Thermal degradation of two liquid fuels and detonation tests for pulse detonation engine studies

The use of liquid fuels such as kerosene is of interest for the pulse detonation engine (PDE). Within this context, the aim of this work, which is a preliminary study, was to show the feasibility to initiate a detonation in air with liquid-fuel pyrolysis products, using energies and dimensions of test facility similars to those of PDEs. Therefore, two liquids fuels have been compared, JP10, which is a synthesis fuel generally used in the field of missile applications, and decane, which is one of the major components of standard kerosenes (F-34, Jet A1, ...). The thermal degradation of these fuels was studied with two pyrolysis processes, a batch reactor and a flow reactor. The temperatures varied from 600°C to 1,000°C and residence times for the batch reactor and the flow reactor were, respectively, between 10–30 s and 0.1–2 s. Subsequently, the detonability of synthetic gaseous mixtures, which was a schematisation of the decomposition state after the pyrolysis process, has been studied. The detonability study, regarding nitrogen dilution and equivalence ratio, was investigated in a 50 mm-diameter, 2.5 m-long detonation tube. These dimensions are compatible with applications in the aircraft industry and, more particularly, in PDEs. Therefore, JP10 and decane were compared to choose the best candidate for liquid-fuel PDE studies. This paper was based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 31 – August 5, 2005.     

硅烷对JP10和煤油点火特性影响的激波管研究

在JP10和煤油点火特性激波管实验的基础上，实验研究了硅烷对这两种典型高碳数碳氢燃 料点火特性的影响. 在预加热到70 C的激波管上，采用缝合运行条件获得了近7ms 的实验时间，将实验延伸至低温区. 采用气相色谱分析和高精度真空仪直接测定压力相结合 的方法，确定了燃料气相浓度，解决了高碳数碳氢燃料点火激波管实验时由于管壁吸附影响 燃料气相浓度确定的困难. 实验记录了点火过程中OH自由基发射强度变化，并作为判断点 火发生的标志. 实验温度范围880~1800K, 压力范 围0.16~0.53\,MPa. 当硅烷加入量约为燃料的10%~15%(摩尔比)， 质量比为2%~3%, 观测到明显的点火促进作用. 该研究对超燃研究中发动机设计、 燃料选择等方面具有直接的工程意义，也可用于检验燃烧化学动力学模型的合理性.     

STUDIES ON THE AUTOIGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF RP-3 AVIATION KEROSENE

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.     

RP-3航空煤油点火特性研究

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.      

Characteristics of compressible flow of supercritical kerosene

In this paper, compressible flow of aviation kerosene at supercritical conditions has been studied both numerically and experimentally. The thermophysical properties of supercritical kerosene are calculated using a 10 species surrogate based on the principle of extended corresponding states (ECS). Isentropic acceleration of supercritical kerosene to subsonic and supersonic speeds has been analyzed numerically. It has been found that the isentropic relationships of supercritical kerosene are significantly different from those of ideal gases. A two-stage fuel heating and delivery system is used to heat the kerosene up to a temperature of 820 K and pressure of 5.5 MPa with a maximum mass flow rate of 100 g/s. The characteristics of supercritical kerosene flows in a converging-diverging nozzle (Laval nozzle) have been studied experimentally. The results show that stable supersonic flows of kerosene could be established in the temperature range of 730 K-820 K and the measurements in the wall pressure agree with the numerical calculation.     

喷嘴结构对液氧煤油火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性的影响

为了筛选高压补燃循环液氧煤油火箭发动机的喷嘴,在喷注单元低压高频燃烧不稳定性模拟实验系统上开展实验,研究了喷嘴结构对燃烧稳定性边界的影响。实验使用气态空气与氧气的混合物作为氧化剂,加热的煤油蒸汽作为燃料;喷嘴为全尺寸气液同轴直流离心式喷嘴,模拟燃烧室与真实燃烧室的固有声学频率相等。根据测量模拟燃烧室内的脉动压力区分大幅振荡、小幅振荡和稳定工作。研究结果表明,喷嘴长度、缩进室长度和入口节流嘴直径对高频燃烧不稳定性裕量有很大影响,并存在相对最佳值。     

基于神经网络的偏微分方程求解方法研究综述

神经网络作为一种强大的信息处理工具在计算机视觉,生物医学,油气工程领域得到广泛应用,引发多领域技术变革.深度学习网络具有非常强的学习能力,不仅能发现物理规律,还能求解偏微分方程.近年来基于深度学习的偏微分方程求解已是研究新热点.遵循于传统偏微分方程解析解、偏微分方程数值解术语,本文称用神经网络进行偏微分方程求解的方法为...     

Simulation of self-ignition of aviation kerosene by a shock wave

The self-ignition of an aviation kerosene surrogate by a shock wave is studied. Based on the kinetic mechanisms of fuel surrogate combustion in air, the aviation kerosene ignition is numerically simulated. The shock wave parameters are determined. The induction time dependence on the gas temperature is obtained.     

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON THE MIXING OF CH_4 AND KEROSENE INJECTED INTO A SUPERSONIC FLOW WITH H_2 PILOT INJECTION

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多管脉冲爆轰发动机外三维流场的数值计算

为研究多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场变化特点,推导了三维黏性CE/SE方法,并对7管脉冲爆轰发动机的内、外流场进行了数值计算. 7个爆轰管的排列方式是1个居中、另外6个绕其形成环状排列. 管内流场采用一维模型进行处理; 管外流场采用三维模型进行计算, 得到多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场的变化规律. 计算结果表明,此多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场中存在旋涡及多道相互作用的激波与膨胀波, 该结果对多管脉冲爆轰发动机外流场特性研究具有一定的参考价值.      

A numerical study of two- and three-dimensional detonation dynamics of pulse detonation engine by the CE／SE method

In this paper, the CE/SE method is developed to simulate the two- and three-dimensional flow-field of Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE). The conservation equations with stiff source terms for chemical reaction are solved in two steps. The detailed analysis of computational results of a PDE with a single detonation tube and a PDE with five detonation tubes are given in this paper. Complex wave systems are observed inside and outside a PDE. For a PDE with 5 detonation tubes, there is a big bow shock produced from a number of little shocks near the open ends of tubes. A lot of vortexes interact with shocks and a large expansion wave propagates forward and backward with respect to the PDE in a semi-oval shape.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (59906005), the Teaching and Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in High Education Institutions of MOE, China     

Partially premixed prevalorized kerosene spray combustion in turbulent flow

A detailed numerical simulation of kerosene spray combustion was carried out on a partially premixed, prevaporized, three-dimensional configuration. The focus was on the flame temperature profile dependency on the length of the pre-vaporization zone. The results were analyzed and compared to experimental data. A fundamental study was performed to observe the temperature variation and flame flashback. Changes were made to the droplet diameter, kerosene flammability limits, a combustion model parameter and the location of the combustion initialization. Investigations were performed for atmospheric pressure, inlet air temperature of 90 °C and a global equivalence ratio of 0.7. The simulations were carried out using the Eulerian Lagrangian procedure under a fully two-way coupling. The Bray–Moss–Libby model was adjusted to account for the partially premixed combustion.     

Performance of supersonic model combustors with staged injections of supercritical aviation kerosene

Supersonic model combustors using two-stage injections of supercritical kerosene were experimentally investigated in both Mach 2.5 and 3.0 model combustors with stagnation temperatures of approximately 1,750 K. Supercritical kerosene of approximately 760 K was prepared and injected in the overall equivalence ratio range of 0.5-1.46. Two pairs of integrated injector/flameholder cavity modules in tandem were used to facilitate fuel-air mixing and stable combustion. For single-stage fuel injection at an upstream location, it was found that the boundary layer separation could propagate into the isolator with increasing fuel equivalence ratio due to excessive local heat release, which in turns changed the entry airflow conditions. Moving the fuel injection to a further downstream location could alleviate the problem, while it would result in a decrease in combustion efficiency due to shorter fuel residence time. With two-stage fuel injections the overall combustor performance was shown to be improved and kerosene injections at fuel rich conditions could be reached without the upstream propagation of the boundary layer separation into the isolator. Furthermore, effects of the entry Mach number and pilot hydrogen on combustion performance were also studied.     

多循环脉冲爆震发动机流场数值研究

针对二维带有收敛扩张喷管的脉冲爆震发动机模型，采用带基元化学反应的Euler方程组和H2、空气的9组分20基元反应，对发动机在前六个工作循环的流场进行了数值模拟。通过对前几个循环流场进行比较，发现脉冲爆震发动机在第五个循环后流场就基本稳定，单循环得到的流场和多循环稳定后的流场有很大的差别，同时喷管对发动机内流场影响特别大。     

An experimental study of the evaporation characteristics of emulsified liquid droplets

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation, into the effect of water in diesel and kerosene emulsions, on the evaporation time of a single droplet, on hot surfaces (stainless-steel and aluminum). Experiments are performed at atmospheric pressure, and initial water volume concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The wall temperatures ranging from 100–460 °C, to cover the entire spectrum of heat transfer characteristics from evaporation to film boiling. Results show that, qualitatively, the shapes of emulsion evaporation curves are very similar to that of pure liquids. Quantitavely, there are significant differences. The total evaporation time, for the emulsion droplets is lower than that for diesel and kerosene fuels, and decreased as water initial concentration increases, up to surface temperatures less than the critical temperature. The value of the critical surface temperature (maximum heat transfer rate), decreases as initial concentration of water increases. In the film-boiling region, the evaporation time for the emulsion droplets is higher than for diesel and kerosene droplets, at identical conditions.List of Symbols h_fg latent heat of vaporization, KJ/kg - m mass of the droplet, gm - T_b boiling temperature, °C - T_c critical temperature, °C - T_L Leidenfrost temperature, °C - T_s initial surface temperature of the hot surface, °C     

Pulses in binary wave guide arrays and long wave PDE approximations

Binary waveguide arrays are linear arrays of optical waveguides with binary alternation of parameters, and have been of recent interest. They can be modeled by systems of nonlinear ODEs with forms related to the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Such equations can also arise in semi-classical molecular models of polymers with excitable states in each monomer, and coupling between these.An important class of solutions arises from an initially highly localized signal, such as input to a single element of the array. Simulations show that for a wide array of parameter values and of such initial data, a pulse is generated that travels approximately as a traveling wave. After a suitable phase shift in the variables, this pulse quickly develops a slow spatial variation, leading to a long-wave approximation by a system of coupled third order PDEs; one each for nodes of even and odd indices.This system of PDEs is presented, and verified to quite accurately reproduce the pulse propagation seen in the ODE system; further there is often a strong tendency for the behavior of the two PDE components to converge, with a corresponding convergence of the even and odd index parts of the ODE system solution. The PDE model gives some indication of why this occurs.     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

Experimental study of an air-breathing pulse detonation engine ejector

Experimental studies were performed in order to improve the understanding of the performance of ejector driven by an air-breathing pulse detonation engine (PDE) with a convergent nozzle. This research utilized a gasoline-air PDE at four different operating frequencies of 8 Hz, 10 Hz, 12 Hz and 15 Hz. The performance of PDE-ejector was quantified by thrust measurements. The effects of single ejector length and axial location on thrust augmentation were investigated. It was found that the single ejector with L/D of 2 showed the best performance and the maximum thrust augmentation occurred at a downstream placement of +1 tube diameter. The performances of two-stage and three-stage ejectors were also investigated. The results indicated that both the overlap ratio and the flow area between two stages should not be too large. The performance of the two-stage ejector was not as sensitive as single-stage ejector to axial position in current conditions. The three-stage ejector behaved better than the two-stage ejector but worse than the single-stage ejector in this work. A maximum thrust augmentation of 1.8 was obtained with an L/D of 2 at a downstream placement of +1 position and 15 Hz operating frequency.     

A Probability Density Function Method for Modelling Liquid Fuel Sprays

A stochastic model is proposed for modelling the turbulent dispersion of liquid fuel sprays. The approach adopted is based on the evolution equation for the joint probability density function (PDF) of the droplet properties. Turbulent dispersion is described by Langevin's equation in which a Weiner process is used to represent the stochastic force term. The method leads to plausible results when applied to a kerosene spray flame and provides a rational framework for the incorporation of liquid film break up and droplet formation processes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.