273.15 K下Li2B4O7-LiCl-H2O体系热力学性质的等压研究及离子作用模型

用等压法研究了273.15 K下Li₂B₄O₇-LiCl-H₂O体系不同质量摩尔浓度分数的等压平衡浓度和水活度; 计算了LiCl和Li₂B₄O₇混合盐溶液的渗透系数等热力学性质. 用273.15 K下的实验数据对Pitzer离子相互作用模型进行了参数化研究, 拟合求取了273.15 K下Pitzer离子相互作用参数, 用获得的参数计算了LiCl和Li₂B₄O₇在Li₂B₄O₇-LiCl-H₂O体系中的活度系数. 273.15 K下由相应的Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致. 这对完善含锂、硼盐湖卤水体系的热力学模型具有重要意义.     

LiCl-Li2B4O7-H2O体系在298.15 K下热力学性质的等压研究

用等压法研究了298.15 K下LiCl-Li2B4O7-H2O体系在不同LiB4O7质量摩尔浓度时的等压平衡浓度,  水活度; 计算了LiCl和Li2B4O7混合盐溶液的渗透系数等热力学性质. 用298.15 K下的实验数据对Pitzer离子相互作用模型进行了参数化研究, 拟合求取了298.15 K下Pitzer离子相互作用参数, 用获得的参数计算了LiCl和Li2B4O7在LiCl-Li2B4O7-H2O体系中的活度系数. Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致.     

Thermodynamic studies of molecular interactions in aqueous alpha-cyclodextrin solutions: application of McMillan-Mayer and Kirkwood-Buff theories

Osmotic vapor pressure and density measurements were made for aqueous alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) solutions in the temperature range between 293.15 and 313.15 K. The experimental osmotic coefficient data were used to determine the corresponding activity coefficients and the excess Gibbs free energy of solutions. Further, the activity data obtained at different temperatures along with the enthalpies of dissolution (reported in the literature) were processed to obtain the excess enthalpy and excess entropy values for the solution process. The partial molar entropies of water and of alpha-cyclodextrin were calculated at different temperatures and also at different concentrations of alpha-CD. Using the partial molar volume data at infinite dilution, the solute-solvent cluster integrals were evaluated which yielded information about solute-solvent interactions. The application of McMillan-Mayer theory of solutions was made to obtain osmotic second and third virial coefficients which were decomposed into attractive and repulsive contributions to solute-solute interactions. The second and third osmotic virial coefficients are positive and show minimum at 303.15 K. The Kirkwood-Buff (KB) integrals G(ij), defined by the equation G(ij) = f(infinity)0 (g(ij)- 1)4pir(2) dr, have been evaluated using the experimental osmotic coefficient (and hence activity coefficient) and partial molar volume data. The limiting values of KB integrals, G(ij)(0) are compared with molecular interaction parameters (solute-solute i.e., osmotic second virial coefficient) obtained using McMillan-Mayer theory of solutions. We found an excellent agreement between the two approaches.     

A New Gibbs Energy Model for Obtaining Thermophysical Properties of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

In this paper, a new Gibbs energy model is proposed to study the thermophysical properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions at various temperatures. The proposed model assumes that the electrolytes completely dissociate in solution. The model also has two temperature-independent adjustable parameters that were regressed using experimental values of the mean ionic activity coefficients (MIAC) for 87 electrolyte solutions at 298.15 K. Results from the proposed model for the MIAC were compared with those obtained from the E-Wilson, E-NRTL, Pitzer and the E-UNIQUAC models, and the adjustable model parameters were used directly to predict the osmotic coefficients at this temperature. The results showed that the proposed model can accurately correlate the MIAC and predict the osmotic coefficients of the aqueous electrolyte solutions better on the average than the other models studied in this work at 298.15 K. Also, the proposed model was examined to study the osmotic coefficient and vapor pressure for a number of aqueous electrolyte solutions at high temperatures. It should be stated that in order to calculate the osmotic coefficients for the electrolyte solutions, the regressed values of parameters obtained for the vapor pressure at high temperatures were used directly. The results obtained for the osmotic coefficients and vapor pressures of electrolyte solutions indicate that good agreement is attained between the experimental data and the results of the proposed model. In order to unequivocally compare the results, the same experimental data and same minimization procedure were used for all of the studied models.     

萘二磺酸钠盐的等压渗透系数和活度系数

芳基磺酸及其盐是化学工业、染料、清洁剂和离子交换树脂等许多方面使用得非常广泛的化学材料之一。在有机化合物分子上引进磺酸基团可大大改善化合物在溶剂中的可溶性等性质.磺酸基在化学和物理现象上所引起的作用已有许多工作者进行过研究。文献[1.2.3]报导了一些苯磺酸及其盐水溶液渗透系数和活度系数的测量结果.为了比     

Thermodynamic behaviour of binary mixture of 1,3-dimethoxyimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide and water

The osmotic coefficient value of binary aqueous solution containing ionic liquid was obtained by using vapour-pressure osmometry technique. The change in activity and vapour pressure depression of solvent on addition of 1,3-dimethoxyimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ((OMe)₂Im:NTf₂) to water have been estimated at two different temperatures (T =313 K and 323 K). The experimental osmotic coefficient values of (OMe)₂Im:NTf₂ at different molality were correlated by extended Pitzer model of Archer and the ion interaction parameters were evaluated. The correlation coefficients obtained from this model were used to estimate the mean molal activity coefficient, and excess Gibbs free energy of this mixture. The osmotic coefficient values were decreased with increase in molality of the ionic liquid within the solution. The osmotic coefficient values were found to be increased with increase in temperature of the system.     

A multisolute osmotic virial equation for solutions of interest in biology

The osmotic virial equation was used to predict osmolalities of solutions of interest in biology. The second osmotic virial coefficients, Bi, account for the interactions between identical solute molecules. For multisolute solutions, the second osmotic virial cross coefficient, Bij, describes the interaction between two different solutes. We propose to use as a mixing rule for the cross coefficient the arithmetic average of the second osmotic virial coefficients of the pure species, so that only binary solution measurements are required for multisolute solution predictions. Single-solute data were fit to obtain the osmotic virial coefficients of the pure species. Using those coefficients with the proposed mixing rule, predictions were made of ternary solution osmolality, without any fitting parameters. This method is shown to make reasonably accurate predictions for three very different ternary aqueous solutions: (i) glycerol + dimethyl sulfoxide + water, (ii) hemoglobin + an ideal, dilute solute + water, and (iii) bovine serum albumin + ovalbumin + water.     

Statistical associating fluid theory coupled with restrictive primitive model extended to bivalent ions. SAFT2: 2. Brine/seawater properties predicted

Statistical associating fluid theory coupled with restricted primitive model (SAFT2) represents the properties of aqueous multiple-salt solutions, such as brine/seawater. The osmotic coefficients, densities, and vapor pressures are predicted without any additional parameters using the salt hydrated diameters obtained for single-salt solutions. For a given ion composition of brine, the predicted vapor pressure, osmotic coefficient, activity of water, and density are found to agree with the experimental data.     

Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Mixed Ionic Surfactant Solutions from Osmometry

Osmotic techniques for measuring thermodynamic activities, such as isopiestic equilibration, are well established for multicomponent solutions, especially mixed salt solutions. Surprisingly, these techniques have not yet been applied to mixed ionic surfactants, despite the numerous practical applications of these systems and the importance of the Gibbs free energy for micelle stability. In this study, mass-action equations are developed for the osmotic coefficients of solutions of ionic surfactant CA + ionic surfactant CB, with common counterion C. Extended Debye–Hückel equations are used for the ionic activity coefficients. The equilibrium constants for mixed micelle formation are evaluated by Gibbs–Duhem integration of critical micelle concentrations. Fitting the derived equations to the osmotic coefficients of aqueous sodium decanoate + sodium dodecylsulfate solutions measured by freezing-point osmometry is used to evaluate the activities of the total surfactant components. Very large departures from ideal solution behavior are indicated, including stoichiometric surfactant activity coefficients and micelle activity coefficients that drop below 0.05 and 10^?8, respectively, relative to unity for ideal solutions. Osmometry offers many interesting and unexplored possibilities for studies of mixed surfactant thermodynamics.     

Osmotic coefficients of polystyrenesulphonates in dioxane-water mixtures—II. Divalent counterions and mixtures of mono- and divalent counterions

The osmotic pressures of solutions of magnesium and calcium polystyrenesulphonate in water and in 25 wt % mixture of dioxane in water have been measured for concentrations from 0?002 to 0?06 molal in monomer units. The osmotic coefficient derived from these measurements is almost independent of concentration. Its values for solutions in dioxane-water mixtures are much lower than for aqueous solutions. The osmotic coefficients of solutions containing mixtures of polystyrenesulphonic acid and its calcium salt in 25 wt % dioxane have also been determined. The osmotic coefficient of these solutions has a distinct maximum at a certain value of the equivalent fraction of the acid. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of the cylindrical cell model and infinite line charge model. Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment is found.     

Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Glucose–Urea–Salt Systems

In this work, the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous solutions containing the solutes NaCl, glucose, and/or urea is investigated. These substances are vital components for living bodies and further they are main components of blood serum. Osmotic coefficients were determined by cryoscopic measurements in single-solute and multi-solute aqueous solutions containing salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂), glucose, and/or urea. The results show that NaCl determines the osmotic coefficients in the urea/glucose/NaCl/water system. Investigation of the effect of different salts on osmotic coefficients revealed ion-specific effects. At physiologically important solute concentrations in typical blood serum solutions, the osmotic coefficients were found to be in the range of 0.90–0.93. In a second step, the state of water in different glucose/salt/water and urea/salt/water systems was investigated. Depending on the kind of salt, the chemical potential of water in urea/salt/water is either higher or lower than in glucose/salt/water systems at equal nonelectrolyte concentrations. This result was found to be independent of the salt molality. Finally, the investigated systems were modeled with the Pitzer model and the ePC-SAFT equation of state, which allowed predicting of the properties of these multi-solute aqueous solutions.     

Thermodynamic studies of ionic interactions in aqueous solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids [Emim][Br] and [Bmim][Cl

Experimental measurements of density at different temperatures ranging from 293.15 to 313.15 K, the speed of sound and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim][Br]), and osmotic coefficients at 298.15 K for aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) in the dilute concentration region are taken. The data are used to obtain compressibilities, expansivity, apparent and limiting molar properties, internal pressure, activity, and activity coefficients for [Emim][Br] in aqueous solutions. Experimental activity coefficient data are compared with that obtained from Debye-Hückel and Pitzer models. The activity data are further used to obtain the hydration number and the osmotic second virial coefficients of ionic liquids. Partial molar entropies of [Bmim][Cl] are also obtained using the free-energy and enthalpy data. The distance of the closest approach of ions is estimated using the activity data for ILs in aqueous solutions and is compared with that of X-ray data analysis in the solid phase. The measured data show that the concentration dependence for aqueous solutions of [Emim][Br] can be accounted for in terms of the hydrophobic hydration of ions and that this IL exhibits Coulombic interactions as well as hydrophobic hydration for both the cations and anions. The small hydration numbers for the studied ILs indicate that the low charge density of cations and their hydrophobic nature is responsible for the formation of the water-structure-enforced ion pairs.     

钨酸钠水溶液的活度系数和渗透系数

The activity coefficients and osmotic coefficients of Na_2WO_4 aqueous solution in the concentration range of 0.3--2.5 mol·kg~(-1) have been determined by the isopiestic method. The excess Gibbs free energies are evaluated with the correspording activity coefficientc and osmotic coefficients.     

Osmotic and activity coefficients in the binary solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and bromide in methanol or ethanol at T = 298.15 K from isopiestic measurements

Osmotic coefficients of the binary solutions of two room-temperature ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and bromide) in methanol and ethanol have been measured at T = 298.15 K by the isopiestic method. The experimental osmotic coefficient data have been correlated using a forth-order polynomial in terms of (molality)^0.5, with both, ion interaction model of Pitzer and electrolyte non-random two liquid (e-NRTL) model of Chen. The values of vapor pressures of above-mentioned solutions have been calculated from the osmotic coefficients. The model parameters fitted to the experimental osmotic coefficients have been used for prediction of the mean ionic activity coefficients of those ionic liquids in methanol and ethanol.     

The unusual importance of activity coefficients for micelle solutions illustrated by an osmometry study of aqueous sodium decanoate and aqueous sodium decanoate + sodium chloride solutions

Freezing-point and vapor-pressure osmometry data are reported for aqueous sodium decanoate (NaD) solutions and aqueous NaD + NaCl solutions. The derived osmotic coefficients are analyzed with a mass-action model based on the micelle formation reaction qNa(+) + nD(-) = (Na(q)D(n))(q-n) and Guggenheim equations for the micelle and ionic activity coefficients. Stoichiometric activity coefficients of the NaD and NaCl components and the equilibrium constant for micelle formation are evaluated. Illustrating the remarkable but not widely appreciated nonideal behavior of ionic surfactant solutions, the micelle activity coefficient drops to astonishingly low values, below 10(-7) (relative to unity for ideal solutions). The activity coefficients of the Na(+) and D(-) ions, raised to large powers of q and n, reduce calculated extents of micelle formation by up to 15 orders of magnitude. Activity coefficients, frequently omitted from the Gibbs equation, are found to increase the calculated surface excess concentration of NaD by up to an order of magnitude. Inflection points in the extent of micelle formation, used to calculate critical micelle concentration (cmc) lowering caused by added salt, provide unexpected thermodynamic evidence for the elusive second cmc.     

用Monte Carlo方法研究非电解质溶液的热力学性质

非电解质溶液的统计理论,一直是一个没有很好解决的课题。建立在Guggenheim及Flory等似晶格模型基础上的UNIFAC方法,是比较有实用价值的方法。但UNIFAC方法把分子分割成许多基团,把溶液看成由许多基团组成的系统,失去了分子作为整体的性质,从基本理论看,未免是一个极大的缺陷。在我们过去的工作中,运用McMillan-Mayer渗透压的统计理论,通过渗透压计算溶剂活度系数。采用了平均球近似和P-Y近似计算溶质分子空间相关函数来得到渗透压。由于数学上的困难,存在着不少近似。现在,计算机日趋完臻,用计算机模拟溶液的统计性质,从而计算热力学量,是一个很吸引人的方向。但用计算机模拟常有一个计算量过大的问题,本文对如何提高计算效率,增快收敛速度作了一些有益的试探,提出了体积单元的密集取法。用TBP(磷酸三丁酯)和几种稀释剂系统进行了计算,所得结果与用别的理论结果及实验数据比较,是令人满意的。     

Solubilities and vapour pressures of saturated aqueous solutions of sodium peroxydisulfate and potassium peroxydisulfate

Solubilities of sodium peroxydisulfate and potassium peroxydisulfate in water and vapour pressures of saturated solutions were determined as a function of temperature. The vapour pressures served to evaluate the water activities, osmotic coefficients and molar enthalpies of vaporization. The molar enthalpy of solution of sodium peroxydisulfate was determined calorimetrically.     

Osmotic coefficients of vinylic polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt

 The osmotic pressures of –polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt was measured in the concentration ranges 0.001–0.02 and 0.2–1.9 mol kg^-1. Our results show that the osmotic coefficients φ_p were strongly dependent on the chemical structures of polyelectrolyte through the polyion radius and the interaction between the ionic moiety and counterions. The osmotic pressures in polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt, calculated on the basis of the counterion contribution, are in agreement with the experimental results. We conclude that the counterion contribution is dominant in the osmotic pressures and thus, the polymer contribution is negligible in the examined concentration range 0.2–1.9 mol kg^-1. The P–B approach gave a fair prediction of the absolute values of the osmotic pressures with λ=4.5, where λ is the charge density parameter, except for NaPA. In other words, the concentration dependence of the φ_p values can be explained in terms of the counterion contribution. Received: 11 June 1997 Accepted: 19 August 1997     

LiCl-NaCl-KCl-H2O溶液体系渗透压的分子动力学模拟

盐湖卤水中含有大量的锂、 钾资源, 发展卤水的渗透压预测模型和方法, 对于资源的综合利用具有重要的指导意义. 本文采用分子动力学(MD)方法结合水溶液渗透压模拟(OPAS)技术, 研究了LiCl-NaCl-KCl-H₂O体系的渗透压模拟方法, 计算了298.15 K下体系多种组成和浓度的渗透压, 并将计算结果与实验值和Pitzer模型计算值进行了对比. 结果显示, 模拟计算值与实验值和Pitzer模型计算值渗透压的趋势基本一致, 包括同种溶液不同浓度和同浓度不同溶液之间的渗透压关系. 该方法可以应用于多元混合物体系对渗透压进行定性和半定量的计算.