绳与有质量的定滑轮的作用

定滑轮模型是物理中常见的模型之一,中学物理中一般不要求考虑滑轮的质量,而普通物理部分,在学生学习过刚体转动的有关知识后,可以逐步考虑滑轮质量对运动的影响.如文献[1～3]就例举到"绳跨过有质量的定滑轮"问题.但在计及定滑轮的质量时,上述文献认为,滑轮两侧的绳张力大小不同,差值提供滑轮转动的力矩.笔者认为下此结论似乎过于匆忙,张力应是物体内部各部分由于形变而产生的内力,绳与滑轮是两个物体,它们间并不能形成张力,两者之间只有因挤压形变产生的在滑轮法向的弹力和沿切向的静摩擦力.显然,法向的弹力通过滑轮的转动点,是不能够产生力矩的,那么,只有静摩擦力才是滑轮的力矩的真正产生者.     

滑轮运动问题的深入探讨

阿特伍德机中在滑轮与绳都有质量的情况下,直接应用动量定理方法推导出阿特伍德机绳子两侧张力和重物加速度的理论表达式,并讨论了不同绳重下加速度a(t)随时间变化规律以及速度v与运动距离h的关系.     

基于视频分析验证两种常见模型的机械能守恒

利用Tracker软件的自动追踪功能,分别对弹簧振子系统和定滑轮系统进行分析,得到两个系统中物体运动规律图象及其数据。在考虑弹簧与滑轮质量的情况下,验证系统机械能守恒。     

基于图像识别的单摆法测量液体黏度

对单摆法测液体黏度装置进行改进,利用图像传感器捕捉液体中摆球的运动轨迹,再采用图象分析软件Track提取其位置坐标,利用双平方权重法排除异常点,基于液体中小球运动学方程的动力学模型,对考虑了液体阻力的单摆运动方程进行求解,通过双平方权重的最小二乘法对动力学方程进行拟合,得到稳定的方程解,求出待测液体的黏度.     

圆柱体出水运动的自由面效应及水冢现象分析

以圆柱体为例,研究自由面附近刚性物体的受力状态,分析垂直运动圆柱体出水时的自由面效应以及水冢现象.建立基于势流理论考虑自由面效应的数学模型,并用边界元方法求解该模型.求解过程中考虑非线性自由面运动学以及动力学边界条件.通过求解控制方程以及边界条件,模拟恒速刚性圆柱体出水时的水冢现象及其穿越水冢过程.通过数值解和实验值的比较验证方法的可靠性.分析结构出水时的压力变化、自由液面变形、圆柱体所受的垂向合外力以及流场速度矢量的变化,并展开讨论.结果表明:考虑自由面效应的非线性方法能够更准确地预报自由面附近刚性运动物体的受力特性.     

经典瑞利-泰勒不稳定性界面变形演化的改进型薄层模型

激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆靶丸通常采用多壳层组合结构设计,各壳层界面的流体力学不稳定性影响内爆加速和聚变点火,是ICF十分关心的问题.本文建立了描述任意Atwood数、任意初始界面分布Rayleigh-Taylor(RT)不稳定性界面变形及非线性演化的薄层模型.通过分析薄层中流体微团的受力,得到了运动微分方程组,并在二维情况进行数值求解.在线性阶段,薄层模型描述的界面演变规律与模拟结果符合很好;在非线性阶段,薄层模型可以描述至"蘑菇"形结构,与数值模拟的结果很接近.目前薄层的RT不稳定性非线性解析理论研究仅限于弱非线性阶段,本工作发展的薄层解析理论能很好地研究薄层非线性"气泡-尖钉"发展过程.     

过冷沸腾丝上气泡运动的动态模拟

本文以核态池沸腾100μm铂丝上单个气泡的动力学行为为研究现象进行数值模拟,采用能量方程求解丝上以运动气泡为中心的局部区域内的温度分布,同时引入了在核态池沸腾丝上运动气泡粘性力经验公式,以此来考虑Marangoni驱动力和粘件力相等时的运动气泡稳态速度,最后分析了气泡在运动过程中吸收热量的特性.为理论求解丝上核态沸腾运动气泡的稳态速度和吸热特性积累一些理论根据.     

一道选择题的解法赏析

2011年高考福建理综卷的一道考题,由于题中滑轮为非轻质理想模型,因此解法具有独特性,对学生思维能力具有较高要求.     

基于改进型阿特伍德机的重力加速度测量

阿特伍德机是用于测量加速度和验证运动定律的力学实验装置。本文通过增加滑轮组提高系统在实验中的稳定性,增加运动控制装置消除在改变小质量时的初速度的不良影响,通过等加速度方程对加速度求解的,并通过对实验过程的考虑以及对数据的处理方法的选择,同时我们对空气阻力以及滑轮转动惯量计算的修正方法,通过PASCO测量系统测得到精确的加速度,通过对多组加速度数据的分析,依据拟合得到重力加速的大小,武汉地区的实验数据为9.79±0.08 m/s~2。     

基于神经网络的系泊系统主动式截断试验仿真

系泊系统主动式截断试验技术对缆索数值模型的求解速度有着较高的要求,而基于集中质量模型或有限元模型的缆索数值模型在计算时需要在每个时间步内迭代求解,因此求解速度缓慢。为解决此问题,采用神经网络辨识得到缆索上端点与截断点运动的时域等价近似模型。该等价模型在每个时间步内无需迭代求解,因此求解速度快于传统的缆索数值模型。同时利用商软OrcaFlex以及Matlab搭建了系泊系统主动式截断试验的仿真平台,将离线辨识得到的神经网络模型代替集中质量模型对缆索截断点运动进行求解。通过对比截断水深以及全水深下张力以及运动结果,说明了神经网络模型代替传统数值模型进行截断点运动计算的可行性。     

Casimir Effect of Massive Scalar Field with Hybrid Boundary Condition in （1＋1）-Dimensional Spacetime

The Casimir energy of massive scalar field with hybrid （Diriehlet-Neumann） boundary condition is calculated. In order to regularize the model, the typical methods named as mode summation method and Green＇s function method are used respectively. It is found that the regularized zero-point energy density depends on the scalar field＇s mass. When the field is massless, the result is consistent with previous literatures.     

Superconformal deformation,zero-norm states and space-time symmetries of the superstring theories

We present a formalism to study type II and Heterotic superstrings with massless and massive background fields in the bosonic sector. This formalism is appropriate to study high energy symmetries of the superstring. As an example, we explicitly relate all massless symmetries to the massless zero-norm states in the spectrum. This includes theE ₈ ?E ₈ andSO (32) gauge symmetries in the ten-dimensional Heterotic string. The first (evenG-parity) massive level is briefly described. We then argue the existence of new symmetries for the massive Yang-Mills-like gauge bosons and tensor fields at each fixed mass level. These enlarged stringy symmetries correspond to the decoupling of massive zero-norm states in the spectrum.     

Direct production of lightest Regge resonances

We discuss direct production of Regge excitations in the collisions of massless four-dimensional superstring states, focusing on the first excited level of open strings ending on D-branes extending into higher dimensions. We construct covariant vertex operators and identify “universal” Regge states with the internal parts either trivial or determined by the world-sheet SCFT describing superstrings propagating on an arbitrary Calabi–Yau manifold. We evaluate the amplitudes involving one such massive state and up to three massless ones and express them in the helicity basis. The most important phenomenological applications of our results are in the context of low-mass string (and large extra dimensions) scenarios in which excited string states are expected to be produced at the LHC as soon as the string mass threshold is reached in the center-of-mass energies of the colliding partons. In order to facilitate the use of partonic cross sections, we evaluate them and tabulate for all production processes: gluon fusion, quark absorbing a gluon, quark–antiquark annihilation and quark–quark scattering.     

Tree-Level Violation of the Equivalence Principle

Massive particles of spin 0 and 1 violate the equivalence principle (EP) at the tree level. On the other hand, if these particles are massless, they agree with the EP, which leads us to conjecture that from a semiclassical viewpoint massless particles, no matter what their spin, obey the EP. General relativity predicts a deflection angle of 2.63 for a nonrelativistic spinless massive boson passing close to the Sun, while for a massive vectorial boson of spin 1 the corresponding deflection is 2.62.     

Loop variables and gauge invariant exact renormalization group equations for (open) string theory

An exact renormalization group equation is written down for the world sheet theory describing the bosonic open string in general backgrounds. Loop variable techniques are used to make the equation gauge invariant. This is worked out explicitly up to level 3. The equation is quadratic in the fields and can be viewed as a proposal for a string field theory equation. As in the earlier loop variable approach, the theory has one extra space dimension and mass is obtained by dimensional reduction. Being based on the sigma model RG, it is background independent. It is intriguing that in contrast to BRST string field theory, the gauge transformations are not modified by the interactions up to the level calculated. The interactions can be written in terms of gauge invariant field strengths for the massive higher spin fields and the non-zero mass is essential for this. This is reminiscent of Abelian Born–Infeld action (along with derivative corrections) for the massless vector field, which is also written in terms of the field strength.     

Geometry and Dynamics of Relativistic Particles with Rigidity

The simplest models describing spinning particles with rigidity, both massive and massless, are reconsidered. The moduli spaces of solutions are completely exhibited in backgrounds with constant curvature. While spinning massive particles can evolve fully along helices in any three-dimensional background, spinning massless particles need anti De Sitter background to be consistent.The main machinery used to determine those moduli in AdS ₃ is provided by a pair of natural Hopf mappings. Therefore, Hopf tubes, B-scrolls and specially the Hopf tube constructed on a horocycle in the hyperbolic plane, play a principal role in this program.     

Fermonic zero-norm states and enlarged supersymmetries of Type II string

We calculate the NS–R fermionic zero-norm states of the type II string spectrum. The massless and some possible massive zero-norm states are seen to be responsible for the space-time supersymmetry. The existence of other fermionic massive zero-norm states with higher spinor–tensor indices correspond to new enlarged boson–fermion symmetries of the theory at high energy. We also discuss the R–R charges and R–R zero-norm states and justify the idea that the perturbative string does not carry the massless R–R charges. Received: 12 July 1999 / Revised version: 16 September 1999 / Published online: 17 March 2000     

Conformal field theory representation and background-independent action for superstring field theory

The two-dimensional conformal field theory representation of Witten's open superstring field theory is discussed. We argue that the previously suggested cubic action for the superstring is actually dependent on the spacetime background, and suggest a modification which formally removes this dependence. The transformation from the new version of the superstring cubic action to Witten's action for open string states is discussed. A class of linearized solutions to the equations of motion of the open superstring cubic action are exhibited. These solutions are in one-to-one correspondence with the physical excitations (both massless and massive) of the open and closed type I superstrings.     

Yukawa's of light stringy states

Light massive string states can appear at D‐brane intersections with small angles. We compute tri‐linear Yukawa couplings of such open‐string states to massless ones and to one another. Due to ambiguities in the normalisation of the vertex operators, that involve twist fields, we proceed via factorization of appropriate scattering amplitudes. Some peculiar features are observed that may lead to interesting signatures at colliders in the future.