of the diffracting shock wave from the wall and the wave velocity are
determined as functions of M0, direction, and time.
Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 145–151, January–February,
2000.
The work was carried out with partial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 96-02-16170a). 相似文献
8.
In high-velocity open channel flows, the measurements of air–water flow properties are complicated by the strong interactions
between the flow turbulence and the entrained air. In the present study, an advanced signal processing of traditional single-
and dual-tip conductivity probe signals is developed to provide further details on the air–water turbulent level, time and
length scales. The technique is applied to turbulent open channel flows on a stepped chute conducted in a large-size facility
with flow Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.8E+5 to 7.1E+5. The air water flow properties presented some basic characteristics
that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to previous skimming flow studies. Some self-similar relationships were
observed systematically at both macroscopic and microscopic levels. These included the distributions of void fraction, bubble
count rate, interfacial velocity and turbulence level at a macroscopic scale, and the auto- and cross-correlation functions
at the microscopic level. New correlation analyses yielded a characterisation of the large eddies advecting the bubbles. Basic
results included the integral turbulent length and time scales. The turbulent length scales characterised some measure of
the size of large vortical structures advecting air bubbles in the skimming flows, and the data were closely related to the
characteristic air–water depth Y
90. In the spray region, present results highlighted the existence of an upper spray region for C > 0.95–0.97 in which the distributions of droplet chord sizes and integral advection scales presented some marked differences
with the rest of the flow. 相似文献
9.
Guang-Kun Tan Gong-Xin Shen Shuo-Qiao Huang Wen-Han Su Yu Ke 《Experiments in fluids》2007,43(5):811-821
When swimming in water by flapping its tail, a fish can overcome the drag from uniform flow and propel its body. The involved
flow mechanism concerns 3-D and unsteady effects. This paper presents the investigation of the flow mechanism on the basis
of a 3-D robotic fish model which has the typical geometry of body and tail with periodic flapping 2-freedom kinematical motion
testing in the case of St = 0.78, Re = 6,600 and phase delay mode (φ = −75°), in which may have a greater or maximum propulsion (without consideration of the optimal efficiency). Using a special
technique of dye visualization which can clearly show vortex sheet and vortices in detail and using the inner 3-component
force balance and cable supporting system with the phase-lock technique, the 3-D flow structure visualized in the wake of
fish and the hydrodynamic force measurement were synchronized and obtained. Under the mentioned flapping parameters, we found
the key flow structure and its evolution, a pair of complex 3-D chain-shape vortex (S–H vortex-rings, S1–H1 and S2–H2, and their legs L1 and L2) flow structures, which attach the leading edge and the trailing edge, then shed, move downstream and outwards and distribute
two anti-symmetric staggering arrays along with the wake of the fish model in different phase stages during the flapping period.
It is different with in the case of St = 0.25–0.35. Its typical flow structure and evolution are described and the results prove that they are different from the
viewpoints based on the investigation of 2-D cases. For precision of the dynamic force measurement, in this paper it was provided
with the method and techniques by subtracting the inertial forces and the forces induced by buoyancy and gravity effect in
water, etc. from original data measured. The evolution of the synchronized measuring forces directly matching with the flow
structure was also described in this paper. 相似文献
10.
Tribological properties for polymers are mainly experimentally determined, while few standards are available and variation
in data is often large. Polyimide is slid against steel on a cylinder-on-plate tribotester at 50–200 N and 0.3 m/s. There
is a statistical variation of ±7% on dynamic friction, ±10% on static friction, ±8% on wear rates from weight loss and ±12%
from wear rates from dimensional measurements, or even higher at high normal loads. Different parameters influencing statistical
repeatability are discussed. Friction for polymers shows higher variation and wear rates show lower variation than steel/steel
pairs due to visco-elastic deformation that has a contribution to friction but reduces stress concentrations. It is experimentally
verified that the visco-elastic deformation of polymers in line contact is higher than calculated from theoretical models.
The role of recoverable and permanent deformation is verified and there is a difference in deformation at 50–100 N and 150–200 N
revealed from static loading tests, creep tests and wear measurements. The limit between running-in and steady-state coincides
with the stabilization in contact pressures after 250 μm diameter reduction. Besides test rig design, a variation in counterface
roughness seems the second most important influence. 相似文献
11.
Alexander Semenov Aurélia Charlot Rachel Auzély-Velty Marguerite Rinaudo 《Rheologica Acta》2007,46(5):541-568
Dynamics of associating polymer solutions above the reversible gelation point are studied. Each macromolecule consists of
a soluble backbone (B) and a small fraction of specific strongly interacting groups (A or C stickers) attached to B. A mixture
of B–A and B–C associating polymers with 1:1 stoichiometric ratio is considered. As a result of AC association, the polymers
reversibly gelate above the overlap concentration. It is shown that (1) the network strands are linear complexes (double chains)
of B–A and B–C; (2) “diffusion” of the network junction points is characterized by an apparent activation energy, which can
be significantly higher than the energy of one AC bond; (3) most importantly, the randomness of sticker distribution along
the chain can significantly slow down the network relaxation leading to a markedly non-Maxwellian viscoelastic behavior. The
theory elucidates the most essential features of rheological behavior of polysaccharide associating systems (with A = adamantyl
moiety, C = β-cyclodextrin, B = either chitosan or hyaluronan) including similar behavior of G
′ and G
″ in a wide frequency range, strong temperature dependence of the characteristic frequency ω
x
, and an extremely strong effect of added free stickers (fC) on the dynamics.
This paper was presented at Annual European Rheology Conference (AERC) held in Hersonisos, Crete, Greece, April 27–29, 2006. 相似文献
12.
V. Ya. Bezmenov V. Ya. Borovoy I. V. Struminskaya L. V. Yakovleva 《Fluid Dynamics》1999,34(1):105-109
The heat transfer to a cylindrical surface whose generators are perpendicular to the freestream direction is investigated.
Experiments were carried out in a short-duration wind tunnel at Mach numbers M=6 and 16. At M=6, the Reynolds number based
on the cylinder diameter was varied on the range from 2.2·104 to 0.95·106 for the purpose of studying the effect of acoustic disturbances generated by the nozzle boundary layer on the heat exchange.
Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 125–131, January–February,
1999.
The study was financially supported by ONERA (France). The authors wish to thank V. N. Gusev, S. M. Boldyrev, S. N. Krutii,
and R. A. Kazanskii from TsAGI and J. Délery and B. Chanetz from ONERA for their assistance with the investigation. 相似文献
13.
Angel Romo-Uribe Maraolina Domínguez-Díaz Maria Eugenia Romero-Guzmán Leonardo Rejón Rubén Saldivar-Guerrero 《Rheologica Acta》2009,48(2):201-215
This research investigates the influence of monomer composition on the thermal transitions, mi crostructure, and viscoelastic
properties of thermotro pic liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) based on 1, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (B) and 2,6-hydroxy-naphthoic
acid (N). Compositions B–N of 1:1, 1:3, 3:1, and 2:1 mol% were studied. The solid-to-nematic transition T
s→n was greatly influenced by the monomer composition, ranging from 230 to 280 °C. However, the decomposition temperature T
dec was independent of composition, all the materials degrading at T
dec = 509 °C. Polarized optical microscopy showed a threaded texture in the nematic phase. Fiber X-ray diffraction showed aperiodic
meridional maxima for all LCPs, the number of maxima depended on composition. B–N 3:1 and 1:3 mol% favor the orthorhombic
crystallographic phase whereas the 1:1 and 2:1 mol% crystallized in a pseudohexagonal phase. Dynamic time sweeps showed that
the nematic phases are stable at the temperatures studied. Strain sweeps showed the existence of a linear viscoelastic (LVE)
regime. The LVE properties ranged from predominantly viscous (G′ < G″) for the 1:1 mol% composition to predominantly elastic (G′ > G″) and with a well-defined rubber-like regime for the 1:3 mol% composition, resembling the rheology of flexible polymer melts.
The persistence length q appears to be the parameter driving the rheological behavior.
相似文献
Angel Romo-UribeEmail: |
14.
Probe measurements of electron temperature and density, electron energy distribution functions, and plasma potential in a
free gas jet activated in an electron-beam plasma and in a planar reactor are presented. The measurements are performed by
single, double, and triple electrostatic probes in jets of helium-argon and helium-argon-monosilane gas mixtures. The latter
mixture is used to deposit films of microcrystalline and epitaxial silicon. Microcrystalline silicon films of higher quality
are obtained in a dense (ne ≈ 1017 m−3) and cold (Te ≈ 1.0–0.5 eV) plasma with a low potential (Usp ≈ 10 V), whereas the growth of monocrystalline silicon films requires a hotter plasma (Te ≈ 3–5 eV) with a potential Usp ≈ 15 V.
__________
Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 3–10, January–February, 2007. 相似文献
15.
We perform a mathematical analysis of the steady flow of a viscous liquid, L{\mathcal{L}} , past a three-dimensional elastic body, B{\mathcal{B}} . We assume that L{\mathcal{L}} fills the whole space exterior to B{\mathcal{B}} , and that its motion is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations corresponding to non-zero velocity at infinity, v
∞. As for B{\mathcal{B}} , we suppose that it is a St. Venant–Kirchhoff material, held in equilibrium either by keeping an interior portion of it
attached to a rigid body or by means of appropriate control body force and surface traction. We treat the problem as a coupled
steady state fluid-structure problem with the surface of B{\mathcal{B}} as a free boundary. Our main goal is to show existence and uniqueness for the coupled system liquid-body, for sufficiently
small |v
∞|. This goal is reached by a fixed point approach based upon a suitable reformulation of the Navier–Stokes equation in the
reference configuration, along with appropriate a priori estimates of solutions to the corresponding Oseen linearization and
to the elasticity equations. 相似文献
16.
Jalil Moghadasi Fakhri Yousefi Mohammad Mehdi Papari Mohammad Ali Faghihi Ali Asghar Mohsenipour 《Heat and Mass Transfer》2009,45(11):1453-1466
It is the purpose of this paper to extract unlike intermolecular potential energies of five carbon dioxide-based binary gas
mixtures including CO2–He, CO2–Ne, CO2–Ar, CO2–Kr, and CO2–Xe from viscosity data and compare the calculated potentials with other models potential energy reported in literature. Then,
dilute transport properties consisting of viscosity, diffusion coefficient, thermal diffusion factor, and thermal conductivity
of aforementioned mixtures are calculated from the calculated potential energies and compared with literature data. Rather
accurate correlations for the viscosity coefficient of afore-cited mixtures embracing the temperature range 200 K < T < 3273.15 K is reproduced from the present unlike intermolecular potentials energy. Our estimated accuracies for the viscosity
are to within ±2%. In addition, the calculated potential energies are used to present smooth correlations for other transport
properties. The accuracies of the binary diffusion coefficients are of the order of ±3%. Finally, the unlike interaction energy
and the calculated low density viscosity have been employed to calculate high density viscosities using Vesovic–Wakeham method. 相似文献
17.
V. M. Mirsalimov 《Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics》2009,50(4):712-719
A plane problem of fracture mechanics for a circular disk fitted onto a rotating shaft is considered. The disk is assumed
to be fitted tightly onto the shaft, and there are N randomly located straight-line cracks of length 2lk (k = 1, 2, ..., N) near the inner surface of the disk. The interference between the disk and the rotating shaft, providing minimization
of fracture parameters (stress intensity factor) of the disk, is theoretically studied on the basis of the minimax criterion.
A closed system of algebraic equations is constructed, which allows the problem of optimal design to be solved. A simplified
method of minimization of disk fracture parameters is considered.
__________
Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 201–209, July–August, 2009. 相似文献
18.
The modified nonlinear relations for the estimation of elastic constants of Al2O3–NiAl composite material are developed. The concept of microstructure and interconnectivity of phases at the interface is
used. Hashin–Shtrikman relations are described in their actual form and modified version of Hashin–Shtrikman relations for
bulk and shear moduli are discussed. These relations for elastic and mechanical properties are applied mainly for Al2O3–NiAl composite material. Theoretical predictions using modified relations are compared with Hashin–Shtrikman bounds and experimental
results of elastic properties for Al2O3–NiAl matrix-inclusion-based composite. It is found that the predicted values of elastic and mechanical properties using modified
relations are quite close to the experimental results. 相似文献
19.
Jay D. Jabro 《Transport in Porous Media》2009,77(3):417-428
Water vapor diffusion through the soil is an important part in the total water flux in the unsaturated zone of arid or semiarid
regions and has several significant agricultural and engineering applications because soil moisture contents near the surface
are relatively low. Water vapor diffusing through dry soil is absorbed for both long and short terms. Long-term absorption
allows more water to enter than exit the soil, as reflected in the concentration gradient. Short-term absorption leads to
an apparent reduction in the diffusion rate, as reflected in the diffusion coefficient. This investigation studied the effects
of soil temperature and porosity on the isothermal diffusion of water vapor through soil. The diffusion model consisted of
25.4 cm × 8.9 cm × 20.3 cm Plexiglas box divided into two compartments by a partition holding a soil reservoir. Water vapor
moved from a container suspended by a spring in one compartment, through the porous medium in the center of the model, to
calcium chloride in a container suspended by a spring in the other compartment. The porous materials consisted of aggregates
of varying size (2–2.8, 1–2, and 0.5–1 mm) of a Fayatte silty clay loam (a fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). The flow
rates of water vapor were measured at temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40°C. Warmer temperatures increased the rate of diffusion
through dry soil while reduced the amount of water absorbed by that soil. Reducing porosity slowed the rate of diffusion and
increased the amount of water absorbed. The dry soil in this study absorbed from 1/8 to 2/3 of the diffusing water. Maximum
absorption rates occurred with the most compact soil samples at the highest temperature, though the maximum absorption as
a percentage of the diffusing water was in the compact samples at the lowest temperature. The diffusivity equation D/D
0 = [(S – 0.1)/0.9]2 fit the D/D
0 values obtained from these data if a coefficient of 1/3 or 1/3.5 is added to correct for the time delays caused by temporary
sorption of the diffusing water vapor. The data, influenced by the interaction of water vapor and soil materials, represent
a diffusion rate lower than the diffusion rate that would have resulted without this interaction.
Mention of trade names, proprietary products, or specific equipment is intended for reader information only and does not constitute
a guarantee or warranty by the USDA-ARS nor does it imply approval of the product named to the exclusion of other products.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
20.
V. V. Garannikov V. G. Zubchaninov N. L. Okhlopkov 《International Applied Mechanics》2000,36(7):961-968
The constitutive relations of the complanarity hypothesis are used to construct an image of the process of loading of 9×2
steel for a plane deformation.astroid-type trajectory, which is realized in the plain Э1-Э3 of the deviator subspace of Il'yushin's deformation. The laws governing changes in the scalar and vector properties of the
material are considered. The computed results are compared with experimental data obtained on a CH-DC computer-aided system.
State Technical University, Tver', Russia. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 130–136, July,2000. 相似文献