煤质活性炭的光催化再生

 研究了利用光催化氧化降解反应实现饱和吸附苯酚的煤质活性炭光催化再生的可行性，并分析了活性炭的光催化再生机理．结果表明，在一定条件下可以实现活性炭的光催化再生．在Ag－TiO2负载量为1．9％，pH＝13，θ＝70℃，t＝72h的再生条件下，活性炭的再生率可达 78．4％．在光照条件下，光催化剂作为有机物的降解中心而造成活性炭内外吸附苯酚的浓度差是活性炭光催化再生的主要驱动力．     

CeO2掺杂RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂结构与湿式氧化降解苯酚的活性研究

采用浸渍法制备了RuO2/γ-Al2O3和RuO2-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂,利用XRD,XPS和ESR分析了催化剂的结构,并研究了湿式氧化降解苯酚的活性.结果表明,两种催化剂表面RuO2均有良好的分散性,并且催化剂表面存在氧空位和化学吸附氧,CeO2的掺杂使催化剂表面氧空位和化学吸附氧数量增加.两种催化剂对湿式氧化降解苯酚具有良好的催化活性,当苯酚质量浓度为4200mg/L,在150℃和3MPa下,RuO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂湿式氧化降解苯酚反应150min后,苯酚全部被去除,RuO2-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂反应60min后,苯酚的去除率为96%.     

一种测量超临界条件下苯酚吸附等温线方法

超临界吸附相平衡是超临界吸附／色谱分离过程设计的基础,通常,研究超临界吸附相平衡的实验不仅需要在高压下操作,而且需使用耐高压的检测器,本文提出一种测量超临界条件下吸附相平衡关系的“扩容减压吸收法”方法,它不需要耐高压检测器,以“苯酚－活性炭－超临界二氧化碳流体”为体系,测定了苯酚在活性炭－超临界二氧化碳流体之间的吸附相平衡关系,测定了苯酚在两种活性炭上的超临界吸附等温线,比较了苯酚在超临界条件和常     

活性炭表面含氧基团对苯酚吸附平衡及动力学的影响

煤基活性炭分别用烧失处理和HNO3氧化处理后得到不同表面性质的活性炭,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N2吸附、酸碱滴定及零电荷点(pHPZC)对活性炭表面性质及孔结构进行表征,研究了活性炭表面性质对苯酚吸附平衡和吸附动力学影响.经HNO3氧化后,活性炭表面含氧基团显著增加,烧失处理后,表面含氧基团尤其是羧基显著减少.苯酚最大平衡吸附量随活性炭表面含氧基团的增多而减少,吸附速率常数与碳表面含氧基团的量呈正相关,而吸附活化能与活性炭在一定吸附条件下表面所带电荷多少相关.随着活性炭表面含氧基团增多,吸附活化熵增大(负值减小),苯酚在活性炭表面排列的有序性减小.静态吸附与动态吸附实验结果都表明:在含氧基团较少而碱性更强的活性炭上,发生化学吸附的程度更大.     

表面改性活性炭活化过硫酸盐降解苯酚

采用硝酸氧化联合高温处理法对活性炭(AC)进行表面改性(样品记为ACNH),并将其用于活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解苯酚.通过氮气等温吸附、元素分析、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜等手段对改性前后活性炭的表面性质进行了表征分析.考察了活性炭投加量、PS/苯酚摩尔比、苯酚初始浓度和初始p H等条件对苯酚降解率的影响.结果表明,改性后活性炭活化PS能力显著提高,在ACNH/PS体系中苯酚的降解速率是AC0/PS体系中的5倍;ACNH的pH值适用范围宽;活性炭表面醌基、吡喃酮结构和碳原子平面层上的离域π电子(Cπ)在活化PS过程中起主要作用,而羧基起抑制作用.     

沸石和活性炭为载体的Fe3+和Cu2+型催化剂催化氧化苯酚的比较

以沸石和活性炭为载体，制备了Fe3 和Cu2 型沸石和活性炭催化荆，研究了非均相Fe和Cu催化剂催化氧化高浓度含酚废水．在Fenton反应机理的基础上，探讨了Cu2 的均相和非均相催化氧化机理，以人造沸石和活性炭为栽体制备了相应的4种非均相催化剂，进行了均相、非均相Fe和Cu催化剂催化氧化高浓度含酚废水的对比试验，分析了这两种载体的比表面积、孔径分布和中孔孔容，比较了4种非均相催化剂对苯酚降解率的影响．结果发现Cu2 不仅能大大提高反应速率，而且其均相、非均相反应体系的苯酚降解率均可达到约97％．     

铁钛双金属共柱撑膨润土光催化-Fenton降解苯酚

 通过简单的离子交换方法成功合成了铁钛双金属共柱撑膨润土催化剂, 并利用 N2 吸附、X 射线衍射和等离子体发射光谱对所合成的样品进行了表征. 以苯酚为目标污染物, 考察了 pH 值、催化剂的投加量以及双氧水的加入量等对苯酚降解性能的影响. 结果表明, 在中性条件和紫外光照射下, 铁钛双金属柱撑膨润土上苯酚降解率和矿化率都高达 95%, 且铁离子的溶出率始终低于 2 mg/L, 均优于单一铁柱撑膨润土催化剂. 经过五次循环测试, 催化剂均表现出较高的活性. 即使在碱性 (pH = 9.0) 条件下, 反应 180 min 苯酚降解率也高达 70.3%, 表现出较好的酸碱适应性. 并讨论了双金属柱撑土所具有较大的比表面积和较强的表面酸性与活性之间的关系.     

催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚

在150–210 oC,1.0 MPa氧分压条件下,对催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚进行了研究.与无催化剂共氧化降解苯酚和硝基苯相比,均相催化剂的加入极大提高了苯酚和硝基苯的去除.在所研究的过渡金属催化剂中, Cu2+, Co2+和Ni2+是有效的催化剂,其中Cu2+的催化活性最好.引发剂苯酚的连续加入模式对硝基苯的去除有很大的促进作用,分批加入苯酚的促进作用更明显.在200 oC,以Cu2+为催化剂,苯酚分两次加入,反应1 h,硝基苯去除率达到95%.这种催化共氧化体系以及分批进样引发剂的反应模式对有效去除环境中其它有机污染物提供了一种方法.     

可重复使用的有序介孔碳-氧化钛吸附-光催化剂用于去除水中苯酚

制备了有序介孔碳-氧化钛吸附-光催化剂,利用可见光高效降解水中苯酚.为去除水中高浓度苯酚,设计了吸附-光催化循环,即暗条件吸附8h,分离催化剂和将固体催化剂置于可见光下辐照8h.经过10次循环,水中高浓度苯酚(200mg/L)几乎可被完全降解.详细讨论了TiO₂晶格中非金属掺杂、介孔碳壁对TiO₂纳米颗粒聚集的阻抑作用、介孔孔道吸附苯酚性能等因素对吸附-光催化剂性能的影响.有序介孔碳-氧化钛复合体有效地结合了物理吸附和光化学降解技术,有望用于降解水中难生物降解的高浓度有机污染物.     

催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚（英文）

在150–210 oC,1.0 MPa氧分压条件下,对催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚进行了研究.与无催化剂共氧化降解苯酚和硝基苯相比,均相催化剂的加入极大提高了苯酚和硝基苯的去除.在所研究的过渡金属催化剂中,Cu2+,Co2+和Ni2+是有效的催化剂,其中Cu2+的催化活性最好.引发剂苯酚的连续加入模式对硝基苯的去除有很大的促进作用,分批加入苯酚的促进作用更明显.在200 oC,以Cu2+为催化剂,苯酚分两次加入,反应1 h,硝基苯去除率达到95%.这种催化共氧化体系以及分批进样引发剂的反应模式对有效去除环境中其它有机污染物提供了一种方法.     

Competitive adsorption and desorption of a bi-solute mixture: effect of activated carbon type

This study aims to clarify the effects of carbon activation type and physical form on the extent of adsorption capacity and desorption capacity of a bi-solute mixture of phenol and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). For this purpose, two different PACs; thermally activated Norit SA4 and chemically activated Norit CA1, and their granular countertypes with similar physical characteristics, thermally activated Norit PKDA and chemically activated Norit CAgran, were used. The thermally activated carbons were better adsorbers for phenol and 2-CP compared with chemically activated carbons, but adsorption was more reversible in the latter case. 2-CP was adsorbed preferentially by each type of activated carbon, but adsorption of phenol was strongly suppressed in the presence of 2-CP. The simplified ideal adsorbed solution (SIAS) model underestimated the 2-CP loadings and overestimated the phenol loadings. However, the improved and modified forms of the SIAS model could better predict the competitive adsorption. The type of carbon activation was decisive in the application of these models. For each activated carbon type, phenol was desorbed more readily in the bi-solute case, but desorption of 2-CP was less compared with single-solute. This was attributed to higher energies of 2-CP adsorption.     

Low-temperature catalytic adsorption of NO on activated carbon materials

The catalytic adsorption of NO on activated carbon materials provides an appropriated alternative for the control of low-concentration emissions of this air pollutant. The surface complexes formed upon NO adsorption at 30 degrees C were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The effects of the addition of O2 and the presence of copper as a catalyst were studied. Copper assisted the oxygen transfer to the carbon matrix. For the Cu-impregnated carbon sample, the presence of O2 favored NO adsorption by increasing the breakthrough time, the adsorption capacity, and the formation of nitrogen and oxygen complexes of higher thermal stabilities, which mainly desorbed as NO and CO2.     

Understanding phenol adsorption mechanisms on activated carbons

The interactions between phenol molecules and activated carbons were investigated in order to understand the adsorption mechanism of this aromatic compound. A series of activated carbons with varied chemical composition but similar porous features were synthesized and submitted to phenol exposure from aqueous phase, followed by thermogravimetric analysis and identification of the desorbed species by temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry. Based on these experiments, both physi- and chemisorption sites for phenol were identified on the activated carbons. Our results demonstrate that physisorption of phenol depends strictly on the porosity of the activated carbons, whereas chemisorption depends on the availability of the basal planes in the activated carbons. Thus, oxidation of the carbon can suppress the fraction of chemisorbed phenol since the surface functionalities incorporate to the edges of the basal planes; notwithstanding, hydrophilic carbons may present a small but not negligible contribution of chemisorbed phenol depending on the extent of the functionalization. Moreover, these adsorption sites (chemi-) are recovered by simply removal of the surface functionalities after thermal annealing.     

Desulfurization of liquid fuels by adsorption on carbon-based sorbents and ultrasound-assisted sorbent regeneration

Several carbon-based adsorbents, CuCl/AC, PdCl2/AC, and Pd/AC (where AC denotes activated carbon), were studied for desulfurization of a model jet fuel by selective adsorption of thiophenic molecules. Comparisons with gamma-Al2O3 support and desulfurization of a commercial jet fuel were also studied. The results showed that the selective sulfur adsorption capacity of PdCl2 was higher than that of CuCl and Pd(0), in agreement with molecular orbital results. It was also found that the activated carbon is the best support for pi-complexation sorbents to remove sulfur-containing compounds, i.e., benzothiophene and methylbenzothiophene. Among all the adsorbents studied, PdCl2/AC had the highest capacity for desulfurization. A significant synergistic effect was observed between the carbon substrate and the supported pi-complexation sorbent, and this effect was explained by a geometric effect. The saturated sorbent was regenerated by desorption assisted by ultrasound with a solvent of 30 wt % benzene and 70 wt % n-octane. The results showed that the amount of sulfur desorbed was higher with ultrasound, 65 wt % desorption vs 45 wt % without ultrasound in a static system at 50 degrees C.     

Foam-structured Activated Carbon-ceramic as TiO2 Supports for Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol

An activated foam-structured carbon-ceramic(AFCC) was prepared and investigated as TiO₂ support for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. AFCC and TiO₂/AFCC catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption- desorption and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The effects of AFCC on the photocatalytic activity and the crystallinity of TiO₂ were studied. The results show that the crystallinity and anatase/rutile ratio of TiO₂ loaded on AFCC could be significantly influenced by the calcination temperature. The degradation rate of phenol benefited from the synergistic effects of the adsorption of activated carbon(AC) and the photocatalysis of TiO₂, which suggests that a high surface area of AC is essential to achieve high degradation rates and efficiencies. It was found that the larger mean cell size of AFCC increased the light transmission within the foam.     

Sm2O3掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备和性能

 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Sm2O3掺杂TiO2光催化剂,通过X射线衍射、程序升温脱附和漫反射紫外-可见光谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并以苯酚为光催化降解反应模型化合物考察了光催化剂的活性,测定了苯酚在TiO2和Sm2O3掺杂TiO2光催化剂上的吸附常数. 结果表明,Sm2O3掺杂TiO2光催化剂具有较强的紫外光吸收性能. Sm2O3掺杂使TiO2粒径减小,比表面积增大,同时导致氧脱附温度提高及脱氧量增大. Sm2O3掺杂有利于反应底物在催化剂表面的吸附,Sm2O3的最佳掺入量为Sm/Ti摩尔比=0.8%.     

热重分析测定脱附活化能分布研究

以脱附过程本征动力学模型为基础,提出了一种采用热重分析技术测定脱附活化能随吸附质分子表面覆盖率分布的方法。该方法通过一条热重分析曲线就可以得到清晰的脱附活化能关于覆盖率的函数表达式。采用所提出的方法,通过不同升温速率下的热重分析实验测定了芴和蒽在活性炭上脱附活化能的线性分布,结果表明覆盖率越高,脱附活化能越低。对芴和蒽,由于覆盖率上升,脱附活化能最大降幅达18.5%和15.1%。     

气相色谱法测定工业废气中的丙酮

用活性炭吸附管采集吸附工业废气中的丙酮,经二硫化碳解吸后由自动进样器送入气相色谱仪中分离并由FID检测器检测。2 mL二硫化碳解吸溶剂中丙酮的绝对量在1.58~6.32 mg时,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~3.7%(n=5)。当样品采集量为10 L时,方法检出限为0.4 mg/m3。所用活性炭采样管对丙酮的吸附效果良好,100 g活性炭对丙酮的穿透容量大于15 mg。二硫化碳溶剂对吸附在活性炭中的丙酮解吸效果较好,丙酮加标量为3.95~15.80 mg时,解吸效率为93.8%~100.9%。     

V2O5/ACF催化剂低温下选择性催化还原NO的机理

将V2O5担载在活性炭纤维(ACF)上制得V2O5/ACF催化剂,并采用暂态响应实验和NH3吸附氧化实验等考察了影响V2O5/ACF催化剂上选择性催化还原(SCR)反应的关键因素.结果表明,NH3在催化剂表面的吸附是必要的,而且该吸附是一个快速过程;气相O2的存在有利于形成催化剂中所需的活性氧化态物种.NH3吸附.脱附与原位质谱相结合的实验表明,V2O5/ACF催化剂具有吸附NH3和将NH3氧化为N2H2的能力,N2H2为NH3氧化的一种中间体.