差异Bertrand寡占厂商的技术许可策略

利用消费者效用函数推导出产品市场差异Bertrand价格竞争均衡的一般式;结合技术许可的收入效应与租金耗散效应,分析了差异Bertrand多家对称创新厂商与差异Bertrand双寡头中的唯一创新厂商对竞争对手的固定费用许可策略.结果表明:(1)多家对称创新厂商与唯一创新厂商均选择不向潜在进入者发放许可;(2)只要产品差异程度符合一定条件,差异Bertrand双寡头中的唯一创新厂商将向技术劣势在位竞手许可其各种规模的工艺创新.     

异质Stackelberg寡头竞争下创新产品技术许可策略研究

基于异质产品Stackelberg寡头竞争模型,建立了拥有新产品创新技术在位厂商与潜在竞争对手间的技术许可博弈模型.模型中假设潜在竞争对手可以接受许可,也可通过自我研发创新技术进入市场参与竞争.根据潜在竞争对手研发成本的高低,研究了创新厂商的最优两部制收费策略.研究结果表明:潜在竞争者总会接受创新技术许可,最优许可策略依赖于研发成本、市场参数以及产品的替代系数.     

生产成本信息不对称下差异Bertrand结构中的许可

建立了差异Bertrand结构市场中,成本降低型厂商创新者在关于生产厂商的生产成本信息不对称条件下,与生产厂商之间的技术许可博奕模型,并分析了从厂商创新者角度出发的最佳许可策略.研究表明,最佳许可方式依赖于创新规模和市场差异程度,具体地说,当创新规模较大或者产品差异程度较大时,固定费用许可最优,反之,固定费用和提成相组合的方式最优.     

关于研发机构非显著工艺创新的最优许可研究

研发机构创新成功后,应该重视知识资产的主动管理,在专利许可谈判中科学合理地确定专利许可策略,以追求收益最大化.本文的目的是进一步完善与具体化Kamien,Tauman与Oren(1992)的模型,深入研究研发机构在不同许可机制下对在位厂商的非显著创新许可收益,以及最优许可策略选择.主要结论是:给定厂商数量,当创新规模较小时,研发机构的最优策略为提成许可,其次是不限许可数量的F(F)许可与一级价格密封投标拍卖许可;当创新规模较大时,研发机构的最优策略为拍卖许可,提成许可次之,最后是不限许可数量的F(F)许可.     

古诺竞争条件下分权组织企业的技术许可策略

在最终产品市场存在古诺竞争的条件下,构建了拥有成本降低型技术创新的分权组织企业的技术许可博弈模型.利用动态博弈的逆向归纳求解方法,分析了固定费用许可和纯产量提成许可两种许可机制.研究结果表明:非显著创新下的最优策略取决于创新规模的大小,显著创新下的最优策略为固定费用许可.最后,对集权和分权两种组织结构下的最优许可策略做了比较分析.     

下游差异Cournot厂商的提成许可策略与创新激励

不同的上游市场结构对下游厂商的许可策略、创新激励产生不同的影响.文章分别基于上游原料供应商为独占垄断、双头垄断以及完全竞争的假设,结合提成许可策略,比较分析了下游产品市场差异Cournot厂商的创新激励.结果表明：上游厂商的市场势力越强,下游厂商的显著创新激励越低,但显著创新的提成许可激励却越高.这一结果为厂商与政府的创新管理提供了理论依据.     

再制造市场OEM与UOEM的博弈与学习研究

在再制造利益的驱动下,一些非原始设备制造商(UOEM)欲进入再制造市场。为探究UOEM参与再制造的进入博弈,应用演化博弈理论构建了原始设备制造商(OEM)和UOEM策略选择的复制动态。研究表明:博弈双方的回收价格、UOEM排除障碍的成本会影响UOEM的策略选择;OEM选择默许而潜在的UOEM进入再制造品市场是二维动态系统唯一的演化稳定策略。进一步考虑了参与人的学习行为,将噪声项引入复制动态方程中,得到了一个非子博弈完美均衡,即当带着噪声项的OEM采取竞争策略时,进入者的最优策略是置身于市场之外。     

固定费用特许最优规模分析

对于一个古诺多头市场外的创新者,给出了采用固定费用形式的最优特许规模,这一最优规模取决于市场大小及创新的程度.并对创新者选择固定费用形式特许或提成形式特许以最大化其利益给出了一个关于市场规模的阀值.最后,利用数值例子给出了固定费用特许的最优规模的直观图示.     

消费者偏好下的两在位制造商阻止策略选择研究

讨论生产高质量产品和生产低质量产品的两个在位制造商阻止生产中等质量产品的潜在制造商进入市场策略,考虑消费者产品质量偏好,分别建立了两个在位制造商采取不改变定价策略、采取联合定价阻止策略以及采取联合产量阻止策略模型,分析不同阻止策略对产品价格、在位制造商利润和潜在制造商进入成本的影响.数值分析结果研究表明,当进入成本高于某个阈值时,在位制造商不用采取任何阻止策略潜在制造商都不会进入市场.当进入成本适中时,相比其他两种阻止策略,两个在位制造商采取联合产量阻止策略会使潜在制造商的最低进入成本最大,这种策略下生产高质量产品的在位制造商利润最大,而生产低质量产品的在位制造商的利润最小.     

套期保值者策略性交易和市场多重均衡

金融市场中,投资者为规避风险经常采取套期保值策略,降低因资产价值波动带来的风险.从金融市场微观结构理论出发,通过分析知情交易者交易策略和做市商定价策略对套期保值者交易的影响,构建了套期保值者策略交易模型.从模型和数值分析得出,套期保值者的策略性交易使市场具有产生多重均衡的可能:一种为套期保值者数量多,流动性高的均衡;另一种为套期保值者数量少,流动性低的均衡.其形成过程为套期保值者进入(退出)市场会引起其他套期保值者进入(退出)市场,形成预期自我实现现象,导致不同流动性下的均衡.     

MONOPOLY,POTENTIAL COMPETITION AND PRIVATE STOCK INFORMATION IN EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCE MARKETS

ABSTRACT. This paper develops an exhaustible resource model with an incumbent monopolist that faces future potential entry of a single rival or backstop technology. The model is characterized by private stock information in the sense that firms do not know with certainty the size and/or quality of their rival's reserve stock. Results indicate that if such information is private, the strategic response of the monopolist to an entry threat is to extract reserves in the pre‐entry era at a rate faster than would a pure monopolist in an uncontested market, and thus could lead to an improvement in economic welfare relative to the situation where entry is restricted.     

网络效应影响下品牌商与模仿者的竞争策略

近年来,品牌商与模仿者的竞争问题引起了社会的广泛关注。本文构建了包含一个品牌商和一个潜在模仿者的两周期动态博弈模型,且消费者具有策略性行为。品牌商在第一周期是市场的垄断者,若模仿者在第二周期进入市场,那么第二周期会变成双寡头市场。模仿者入侵市场除了会引起竞争效应外,与品牌产品的相似性也会引起网络效应,从而增加品牌产品的市场接受度。因此,面对模仿者入侵,品牌商需要同时权衡竞争效应与网络效应两方面的影响。研究结果表明:(1)网络效应并不总是对品牌商和模仿者的价格和需求等产生积极影响。(2)模仿产品质量不可提升过高,当模仿产品质量和品牌产品质量过分接近时,两个企业的利润都会降低。(3)当网络效应较小或者模仿产品质量过高时,品牌商在双寡头市场的需求可能会高于垄断市场的需求。     

EMISSION PERMITS UNDER MONOPOLY

This paper studies the regulation of pollution emissions when one polluting firm is a monopolist in its output market and other polluting firms are competitive in their output markets. It is shown that an emissions permit system can generally support a second-best allocation when the monopolistic firm has market power in the emission permit market. The second-best permit regulation specifies a permit endowment for the monopolist such that the monopolist is a net supplier of permits in the equilibrium. Extensions to cases of multiple monopoly, monopsony, and oligopoly are discussed.     

Capacity switching options under rivalry and uncertainty

Deregulated infrastructure industries exhibit stiff competition for market share. Firms may be able to limit the effects of competition by launching new projects in stages. Using a two-stage real options model, we explore the value of such flexibility. We first demonstrate that the value of investing in a sequential manner for a monopolist is positive but decreases with uncertainty. Next, we find that a typical duopoly firm’s value relative to a monopolist’s decreases with uncertainty as long as the loss in market share is high. Intriguingly, this result is reversed for a low loss in market share. We finally show that this loss in value is reduced if a firm invests in a sequential manner and specify the conditions under which sequential capacity expansion is more valuable for a duopolist firm than for a monopolist.     

The impact of dynamic pricing on the economic order decision

This paper analyzes the impact of dynamic pricing on the single product economic order decision of a monopolist retailer. Items are procured from an external supplier according to the economic order quantity (EOQ) model and are sold to customers on a single market without competition following the simple monopolist pricing problem. Coordinated decision making of optimal pricing and ordering is influenced by operating costs – including ordering and inventory holding costs – and the demand rate obtained from a price response function. The retailer is allowed to vary the selling price, either in a fixed number of discrete points in time or continuously. While constant and continuous pricing have received much attention in the literature, problems with a limited number of price changes are rather rare. This paper illustrates the benefit of dynamically changing prices to achieve operational efficiency in the EOQ model, that is to trigger high demand rates when inventories are high. We provide structural properties of the optimal time instants when the price should be changed. Taking into account costs for changes in price, it provides numerical guidance on number, timing, and size of price changes during an order cycle. Numerical examples show that the benefits of dynamic pricing in an EOQ framework can be achieved with only a few price changes and that products being unprofitable under static pricing may become profitable under dynamic pricing.     

Limit pricing under third-degree price discrimination

This paper shows how a multimarket incumbent can use low pre-entry prices for entry deterrence. We consider an incumbent who operates in two independent markets and has private information about his production cost. In one of the markets, there is a potential entrant offering a differentiated product. The most reasonable perfect Bayesian equilibrium is either the least-cost separating equilibrium or the pooling equilibrium where both types of incumbents set the low-cost monopoly prices. This equilibrium may involve a downward distortion in the pre-entry prices of both markets. Our model has interesting implications for antitrust regulation as well as for international trade policy. First, predatory tests based on a single market are inadequate for a multimarket incumbent. Second, a lower price in a foreign market is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the existence of entry deterrence in a foreign market.     

差异化竞争下考虑再制造专利许可的闭环供应链生产决策

针对高端产品和低端产品的差异化竞争,构建高端制造商将再制造专利许可作为外部竞争要素情形的闭环供应链竞合决策模型,研究消费者异质需求下再制造专利许可对闭环供应链生产决策、利润和环境效益的影响。研究结果表明:再制造专利许可是高端制造商的有效产品差异化竞争策略,可提高高端制造商利润,降低低端制造商利润;再制造专利许可策略对环境并不总是有利的,但消费者对再制造品的支付意愿越强,其环境效益越高。