基于荧光共轭聚合物的金属离子检测

以聚乙炔、聚芴、聚噻吩、聚苯撑为代表的荧光共轭聚合物,由于具有独特的光学性能、自组装性能和结构与性能的可调控性,可作为优异的光学传感材料。利用其具有较高摩尔消光系数和荧光量子产率的特点,可设计具有较高灵敏度和选择性的传感器,这已成为生物传感领域的研究热点。以荧光共轭聚合物为基础的金属离子检测,最初是以非水溶性的共轭聚合物为主,通过金属离子与聚合物链上特定基团(如吡啶、冠醚)的结合引起的聚合物荧光性质的变化可实现对某些离子的检测。在共轭聚合物主链上引入亲水性侧链,可大大增强共轭聚合物的水溶性,为金属离子的生物传感检测提供了新的思路,例如可引入能与金属离子结合的生物分子(如DNA、糖基等)来设计传感策略,进一步提高检测的特异性和灵敏度。本文综述了近年来以非水溶性和水溶性荧光共轭聚合物为传感材料,对具有重要生物学意义的重金属离子(Hg²⁺、Pb²⁺)、过渡金属离子(Cu²⁺、Eu³⁺、Ni²⁺、Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺、Ru³⁺、Ag⁺)和碱金属离子(K⁺、Na⁺、Li⁺)进行高灵敏度检测方面的研究进展,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

基于水溶性共轭聚合物的蛋白质检测*

近年来,以共轭聚合物作为生物传感元件,在生物大分子（如核酸、蛋白质）特异性识别、检测方面的研究越来越受到人们的关注。共轭聚合物具有强的光捕获能力,具有倍增光学响应性,可用来放大荧光传感信号,大大提高检测的灵敏度,为生物传感器的发展提供了新的传感模式。基于共轭聚合物的新型生物传感器在医疗诊断、环境检测以及国家安全防御等方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文简要介绍了共轭聚合物的荧光信号放大机制以及在蛋白质、酶、抗原－抗体检测方面的应用。最后对共轭聚合物在蛋白质检测方面的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

共轭聚合物在传感器上的应用

由于其特殊的光学和电子性质,共轭聚合物受到人们的广泛关注.共轭聚合物可以在各种传感器件中用作活性材料,例如:生物传感器;气体、湿度传感器;离子传感器;压力、温度传感器等.本文综述了共轭聚合物在传感器应用方面的一些新的进展.     

水溶性共轭聚合物分子刷的研究进展

水溶性共轭聚合物研究属于国际前沿研究领域,因其具有水溶性和超级信号放大作用,在生物传感领域展现出良好的应用前景.但由于传统水溶性线型共轭高分子两亲性结构特点,其含有的憎水性刚性共轭链在水溶液中易聚集,水分子对共轭链激发态的影响导致其发光效率低(一般小于30%),严重制约了其应用与拓展.如何方便有效构筑高分子的高支化是获得高荧光效率的关键.在本篇综述中,我们综述了水溶性共轭聚合物分子刷的合成技术,分析了其结构与光学性质的关系,为水溶性共轭聚合物分子刷的设计和制备提供指导.另外,总结了水溶性共轭聚合物分子刷在化学生物传感、生物成像、药物运输、癌症治疗等领域的应用,最后对水溶性共轭聚合物分子刷存在的主要问题以及未来的热点方向进行了分析和展望!     

焦磷酸根离子传感体系的研究进展

由于焦磷酸根离子(PPi)在生物、环境以及临床医学等学科领域的重要性,PPi的检测已受到越来越多的关注.重点介绍基于传感材料的PPi新型传感体系,并根据传感材料的不同分为以下几个方面进行综述:(1)基于纳米材料的传感体系,(2)基于共轭聚电解质/聚合物的传感体系,(3)基于脂质体的传感体系,(4)基于聚集诱导发光分子的传感体系,(5)其他类型的传感体系.展望了PPi传感的发展趋势.     

高灵敏共轭聚合物化学传感器

金属离子和化学小分子的检测在人类健康、环境污染以及食品安全等领域具有重要意义,科学工作者们已经在设计、发展高灵敏化学传感器方面进行了大量研究。在过去的几十年里,共轭聚合物由于其卓越的光电性质,引起了人们极大的关注,并取得了众多革命性科技进展。最近,利用共轭聚合物的荧光信号放大机制,人们设计、发展了一系列新型的化学和生物传感体系。共轭聚合物的信号传感机制包括电子转移,荧光共振能量转移以及共轭聚合物聚集或构象改变。本文主要介绍我们实验室在利用共轭聚合物实现金属离子和化学小分子荧光检测方面取得的进展,并对未来发展方向与面临的挑战进行了讨论。     

Conjugated Polymer Fluorescent Chemosensor： Design Principle and the Concept for Molecular Assembly

共轭高分子作为“分子导线”所特有的信号放大效应,使其在构建高灵敏度的荧光化学传感体系中具有特别的优势。本文首先从分子识别、传感机理和信号输出等方面概述了传感分子设计中需要考虑的一些基本问题;然后以聚对芳撑乙炔类共轭高分子为例,提出基于模板排列组合的分子组装概念,并将之用于合成一系列结构可调的荧光化学传感分子,以满足不同的检测目的;最后通过文献中的具体实例,对多种聚对芳撑乙炔类共轭高分子进行了分子结构和传感应用方面的解析。     

共轭高分子荧光化学传感分子的设计原理与分子组装概念

共轭高分子作为"分子导线"所特有的信号放大效应,使其在构建高灵敏度的荧光化学传感体系中具有特别的优势。本文首先从分子识别、传感机理和信号输出等方面概述了传感分子设计中需要考虑的一些基本问题;然后以聚对芳撑乙炔类共轭高分子为例,提出基于模板排列组合的分子组装概念,并将之用于合成一系列结构可调的荧光化学传感分子,以满足不同的检测目的;最后通过文献中的具体实例,对多种聚对芳撑乙炔类共轭高分子进行了分子结构和传感应用方面的解析。     

水溶性共轭聚电解质

水溶性共轭聚电解质主要是指含离子型官能团侧链的共轭聚合物,可在水或其它极性有机溶剂中能够溶解。这类化合物把传统共轭聚合物的光电性质和聚电解质的水溶性特点结合在一起,显示出的一些独特性质,可在新一代光电器件制作和化学生物荧光传感器中获得多样的应用。本文总结了近10年来报道的水溶性共轭聚电解质的结构特点和合成方法,以及对不同化学或物理条件下光物理性质的研究,归纳了它们在新一代光电器件制作和荧光传感中的应用,并在此基础上提出了水溶性共轭聚电解质研究中尚待解决的问题,并展望了水溶性共轭聚电解质的应用前景。     

稀土纳米晶用于近红外区活体成像和传感研究进展

稀土纳米晶具有丰富的激发和发射波长,良好的化学和光稳定性、大Stokes位移等特点.近年来,稀土纳米晶在生物活体成像与传感领域的应用研究取得了迅速进展.通过纳米尺度的材料设计与合成,可以对稀土纳米晶的荧光效率、波长、寿命等光学性质,以及生物相容性、靶向性、响应性等生化性质进行精细调控,使其更好地适应于活体深组织的成像与分析.先概述活体荧光成像的技术特点与要求,然后介绍稀土纳米晶的一般组成、光学性质和荧光机理,随后详细讨论对稀土纳米晶光学和生化性质进行调控的方法,着重展示这些材料的设计和修饰在生物成像与传感领域的一些最新应用.通过总结最近的研究成果,期望能够为下一步的研究提供一些参考思路,以推进基于稀土纳米晶的生物成像与传感技术的临床转化和应用.     

Interfacial composition,structure, and properties of ionic liquids and conductive polymers for the construction of chemical sensors and biosensors: a perspective

The fields of chemical and biosensors have grown tremendously from the improvements in the transducer and readout components, as well as in sensing materials and interface designs to meet the always rising standards for accuracy, cost, portability, and accessibility in a broad range of sensing applications. Although the transducer and readout components can often be interchangeable for a specific target analyte, the receptor element of the sensor device, which is the ‘sensing material with its interface chemistry,’ must be specifically tailored to any sensing mechanism. The interfacial properties of the sensing components play essential roles in determining the analytical performance and the overall cost of the sensor technology in both technical and commercial senses. Ionic liquids (IL) are liquids often composed of bulky organic cations or anions, whereas conductive polymers (CPs) are solids with dopant ions in a rigid organic framework. Both ILs and CPs have been demonstrated as promising smart/tunable and low-cost materials for chemical and biosensor development. In this article, we present our opinion discussing the unique features of using ILs and CPs as molecular building blocks to design robust and functional sensing interfaces for next-generation, low-cost, and miniaturized electrochemical sensor development.     

Conjugated metallopolymers for fluorescent turn-on detection of nitric oxide

A series of eight pi-conjugated polymers (CPs) composed of phenylenevinylene, phenyleneethynylene, fluorene, and thiophene derivatives have been prepared with bipyridyl or terpyridyl substituents within the pi-conjugated backbone or at side-chain positions. These ligand-modified CPs serve as macromolecular scaffolds for conducting metallopolymers. The optical and photoluminescent properties of the polymers and corresponding copper(II) metallopolymers were investigated. Copper(II) is a highly efficient quencher of CP emission (75-100% quenching). CPs featuring bipyridyl units within the CP backbone are quenched more efficiently than those with terpyridyl units. The copper(II) metallopolymer undergoes reduction to the corresponding copper(I) species upon reaction with nitric oxide, with concomitant changes in integrated emission ranging from a 50% decrease to a 320% increase. The positive emission response is largest when Cu(II) was bound to the CP through bipyridyl units within the backbone, making these materials the best candidates for NO sensing by a turn-on emission mechanism.     

Viscoelastic Conjugated Polymer Fluids

The introduction of optoelectronic functions into viscoelastic polymers can yield highly sophisticated soft materials for biomedical devices and autonomous robotics. However, viscoelasticity and excellent optoelectronic properties are difficult to achieve because the presence of a large number of π‐conjugated moieties drastically stiffens a polymer. Here, we report a variation of additive‐free viscoelastic conjugated polymers (VE‐CPs) at room temperature by using an intact π‐conjugated backbone and bulky, yet flexible, alkyl side chains as “internal plasticizers.” Some of these polymers exhibit gel‐ and elastomer‐like rheological behaviors without cross‐linking or entanglement. Furthermore, binary blends of these VE‐CPs exhibit a never‐seen‐before dynamic miscibility with self‐restorable and mechanically induced fluorescence color changes.     

Synthesis and Characteristics of Self-Assembled Multifunctional Ln3+-DNA Hybrid Coordination Polymers

Owing to the unique catalytic, optical and magnetic properties, lanthanides (Ln) as multicomponent biomarkers, are widely used in the field of optical sensing, mass spectrometry and magnetic resonance imaging. As ligands, DNA molecules have good biocompatibility, high stability, cost efficiency, programmability and biodegradability. Based on the coordination-driven self-assembly between Ln ions (Ln³⁺) and DNA molecules, a multifunctional Ln³⁺-DNA hybrid coordination polymers (CPs) were synthesized. Not only a series of different Ln³⁺ (single Ln³⁺) and DNA hybrid CPs were synthesized, but one hybrid CP contains two kinds of Ln³⁺ was obtained. Besides, the synthetic CPs in cell fluorescence imaging and miRNA sensing also exhibited high performance. This work provides a novel idea for the synthesis of DNA based nanomaterials, which is promising for biologically-related applications.     

水溶性共轭聚合物研究与应用进展

近年来,在水溶性共轭聚合物(CPs)方面的研究备受瞩目,由于它包含了聚合物共轭主链良好的光电性质的同时还兼具了良好的水溶性,因此在光电功能信息器件中有着特殊的应用,并显著地推动了包括生物传感、电致发光器件、太阳电池和场效应晶体管等有机光电子材料及其器件的发展.本文对近几年来水溶性CPs的合成及其应用进展做出简要的总结,...     

Organic-inorganic nanohybrids through the direct tailoring of semiconductor nanocrystals with conjugated polymers

Two main synthetic strategies are used to prepare conjugated oligomer- or polymer-nanocrystal nanohybrids. In the first strategy ligand exchange is invoked to either replace with a bifunctional ligand, which contains a second functional group for coupling with conjugated oligomers or polymers (COs or CPs), or exchange for the functionalized COs or CPs in a "grafting-onto" process. Alternatively, in the second strategy the nanocrystal (NC) is passivated with functional ligands from which COs or CPs are directly grown in the absence of ligand exchange. The well-defined interface between the COs or CPs and NCs facilitates an efficient charge-transfer between them.     

Recent Advances of AIE-Active Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis and Application

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have long been recognized as an important class of materials. The highly conjugated backbone of the CPs will facilitate the rapid exciton migration and result in amplification of fluorescence signals. However, CPs are likely to aggregate and form excimers in solid states, directly leading to the fluorescence quenching, namely aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), hence inhibiting their prospective utilizations in a large degree. Since the effect of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is opposite to that of notorious ACQ, the AIE has raised great attention from scientists. CPs with AIE or aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) features may help to solve the ACQ problem and meanwhile impart polymers with new properties and practical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the preparation of CPs with AIE or AEE characteristics, where AIE-active luminogens are located at polymer backbones or pendants. Their potential applications including fluorescent sensors, biological probes, and active layers for the fabrication of light-emitting diodes are also described.     

Photocontrolled Synthesis of n‐Type Conjugated Polymers

Current approaches to synthesize π‐conjugated polymers (CPs) are dominated by thermally driven, transition‐metal‐mediated reactions. Herein we show that electron‐deficient Grignard monomers readily polymerize under visible‐light irradiation at room temperature in the absence of a catalyst. The product distribution can be tuned by the wavelength of irradiation based on the absorption of the polymer. Conversion studies are consistent with an uncontrolled chain‐growth process; correspondingly, chain extension produces all‐conjugated n‐type block copolymers. Preliminary results demonstrate that the polymerization can be expanded to donor–acceptor alternating copolymers. We anticipate that this method can serve as a platform to access new architectures of n‐type CPs without the need for transition‐metal catalysis.     

Recent Developments in Conjugated Polymer Based Plastic Solar Cells

 Recent developments on photovoltaic elements based on solid state composites of conjugated, semiconducting polymers mixed with buckminsterfullerene are reviewed. The photoinduced charge transfer from donor-type semiconducting conjugated polymers onto acceptor-type conjugated polymers or acceptor molecules such as buckminsterfullerene is reversible, ultrafast (within 100 fs) with a quantum efficiency approaching unity, and the charge separated state is metastable (up to ms at 80 K). This phenomenon of photoinduced electron transfer leads to a number of potentially interesting applications which include, among others, sensitization of the photoconductivity, reverse saturable absorption (optical limiting), and photovoltaic phenomena. Recent studies on the realization of photovoltaic elements with 3% power conversion efficiency are reported.