任意折射率的三维离散空间光线追迹方法研究

介绍了Runge-Kutta光线追迹方法,并以此作为任意折射率介质中光线追迹基本手段;针对具有折射率任意分布性质并且离散的三维流场空间,建立了流场空间任意点的折射率和折射率梯度计算方法;在追迹过程中,提出了追迹步长根据当地折射率梯度和网格几何尺寸自适应调节的思想和方法,用于提高追迹的精度和效率。结果表明,建立的光线追迹方法适用于三维离散空间折射率任意分布的光线追迹,具有较高的精度和效率。     

基于元胞自动机的气动光学光线追迹算法

对于含激波等大密度脉动结构气动光学流场,沿着直线路径对折射率积分会带来较大的光程误差.因此,数值求解光线方程进行光线追迹是必要的.与数值求解光线方程不同,元胞自动机(cellular automata,CA)通过给定光线位置和方向变换规则来模拟光线在介质中传输路径.本文基于已有的实验测量、数值仿真所获得的高超声速流场密度场数据,分别采用数值求解光线方程法和CA光线追迹算法进行光线追迹,进而得到光线出射流场后的光程差.结果表明, CA算法对于二维气动光学流场中光线追迹的适用性,且较数值求解光线方程方法具有更高的效率.     

变折射率介质中光线的追迹

本文根据A.Sharma等人提出的方法,给出了变折射率介质中光线追迹的矢量表达式;并提供了一个判断计算结果可靠与否的误差函数.在计算例子中,提出并讨论了用高精度的数值解来判断某些近似解析解所适用的范围.     

使用辅助光栅的平面变间距全息光栅加工理论研究

变间距全息光栅具有自聚焦和消像差功能,是高分辨率光谱仪与同步辐射单色器中的重要元件。研究了使用平面等间距光栅产生非球面波,记录平面变间距全息光栅的方法。根据几何光学的光线追迹理论,推导了光栅参量的四阶解析表达式。并基于费马原理,提出了记录光路的光线追迹数值算法。应用所推导的光栅参量四阶表达式,仿真设计了变间距全息光栅。通过合理选择记录参量,可以避免光栅基底受到零级及高阶衍射光场的影响。设计结果表明,理论光栅线密度与要求值相当符合;经光线追迹数值算法验证,解析表达式的展开误差在整个记录区域内小于1.5线;考虑到实际加工工艺允许误差,使用辅助光栅的记录光路对记录参量的误差并不敏感;设计实例证明了解析表达式的有效性,以及使用辅助光栅的记录光路的优越性。     

在合成的梯度折射率介质中的光线追迹

本文介绍由光程的幂级数展开成欧拉-拉格朗日(Euler-Lagrange)方程的解,引入一个对一种合成的梯度折射率介质的光线追迹算法。     

高超声速湍流流场高折射率梯度区域气动光学畸变仿真研究

基于折射率界面厚度的描述建立了一种高折射率梯度门限的数学模型,在此梯度门限下,研究了高超声速流场中高折射率梯度区域的气动光学传输效应.提出了一种用折射率梯度的调和平均值描述高折射率梯度门限的方法.采用高超声速流场的计算流体力学结果作为分析折射率梯度和进行气动光学传输仿真的源数据,忽略绝对值低于该门限的梯度值重构折射率场,并采用变折射率介质中光线追迹算法仿真其气动光学传输畸变.不同流场状况、不同位置截面的仿真结果表明,采用本门限,重构折射率场和原折射率场的相关性达0.9以上,仿真光程差均方根的相对误差不超过±5%,验证了该高折射率梯度门限模型的有效性和适用性,同时从数值角度证实了高超声速湍流流场中高折射率梯度区域是气动光学传输畸变的主要成因.     

星载激光测距大气校正算法与模型研究

考虑大气折射对星载激光测距的影响,研究了基于光线追迹理论的激光程差计算方法.综合利用气象探空数据和高层大气模式数据,拟合得到了全国46个典型地区的年度平均大气折射率模数高度分布廓线.据此,比较分析了光线追迹算法结果与Marini-Murray模型计算结果,给出了激光程差的全国性分布状况.最后,分析了激光程差与海拔高度和...     

基于光的反射与折射定律的表述方法推导及应用

光的反射和光的折射是几何光学应用中最基本的方法。在现代精密光学元件加工过程中,其不同的表述方法可以为光线追迹、棱镜误差分析以及棱镜装调提供不同的解决思路。介绍了光的反射定律和折射定律的传统形式表述方法,并推导了光的反射定律和折射定律的矢量、矩阵及四元数3种表述方法。通过Matlab辅助下的模拟计算,得到施密特棱镜检验光路中2个不同区域入射光线的反射在水平方向上对称分布于前表面反射像两侧,与实际应用相符,实现了矢量、矩阵和四元数表述方法在施密特棱镜检验光路中的应用。3种表述方法可以为光线追迹、棱镜误差分析以及棱镜装调提供科学、实用的解决方法。     

重叠复眼光学模型的建立与分析

与并列型复眼相比,重叠复眼有更高的光能量利用率和更高的灵敏度.该文从梯度折射率（GRIN）介质的光学特性出发,分析了GRIN介质在重叠复眼中的作用；参考生物解剖学中的测算结果,首次建立了重叠复眼的光学模型；通过对九个小眼进行光线追迹,分析了光接收器上的光线分布情况.     

几何光学 光学系统、成像与分析

O435．1 2005053223 变折射率介质中光线追迹通用算法的研究=Study on uni- versal ray tracing algorithm in the medium of cariable re- fractive index[刊,中]／黄战华(天津大学精密仪器与光电 子工程学院,光电信息技术科学教育部重点实验室．天津 (300072)),程红飞…∥光学学报．-2005,25(5)．-589- 592     

不同因素对可调节人工晶体屈光调节力的影响

首先以Hwey-Lan Liou眼模型为基础，根据等效性原则，保持该眼模型中自然晶状体屈光度不变，对无穷远点成像。然后利用ZEMAX实现光线追迹的方法，将自然晶状体替换为可调节人工晶状体（accommodative intraocular lens，AIOL），结合对人眼成像质量影响的分析，研究了AIOL在眼内的移动度、材料、中心厚度、结构、光学面非球面性等因素对其屈光调节力的影响。结果表明:AIOL移动度对其调节力贡献最大,材料、中心厚度、结构对调节力基本无影响；具有非球面光学面的AIOL调节力相对较大。     

Benchmark numerical solutions for radiative heat transfer in two-dimensional medium with graded index distribution

In graded index media, the ray goes along a curved path determined by Fermat principle. Generally, the curved ray trajectory in graded index media is a complex implicit function, and the curved ray tracing is very difficult and complex. Only for some special refractive index distributions, the curved ray trajectory can be expressed as a simple explicit function. Two important examples are the layered and the radial graded index distributions. In this paper, the radiative heat transfer problems in two-dimensional square semitransparent with layered and radial graded index distributions are analyzed. After deduction of the ray trajectory, the radiative heat transfer problems are solved by using the Monte Carlo curved ray-tracing method. Some numerical solutions of dimensionless net radiative heat flux and medium temperature are tabulated as the benchmark solutions for the future development of approximation techniques for multi-dimensional radiative heat transfer in graded index media.     

Determination of the refractive index profile of polymer optical fiber preform by the transverse ray tracing method

In graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF), the refractive index profile is an important parameter in defining its bandwidth. However, direct determination of the refractive index profile of GI-POF is difficult due to its extreme thinness. In this study, the refractive index distribution of the GI-POF is indirectly determined by measuring the refractive index distribution of the GI-POF perform by applying the transverse ray tracing method to a simplified measurement system that we developed.In this system, a parallel tabular ray is irradiated transversely to a GI-POF preform. The transverse ray from the preform is then projected on a screen, and its digital image is processed to calculate the refractive index distribution. The calculation is based on a transverse ray simulation, a computer program that we developed in which the refractive index distribution of the preform is determined by comparing the displacement of the transverse ray projected on the screen with the actual measurement.The accuracy of this new measurement method is validated by comparing the refractive index distribution of a GI-POF preform with the refractive index distribution measured by the conventional method using an interferometer. We find that the refractive index distribution measured by this novel method agrees well with that measured by the conventional method.     

Performance evaluation of GRIN lenses by ray tracing method

Plastic gradient-index lenses produce clear images with negligible aberration and distortion. One of the methods for fabricating these lenses involves pulling up the core fiber vertically from a polymer solution whose refractive index has been adjusted to the desired value. Since the molecules from the solution diffuse into the inner layer, the monomer components are distributed in the radial direction. The monomer distribution is fixed in the photopolymerization process, and this forming process is repeated several times with adjusting the composition of the solution; hence, a specific refractive index distribution is obtained. We considered a numerical model of the interdiffusion process and analyzed refractive index distribution that could well reproduce the experimental results. Moreover, we employed the ray tracing method to calculate the modulation transfer function and used the transfer function to evaluate the GRIN lens performance. Simulation results showed that our evaluation method well duplicates the experimental results. We thus developed an integrated simulation method for the fabrication and performance evaluation of GRIN lenses.     

Phase space analysis of metamaterial-based optical systems

Phase space analysis of light refraction in optical systems consisting of slabs or thin lenses from either metamaterials with negative refractive indices or common materials is performed with the aim of finding the conditions of perfect imaging for metamaterial-based optical systems. The analysis in the paraxial approximation uses ABCD matrices, whereas full ray tracing is employed in the non-paraxial case. The phase space analysis reveals that the ideality of planar metamaterial lenses only occurs when the absolute value of the refractive index in metamaterials is the same as in the surrounding medium.     

辛几何算法在计算非磁化等离子体中波传播轨迹时的应用

为了在数值计算中保持哈密顿系统的辛几何结构不变,利用辛几何算法得到了在线性哈密顿系统中射线追踪方程的一般辛差分格式。通过具体算例,利用辛几何算法计算了波在非磁化等离子体中的传播轨迹,并且与传统Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg算法所得结果进行了比较。利用辛几何算法所得传播轨迹与解析解一致,其色散函数值的误差随时间线性增长,能在长时间内保持色散函数值在一个很小的误差范围内。利用传统的Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg算法所得传播轨迹与解析解不一致,其误差随时间做大幅振荡增加。计算结果表明辛几何算法在保持传播轨迹和色散函数值方面具有独特的优势。     

Temperature field of radiative equilibrium in a semitransparent slab with a linear refractive index and gray walls

The temperature field in a semitransparent slab of absorbing-emitting gray medium at radiative equilibrium is solved in this paper. The medium has a linear refractive index and the two boundaries are diffuse gray walls. A curved ray tracing technique is combined with a pseudo-source adding method to deduce the radiative intensities on the gray walls. And on the basis of the previous work done by Ben Abdallah and Le Dez, the discrete temperature field in the slab is deduced. The influences of refractive index distribution, boundary wall emissivities and optical thickness on the radiative equilibrium temperature field are examined. The results display the significant influences of the refractive index distribution and the boundary wall emissivities.     

射线追踪、辛几何算法与波场的数值模拟

论述了射线追踪、辛几何算法与波场的数值模拟之间的关系,说明了辛几何算法长时间守恒性质及运用辛几何算法进行射线追踪的必要性.对线性层状模型,利用辛几何算法和Maslov渐近理论对波场进行了数值模拟,并与解析解进行了比较.     

Measurement of gradient refractive index profile of crystalline lens of fisheye in vivo using optical coherence tomography

We report the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for noninvasive measurement of the refractive index profile of a crystalline lens of a fisheye. The approach exploits the fact that OCT provides a direct measurement of the optical path of the light traveled through the medium. The gradient refractive index profile for the crystalline lens was retrieved by iterative fitting of the optical path calculated by the ray tracing method with that experimentally measured using OCT. The estimated error in refractive index is approximately 1%. The measured gradient refractive index and Matthiessen’s ratio (ratio of focal length to lens radius) are in good agreement with the previously reported values. PACS 42.62.Be; 42.30.-d; 42.30.Wb; 07.60.Vg     

Curved ray tracing method for one-dimensional radiative transfer in the linear-anisotropic scattering medium with graded index

The curved ray tracing method (CRT) is extended to radiative transfer in the linear-anisotropic scattering medium with graded index from non-scattering medium. In this paper, the CRT is presented to solve one-dimensional radiative transfer in the linear-anisotropic scattering gray medium with a linear refractive index and two black boundaries. The predicted temperature distributions and radiative heat flux at radiative equilibrium are determined by the proposed method, and numerical results are compared with the data in references. The results show that the CRT has a good accuracy for radiative transfer in the linear-anisotropic scattering medium with graded index and the dimensionless emissive power and dimensionless radiative heat flux depend on the dimensionless refractive index gradient. It can also be seen that the dimensionless refractive index gradient has important effects on the temperature discontinuity at the boundaries.