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1.
《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2023,39(2):2309-2317
In the present work, direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a laboratory-scale lean premixed reacting jet flame in crossflow was performed to understand the flame structures and the flame stabilization mechanism. In the DNS, an ethylene-air jet with an equivalence ratio of 0.6 was injected into a hot vitiated crossflow. The jet Reynolds number reaches 6161. The DNS results were compared with those of the experiment with a good agreement. It was found that the windward and leeward branches of the flame show significantly different behaviors. The windward flame branch, appearing lifted and discontinuous, is located in the shear layer regions with high temperature, low vorticity and low scalar dissipation rate. The location of the peak heat release rate shifts to a higher mixture fraction with increasing distance from the jet exit. The leeward branch of the flame anchors in the shear layer near the jet exit. The recirculation zone in the wake of the jet facilitates the stabilization of the leeward flame. The chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) and species budget analysis were employed to characterize the local combustion mode. Auto-ignition plays a key role in the stabilization of the windward flame where a large range of extinction is also found due to the high strain rate. In contrast, premixed flame propagation is dominant on the leeward side. 相似文献
2.
A steady, two-dimensional corner flame is established when fuel and oxidizer enter the reaction zone in mutually perpendicular directions. A model problem in which the velocity fields are linear functions of spatial position is utilized to study the resulting flame. The flame structure is comprised of a diffusion flame surrounded on either side by fuel-rich and fuel-lean partially premixed laminar flames, similar to, but distinct from, triple flames. Using suitable coordinate transformations and change of variables, the governing equations in the thermodiffusive approximation are recast into a form akin to classical triple flames, with the strain rate appearing as the eigenvalue. A new exact integral representation of the solution to the mixture fraction equation is then utilized and high activation energy asymptotics are applied to solve approximately for the resulting flame shape, the imposed strain rate and, most significantly, the position of flame stabilization. This theoretically predicted flame is computed numerically, and comparisons are made between theory and computation. 相似文献
3.
Masato Mikami Yoshimi Mizuta Yuki Tsuchida Naoya Kojima 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2009,32(2):2223-2230
An experimental study was performed on the combustion of lean-premixed spays in a counterflow. n-Decane was used as a liquid fuel with low volatility. The flame structure and stabilization were discussed based on the flame-spread mechanism of a droplet array with a low-volatility fuel. The spray flame consisted of a blue region and a yellow luminous region. The flame spread among droplets and group-flame formation through the droplet interaction were observed on the premixed spray side, while envelope flames were also observed on the opposing airflow side. The blue-flame region consisted of premixed flames propagating in the mixture layer around each droplet, the envelope diffusion flames around each droplet, the lower parts of the group diffusion flame surrounding each droplet cluster, and the envelope flame around droplets passing through the group flame. The flame was stabilized within a specific range of the mean droplet diameter via a balance between the droplet velocity and the flame-spread rate of the premixed spray. 相似文献
4.
Prabakaran Rajamanickam Wilfried Coenen Antonio L. Sánchez Forman A. Williams 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(2):1971-1977
Most studies of triple flames in counterflowing streams of fuel and oxidizer have been focused on the symmetric problem in which the stoichiometric mixture fraction is 1/2. There then exist lean and rich premixed flames of roughly equal strengths, with a diffusion flame trailing behind from the stoichiometric point at which they meet. In the majority of realistic situations, however, the stoichiometric mixture fraction departs appreciably from unity, typically being quite small. With the objective of clarifying the influences of stoichiometry, attention is focused on one of the simplest possible models, addressed here mainly by numerical integration. When the stoichiometric mixture fraction departs appreciably from 1/2, one of the premixed wings is found to be dominant to such an extent that the diffusion flame and the other premixed flame are very weak by comparison. These curved, partially premixed flames are expected to be relevant in realistic configurations. In addition, a simple kinematic balance is shown to predict the shape of the front and the propagation velocity reasonably well in the limit of low stretch and low curvature. 相似文献
5.
《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2023,39(4):4345-4354
Stabilization mechanisms of partially premixed H2/air flames on a coaxial dual swirl injector are investigated at atmospheric conditions. Hydrogen is injected through a central duct, and the air by the outer annular channel. Both channels are swirled and two stabilization modes are observed depending on the geometrical configuration of the injector and on the operating conditions. In certain regimes, the H2/air flame stabilizes on the injector lips as a diffusion flame. For other operating conditions, the flame is lifted from the injector and burns mainly in partially premixed regime leading to limited NOx emissions. PIV measurements in cold flow conditions and direct observations of the flame indicate that the flame stabilization mode is mainly controlled by the inner hydrogen swirl level, the injector recess and the hydrogen velocity. For a given air flowrate, a minimum hydrogen velocity to lift the flame is determined for each combination of inner swirl level and injector recess. Assuming the flame close to the injector lips behaves like an edge flame, a model for flame stabilization based on the triple flame speed and the location of the stoichiometric mixture fraction line is built. According to this model, the flame is anchored to the injector if the triple flame can propagate to the inner injector lips, i.e., if the velocity along the stoichiometric line is lower than the triple flame speed. The model is tested using hydrogen diluted with argon and air diluted with nitrogen. Two cases producing predicted opposite trends are verified. First, the stoichiometric line is moved in the direction of lower velocity zone keeping the triple flame speed constant in order to anchor a lifted flame. Next, the stoichiometric line is kept constant and the triple flame speed is reduced in order to lift an anchored flame. The mechanisms driving flame stabilization are discussed. 相似文献
6.
B. Li E. Baudoin R. Yu Z.W. Sun Z.S. Li X.S. Bai M. Aldn M.S. Mansour 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2009,32(2):1811-1818
The structure and dynamics of a turbulent partially premixed methane/air flame in a conical burner were investigated using laser diagnostics and large-eddy simulations (LES). The flame structure inside the cone was characterized in detail using LES based on a two-scalar flamelet model, with the mixture fraction for the mixing field and level-set G-function for the partially premixed flame front propagation. In addition, planar laser induced florescence (PLIF) of CH and chemiluminescence imaging with high speed video were performed through a glass cone. CH and CH2O PLIF were also used to examine the flame structures above the cone. It is shown that in the entire flame the CH layer remains very thin, whereas the CH2O layer is rather thick. The flame is stabilized inside the cone a short distance above the nozzle. The stabilization of the flame can be simulated by the triple-flame model but not the flamelet-quenching model. The results show that flame stabilization in the cone is a result of premixed flame front propagation and flow reversal near the wall of the cone which is deemed to be dependent on the cone angle. Flamelet based LES is shown to capture the measured CH structures whereas the predicted CH2O structure is somewhat thinner than the experiments. 相似文献
7.
汽油/氧气预混火焰中烯丙基自由基的真空紫外光电离研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分子束取样结合同步辐射光电离质谱技术研究了低压汽油/氧气/氩气预混火焰中的烯丙基自由基,测得了它的光电离效率曲线,通过光电离效率曲线得到烯丙基的电离阈值为(8.13±0.02)eV。另外,用从头算分子轨道理论得到了烯丙基及其阳离子的构型和能量,给出了烯丙基自由基的绝热电离能为8.18 eV。计算的电离能与实验得到的电离能符合得很好,这一结果有助于今后鉴别和分析其它火焰中的烯丙基自由基,且对研究火焰燃烧机理有十分重要的价值。 相似文献
8.
Effect of electric fields on reattachment and propagation speed of tribrachial flames in laminar coflow jets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effects of electric fields on the reattachment of lifted flames have been investigated experimentally in laminar coflow jets with propane fuel by applying high voltages to the fuel nozzle. In case of AC, the frequency has also been varied. Results showed that reattachment occurred at higher jet velocity when applying the AC voltages, thus the stabilization limit of attached flames was extended by the AC electric field. Higher voltage and lower frequency of the AC were found to be more effective. On the contrary, the effect of DC was found to be minimal. To understand the early onset of the reattachment with the AC, occurring at higher jet velocity, the influence of AC electric fields on the propagation speed of tribrachial flame edge was investigated during the transient reattachment processes. The propagation speed increased reasonably linearly with the applied AC voltage and decreased inversely to the distance between the flame edge and the nozzle electrode. Consequently, the enhancement in the propagation speed of tribrachial flame edge was correlated well with the electric field intensity, defined as the applied AC voltage divided by the distance. 相似文献
9.
The application of an external electric field is known to improve flame stability significantly. Until now, few studies have proposed modelling approaches for combustion in the presence of an externally applied voltage. In these numerical studies, the negative ions are overlooked, and only the displacement of positive ions and electrons under the effect of a direct electric field was examined. In the present paper, a simplified mathematical model including negative ions is proposed based on a kinetic mechanism featuring 39 ionic reactions and 5 charged species. This mechanism is first evaluated by comparison of a monodimensional premixed flame with the available experimental data. Then it is used to analyse the stabilisation mechanism of a diffusion lifted flame in the presence of direct or alternating electric fields. It was concluded that the role of negative ions is crucial, and they are not to be neglected. Moreover, the simulations have shown that the magnitude of the flame stabilisation improvement depends, mainly, on the intensity and polarity of the applied voltage. If the applied voltage is alternating, its frequency is also found to influence the extent of the flame stabilisation improvement. 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》1997,57(5):627-630
Lifetimes of n = 17, m = 0 Stark-manifold states of Na atoms have been measured in the static electric fields ranged from 1250 to 2000 V/cm using delayed electric field ionization (DEFI). The observed lifetimes of the Stark-manifold states are of the same order of magnitude (10−6 sec). The influences of applied fields and blackbody radiation on the determination of the lifetimes were discussed. 相似文献
11.
Kapil K. Singh Cheng Zhang Jay P. Gore Luc Mongeau Steven H. Frankel 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2005,30(2):1707-1715
The occurrence of oscillating combustion and combustion instability has led to resurgence of interest in the causes, mechanisms, suppression, and control of combustion noise. Noise generated by enclosed flames is of greater practical interest but is more complicated than that by open flames, which itself is not clearly understood. Studies have shown that different modes of combustion, premixed and non-premixed, differ in their sound generation characteristics. However, there is lack of understanding of the region bridging these two combustion modes. This study investigates sound generation by partially premixed flames. Starting from a non-premixed flame, air was gradually added to achieve partial premixing while maintaining the fuel flow rate constant. Methane, ethylene, and ethane partially premixed flames were studied with hydrogen added for flame stabilization. The sound pressure generated by methane partially premixed flames scales with M5 compared to M3 for turbulent non-premixed methane flames. Also, the sound pressure generated by partially premixed flames of ethane and ethylene scales as M4.5. With progressive partial premixing, spectra level increases at all frequencies with a greater increase in the high-frequency region compared to the low-frequency region; flames develop a peak and later a constant level plateau in the low frequency region. The partially premixed flames of methane, ethylene, and ethane generate a similar SPL as a function of equivalence ratio when the fuel volume flow rate is matched. However, when fuel mass flow rate is matched, the ethane and ethylene flames produce a similar SPL, which is lower than that produced by the methane flame. 相似文献
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在1250 ̄2000V/cm的静电场变化范围内,用可调谐激发实现Na原子在n=17,m=0斯塔克族各能态布局,采用延迟脉冲场电离方法测量了各斯塔克能态在不同外电场下的寿命,讨论了外电场强度和环境黑体辐射对斯塔克态寿命的影响。 相似文献
14.
A premixed propane–air flame stabilised on a triangular bluff body in a model jet-engine afterburner configuration is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). The reaction rate source term for turbulent premixed combustion is closed using the transported flame surface density (TFSD) model. In this approach, there is no need to assume local equilibrium between the generation and destruction of subgrid FSD, as commonly done in simple algebraic closure models. Instead, the key processes that create and destroy FSD are accounted for explicitly. This allows the model to capture large-scale unsteady flame propagation in the presence of combustion instabilities, or in situations where the flame encounters progressive wrinkling with time. In this study, comprehensive validation of the numerical method is carried out. For the non-reacting flow, good agreement for both the time-averaged and root-mean-square velocity fields are obtained, and the Karman type vortex shedding behaviour seen in the experiment is well represented. For the reacting flow, two mesh configurations are used to investigate the sensitivity of the LES results to the numerical resolution. Profiles for the velocity and temperature fields exhibit good agreement with the experimental data for both the coarse and dense mesh. This demonstrates the capability of LES coupled with the TFSD approach in representing the highly unsteady premixed combustion observed in this configuration. The instantaneous flow pattern and turbulent flame behaviour are discussed, and the differences between the non-reacting and reacting flow are described through visualisation of vortical structures and their interaction with the flame. Lastly, the generation and destruction of FSD are evaluated by examining the individual terms in the FSD transport equation. Localised regions where straining, curvature and propagation are each dominant are observed, highlighting the importance of non-equilibrium effects of FSD generation and destruction in the model afterburner. 相似文献
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A slightly sooting premixed ethylbenzene flame with an equivalence ratio of 1.90 was investigated at low pressure (4.0 kPa) using molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization. Basing on the ionization threshold measurements of photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra, combustion intermediates up to C19H12 were identified, including a number of radicals and isomeric species. Mole fraction profiles of observed flame species were evaluated from the measurements of burner scan at the photon energies near ionization thresholds. Besides, the flame temperature profile was measured by a Pt/Pt-13%Rh thermocouple. From the intermediate identification and mole fraction measurements, the degradation of ethylbenzene, as well as the formation of some interested polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was discussed in detail. It is suggested that the formation of most typical PAHs observed in this work can be related to the H-abstraction/C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism. Furthermore, the high concentration levels of intermediates in this flame is ascribed to the weak C-C bonds in the sidechain of ethylbenzene, which provides a potential explanation of the high sooting tendencies of ethylbenzene and other monocyclic aromatic fuels with complex sidechain structure. This study is anticipated to be constructive for combustion investigations of aromatic fuels, and the discussion is hoped to be helpful for further modeling studies concerning PAHs formation in combustion process. 相似文献
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An analysis is made of the ionization of deep impurity centers by high-intensity far-infrared and submillimeter-wavelength
radiation, with photon energies tens of times lower than the impurity ionization energy. Within a broad range of intensities
and wavelengths, terahertz electric fields of the exciting radiation act as a dc field. Under these conditions, deep-center
ionization can be described as multiphonon-assisted tunneling, in which carrier emission is accompanied by defect tunneling
in configuration space and electron tunneling in the electric field. The field dependence of the ionization probability permits
one to determine the defect tunneling times and the character of the defect adiabatic potentials. The ionization probability
deviates from the field dependence e(E) ∝ exp(E
2/E
c
2
) (where E is the wave field, and E
c is a characteristic field) corresponding to multiphonon-assisted tunneling ionization in relatively low fields, where the
defects are ionized through the Poole-Frenkel effect, and in very strong fields, where the ionization is produced by direct
tunneling without thermal activation. The effects resulting from the high radiation frequency are considered and it is shown
that, at low temperatures, they become dominant.
Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1905–1932 (November 1997) 相似文献