HYPY/SE提取固体有机质中生物标志化合物的研究

采用催化加氢热解技术提取了高演化沉积有机质中共价键结合生物标志物分子。催化加氢热解是在高氢压(>10MPa)、较慢的升温速率(5℃min)和高分散型催化剂作用下的还原反应,是一种对提取高收率、少结构重排的干酪根和沥青质分子骨架中共价键结合的生物标志化合物有独特作用的分析性手段。实验结果表明,通过催化加氢热解处理可以合理释放出高演化沉积有机质分子骨架中的具有原生性的组分,在油油对比、油源对比、油藏有机质沉积环境以及油藏的次生改造等研究方面可获得较好的应用。特别是针对高演化沉积物和一些后期严重降解的油藏而言,在恢复原始有机地球化学信息研究方面更具有重要意义。     

地质体中生物标志化合物的HyPy/GC-MS法测定

采用催化加氢热解(HyPy)联用GC-MS技术,提取和测定了地质有机大分子网络中共价键结合的生物标志物分子,建立了研究高演化干酪根分子中共价键结合的生物标志物信息的独特有效的分析方法.优化的实验条件为:样品担载Mo的质量分数为1%,升温速率5℃/min,反应终温550℃并恒温20 min,氢气压力10～15 MPa,氢气流速1.0 L/min.实验表明,该方法具有产物收率高、结构重排少、生物特征保持完整等特点,能够合理地释放出沉积有机质分子骨架中具有原生性的组分,保持完整的原始生物标志物结构和立体化学特征.将该技术应用于典型的地质样品分析中,结果令人满意.     

催化加氢热解/气相色谱-质谱研究沉积物中生物标志物

针对地质体中高演化沉积有机质,应用催化加氢热解/气相色谱-质谱方法测定了干酪根中以共价键结合的生物标志物。结果表明,实验样品的催化加氢热解产物收率明显高于二氯甲烷（DCM）索氏抽提,产物色谱图中饱和烃的峰形、保留时间和质谱特征与索氏抽提峰形基本一致;对比两种方法产物中饱和烃主要指标甾烷m/z 217和藿烷m/z 191表明,经过加氢还原,干酪根分子网络中共价键结合着两种生物标志物分子骨架得到印证,为催化加氢热解提取沉积物中生物标志物的方法可靠性提供了依据。催化加氢热解/气相色谱-质谱技术是一种对研究高演化沉积有机质中生物标志化合物有独特作用的有效分析手段。     

膏盐沉积环境浅成烃类的有机地球化学特征

本文对江汉盆地第三系潜江组生油岩、原油作了较系统的有机地球化学研究,认为膏盐沉积环境浅成烃类具有下列特征:(1)生油岩抽提物较高的转化率和中等的烃转化率;(2)较高的沥青质、非烃含量;(3)高硫原油是浅成原油的重要一类原油;(4)烷烃生物标志物具有高植烷、高伽玛蜡烷、正构烷烃偶奇优势或奇偶优势的特征;(5)芳烃生物标志物存在四种类型;(6)烷基苯有明显的偶奇优势。综合浅成烃类的特征认为应重视膏盐沉积环境的浅层勘探。     

色谱-质谱分析在有机地球化学研究中的应用

色谱-质谱分析在有机地球化学领域主要用来检测地质体中的生物标志物和分子化合物。生物标志物(biomarkers)指存在地壳和大气圈中,分子结构与特定天然产物之间具有明确联系,或与特定生物类别的分子结构之间具有相关性的天然有机化合物。从1982年到1992年10年的时间共召开了五届全国有机地球化学会议,每次会议都有生物标志物专题,在五届的全国有机地球化学会议中共有论文摘要1491篇,和生物标志物有关的论文达     

利用光谱、质谱和色谱研究中国辽河油田西斜坡原油卟啉生物标志物的特征

在石油和含油岩石中存在着多种类型的生物标志化合物,石油卟啉就是其中的一种.近 年来,生物标志化合物的研究已构成石油勘探工作中的一个极为活跃的研究领域.通过各种 生物标志物类型、组成、分布以及相互关系等的探讨,可为石油的成因、原始有机质的来源、油源对比、运移路线以及沉积古地理环境等方面研究提供具有理论意义的重要信息.在多种类型生物标志物基础上作出的结论要比基于单独一类标志物得到的认识更有说服力.对于辽河原油来说,烷烃类型的生物标志物研究较多,而卟啉类生物标志物由于化学操作过程繁、难,因此研究的较少,至今尚未见到有关报道.本文在完成对石油卟啉标志物的提取、分离研究的基础上,利用紫外-可见光谱、质谱及高效液相色谱对辽河油田西斜坡原油中卟啉生物标志物的特征进行了研究.     

发现于美国South Florida盆地的新生物标志化合物

笔者在对美国South Florida盆地Sunniland原油和Sunniland灰岩油源岩的有机地球化学研究中发现了11个系列的新生物标志化合物——芳基类异戊二烯,它们具有属同系列的特征离子m/z91+n14(n=0—10)。本文报道其中一个系列——2,3,6-三甲基苯基类异戊二烯系列——的分布特征及其有机地球化学意义,提出了两个新有机质热演化成熟度指标(∑HI/∑HII和∑HB/ΣHA),指出该烷基苯系列化合物是指示有机相和沉积有机质热演化成熟度的新生物标志化合物。     

小龙潭褐煤加氢液化及其重质产物结构表征

研究了小龙潭(XLT)褐煤直接加氢液化性能,并利用元素分析、红外光谱和荧光光谱法对液化重质产物沥青烯(AS)和前沥青烯(PA)结构进行了分析表征。结果表明,XLT褐煤液化活性高,FeS催化415 ℃时液化转化率最高达到89.6%,其液化过程主要是煤大分子结构热解并脱氧。所得AS和PA的芳环结构单元类似于原煤,氧主要以羟基和芳香酮羰基形式存在。PA具有"列岛"(archipelago)式大分子结构特征,芳香结构含量明显大于AS。THF溶液中,PA缔合作用显著强于AS,尤其在稀溶液中PA存在一定的分子内缔合。较高温度下所得PA和AS中芳香结构含量高,缔合作用强。     

色质联用仪生物标志物数据库的建立与扩展

随着我国石油工业的发展和色质联用仪广泛应用，生物标志化合物的鉴定与研究越来越重要。由于目前缺少完整的和系统的生物标志物数据资料．研究人员往往要花费大量的时间寻查文献，许多化合物无法鉴定，本谱库针对有机地球化学家们鉴定生物标志物的迫切需要以及弥补现有商业质谱数据库的不足，作者长期积累和广泛收集各类生物标志物的质谱数据文献，建立了有机地球化学研究工作中各类生物标志物的质谱库。该库提供化合物名称、分子式、分子峰、基峰、质谱强度等。     

渣油加氢转化前后沥青质的分子组成变化

沥青质是造成渣油加氢过程中结焦和催化剂失活的主要因素,深入研究渣油加氢转化前后沥青质的分子组成变化对于改进渣油加氢工艺有着重要的指导意义.本文采用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT-ICR MS)研究了塔河减渣加氢转化过程中沥青质组分的分子组成差异.为了减少沥青质分子之间的相互干扰和抑制,通过固相萃取技术对渣油加氢前后得到的沥青质进行了分离,并对比了其中主要化合物在分离前后的详细分子组成.利用固相萃取技术分离之后,还可以对加氢后沥青质中微量的卟啉钒化合物进行富集,并研究了在渣油加氢前后沥青质中的卟啉钒化合物的分子组成变化.研究表明,对沥青质样品进行更细致的分离可以得到丰富、全面的沥青质分子组成数据,为石油加工提供更有价值的分子结构信息.     

Geochemical characterisation of heavily biodegraded tar sand bitumens by catalytic hydropyrolysis

Catalytic hydropyrolysis was used to release the aliphatic biomarkers covalently bound within the asphaltene structure of highly biodegraded Nigerian tar sand bitumens. Unlike the free aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from the bitumen, the hydropyrolysis products of the asphaltenes afford aliphatic biomarkers having the characteristics of the initial unaltered oil, which had been trapped within the asphaltene matrix of the bitumen and protected from biodegradation processes. The biomarker profiles obtained allow proper characterisation of the bitumen in terms of source and thermal maturity. Catalytic hydropyrolysis is also capable of releasing aromatic hydrocarbons that can be used in the geochemical characterisation of the bitumen.     

The application of the OTA of kerogen to the evaluation of the rockmass heating

Oxyreactive thermal analysis (OTA) carried out in the conditions of full access of oxygen to each reacting particle of the sample investigated is a suitable method for the determination of important properties of the organic matter dispersed in the rocks. Its results may be easily evaluated to the form of values to be used in a clear diversification and classification system of organic matter/kerogen, as well as to the evaluation of its transformation process in a rockmass. The OTA also enables the distinguishing of the transformation stages and the investigation of the results of the gaseous products liberation from organic matter and kerogen. The OTA method may be applied as a complementary one for the Rock Eval analysis and be used for the organic geochemical and bituminological studies for geological bitumen prospecting.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Subcritical water extraction of organic matter from sedimentary rocks

Subcritical water extraction of organic matter containing sedimentary rocks at 300 °C and 1500 psi produces extracts comparable to conventional solvent extraction. Subcritical water extraction of previously solvent extracted samples confirms that high molecular weight organic matter (kerogen) degradation is not occurring and that only low molecular weight organic matter (free compounds) are being accessed in analogy to solvent extraction procedures. The sedimentary rocks chosen for extraction span the classic geochemical organic matter types. A type I organic matter-containing sedimentary rock produces n-alkanes and isoprenoidal hydrocarbons at 300 °C and 1500 psi that indicate an algal source for the organic matter. Extraction of a rock containing type II organic matter at the same temperature and pressure produces aliphatic hydrocarbons but also aromatic compounds reflecting the increased contributions from terrestrial organic matter in this sample. A type III organic matter-containing sample produces a range of non-polar and polar compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated aromatic compounds at 300 °C and 1500 psi reflecting a dominantly terrestrial origin for the organic materials. Although extraction at 300 °C and 1500 psi produces extracts that are comparable to solvent extraction, lower temperature steps display differences related to organic solubility. The type I organic matter produces no products below 300 °C and 1500 psi, reflecting its dominantly aliphatic character, while type II and type III organic matter contribute some polar components to the lower temperature steps, reflecting the chemical heterogeneity of their organic inventory. The separation of polar and non-polar organic compounds by using different temperatures provides the potential for selective extraction that may obviate the need for subsequent preparative chromatography steps. Our results indicate that subcritical water extraction can act as a suitable replacement for conventional solvent extraction of sedimentary rocks, but can also be used for any organic matter containing mineral matrix, including soils and recent sediments, and has the added benefit of tailored extraction for analytes of specific polarities.     

High temperature gas chromatography for the analysis of fossil fuels: A review

For the past two or three decades geochemists have been concerned with the analyses and characterization of compounds, generally hydrocarbons, ranging from C₁? C₄₀. Significant amounts of information have resulted from these studies which have been extremely useful in many geochemical and environmental studies. However, in the past two or three years the commercial development and availability of high temperature gas chromatography columns has lead to the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMWHC), and other compounds, in the carbon number range C₄₀? C₁₀₀, present in oils, waxes, bitumens and rock extracts. The ability to study these compounds represents a major advance in organic geochemistry. In some samples these compounds may represent the bulk of the organic components but prior to development of the high temperature columns it was impossible to study their distributions. This paper will review advances that have occurred in terms of the application of high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) to the analyses of fossil fuel samples and discuss the possible origin and significance of these compounds that have been identified. In addition, some of the potential problems involved in the analyses of these compounds will also be discussed.     

桦甸油页岩热解过程中热沥青的组成变化规律

将桦甸油页岩分别在300、350、400、450、500和550℃热解得到半焦,对半焦进行逐级抽提和酸洗,得到自由沥青、碳酸盐束缚沥青和硅酸盐束缚沥青,采用柱层析、FT-IR和GC-MS表征不同沥青的化学组成和结构特征,探讨沥青的化学组成变化及与矿物质的相互作用。结果表明,沥青总产率先增大后减小并在400℃取得最大值4.63%,400-450℃大量沥青分解生成页岩油,使沥青产率降至0.98%。350-450℃自由沥青主要发生羧酸脱羧、酯基分解和长链烷烃裂解反应,使羧酸和酯类化合物含量降低、烷烃碳链长度缩短。干酪根分解生成的羧酸与碳酸盐反应生成羧酸盐,使400℃碳酸盐束缚沥青中羧酸含量达78.82%;含氧化合物可与黏土矿物结合,且烷烃可进入蒙脱石层间,使400℃硅酸盐束缚沥青中含氧化合物和烷烃各占80.79%和19.21%。     

Spectral characterisation of eight glycerolipids and their detection in natural samples using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

In recent years, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) with cluster ion sources has opened new perspectives for the analysis of lipid biomarkers in geobiology and organic geochemistry. However, published ToF‐SIMS reference spectra of relevant compounds are still sparse, and the influence of the chemical environment (matrix) on the ionisation of molecules and their fragmentation is still not well explored. This study presents ToF‐SIMS spectra of eight glycerolipids as common target compounds in biomarker studies, namely ester‐ and ether‐bound phosphatidylethanolamine, ester‐ and ether‐bound phosphatidylcholine, ester‐bound phosphatidylglycerol, ester‐ and ether‐bound diglycerides and archaeol, obtained with a Bi cluster ion source. For all of these compounds, the spectra obtained in positive and negative analytical modes showed characteristic fragments that could clearly be assigned to e.g. molecular ions, functional groups and alkyl chains. By comparison with the reference spectra, it was possible to track some of these lipids in a pre‐characterised organic extract and in cryosections of microbial mats. The results highlight the potential of ToF‐SIMS for the laterally resolved analysis of organic biomarkers in environmental materials. The identification of the target compounds, however, may be hampered by matrix effects (e.g. adduct formation) and often require careful consideration of all spectral features and taking advantage of the molecular imaging capability of ToF‐SIMS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of “Hot Termini” and Properties of Organic Compounds. A Quantitative Consideration and Simple Example

Differences in various properties of organic compounds of different classes of the same or similar composition but of different structure, as well as complexes of such compounds and transient complexes in their chemical reactions are associated with different mobility of terminal molecular fragments and can be explained in terms of the “hot termini” effect.__________Translated from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2005, pp. 82–88.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Golovanov, Zhenodarova.     

Comparison of microprobe two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ancient terrestrial rocks

Microprobe two-step laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectrometry (μL²MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ancient terrestrial rocks. μL²MS provides an in situ analysis of very small samples, records the PAHs with no isomer information, and gives quantitative data on the degree of alkylation of a given PAH series over the complete mass range. GC/MS provides isomer separation and quantitation of PAHs in bitumen but not kerogen, and is limited by sample size. Combination of these techniques allows analysis of very small samples by μL²MS with GC/MS confirmation of isomer distributions of the solvent extractable components (bitumen). It was found that the concentration of bitumen within the rock samples affects the PAH alkylation signal for μL²MS. At low bitumen concentrations μL²MS can produce pyrolysis products from kerogen that is present; however, as bitumen concentrations increase, the PAH distribution from bitumen dominates the signal.     

Pseudosterins A–C,Three 1-Ethyl-3-formyl-β-carbolines from Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Their Cardioprotective Effects

Pseudostellaria heterophylla is used in China not only as a functional food but also as an herb to tonify the spleen, enhance immunity, and treat palpitation. Our previous investigation showed that a fraction enriched in glycosides obtained from the roots of P. heterophylla possessed pronounced protective effects on H9c2 cells against CoCl₂-induced hypoxic injury. However, the active compounds responsible for the observed effects were still unknown. In the current investigation, pseudosterins A–C (1–3), three new alkaloids with a 1-ethyl-3-formyl-β-carboline skeleton, together with polydatin, have been isolated from the active fraction. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The four compounds showed cardioprotective effects against sodium hydrosulfite-induced hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells, with the three alkaloids being more potent. This is also the first report of alkaloids with a β-carboline skeleton isolated from P. heterophylla as cardioprotective agents.