均相催化反应在任一给定形状微电极上的稳态电化学行为

根据反应层的概念对在任一给定形状微电极上进行的准一级和二级均相催化反应机理(EC')的稳态电化学行为进行了研究。本方法简便易行,不需要解复杂方程的数学技巧。利用推导出的这些方程,可计算准一级和二级均相催化反应的动力学常数。     

载锆壳聚糖-沸石复合剂去除水中F~-的吸附特征研究

采用氧氯化锆、壳聚糖和人造沸石作为原料制备复合吸附剂,用于水中F-的吸附去除。通过吸附实验研究了在不同浓度、温度和接触时间下新型吸附剂对F~-的吸附特征。吸附动力学过程用准一级、准二级及颗粒扩散、颗粒内扩散模型进行分析,结果发现F-在复合吸附剂上的吸附同时符合准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型;颗粒扩散和颗粒内扩散均参与控制吸附过程。分别用Freundlich、Langmuir方程对吸附等温线进行拟合,结果表明,F-在锆改性壳聚糖-沸石上的吸附等温线拟合结果均较好,常温下最大吸附量为10.75mg/g,推测该吸附为化学吸附;吸附热力学参数说明F-在复合吸附剂上的吸附为自发、吸热、熵增过程。机理研究表明,载锆壳聚糖-沸石复合吸附剂的除氟机制为吸附和离子交换。     

苯基键合活性炭的制备及对苯的吸附特性

以核桃壳为原料,氢氧化钾作活化剂制备了高比表面积活性炭,使用苯基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行表面改性,得到苯基键合活性炭。通过氮气吸附法测定了活性炭的比表面积及孔隙结构,使用X射线光电子能谱表征测定了苯基键合活性炭的表面结构及碳元素含量。采用Langmuir热力学方程、Freundlich热力学方程、Lagergren准一级、准二级动力学方程及D-R方程对苯基键合活性炭对苯的吸附等温线进行了拟合。考察了温度和采气流速对吸附效率的影响。结果表明,苯基键合活性炭的孔隙主要为微孔,比表面积达2800 m~2·g~(-1);苯基键合活性炭对苯的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Lagergren准一级动力学方程,饱和吸附量为713. 89 mg·g~(-1),苯的特征吸附能为23. 495 kJ·mol~(-1);增加温度或采气流速均使活性炭对苯的吸附量减少。     

D-101大孔吸附树脂对黄花蒿黄酮的吸附热力学和动力学研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了D-101大孔吸附树脂对黄花蒿黄酮的吸附热力学和动力学过程。结果表明,当温度在298~318K和在实验研究浓度范围内,D-101大孔吸附树脂对黄花蒿黄酮的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附方程;ΔG0,吸附过程能自发进行;ΔH0,为放热过程;ΔS0,D-101大孔吸附树脂吸附黄花蒿黄酮的作用大于水的解吸过程,导致熵减。分别采用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和粒内扩散动力学模型探讨其吸附特性,研究结果表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,粒内扩散与膜扩散交互控制黄花蒿黄酮在D-101大孔吸附树脂上的吸附。     

还原态氧化石墨烯对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学与热力学

以乙二胺(EDA)还原氧化石墨烯(GO)制得一种吸附材料,即还原态氧化石墨烯(RGO)。 采用批量平衡法研究了RGO对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学与热力学,利用Lagergren准一级及准二级动力学方程、Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程对实验数据进行了拟合分析。 研究结果表明,Lagergren准二级吸附动力学模型能够较好地描述实验结果,表明该吸附过程以化学吸附为主。 RGO的吸附在所研究的Zn(Ⅱ)浓度范围内更符合Langmuir等温吸附经验式,ΔH0=-21.60 kJ/mol,吸附焓变小于零,表明该吸附为放热过程;吸附吉布斯自由能变化ΔG0为正值,表明该吸附是一个非自发的过程。     

大孔螯合树脂HZ401吸附去除废水中的铅

通过静态吸附实验,研究了大孔螯合树脂HZ401吸附去除废水中铅的性能.探究了时间、树脂用量、废水中铅的初始浓度、p H、温度、转速等条件对树脂吸附铅效果的影响,分析了吸附等温线和吸附动力学过程.结果表明:在研究范围内,HZ401树脂对铅的吸附率可以达到95%以上,返洗率几乎达到100%.树脂对铅的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,同时符合准一级动力学Lagergren方程和准二级动力学Lagergren方程.HZ401树脂可以用于废水中痕量铅的去除.     

油页岩飞灰对重金属离子的吸附动力学及热力学

采用批式振荡吸附法研究了燃油页岩电厂循环流化床锅炉飞灰对重金属离子Pb²+、Cu²+、Zn²+、Cd²+的吸附动力学及吸附热力学特性,并提出了吸附机理。结果表明,油页岩飞灰对Pb²+、Cu²+、Zn²+、Cd²+的吸附平衡数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,但Freundlich方程能够更好地描述吸附等温线。在油页岩飞灰对重金属离子吸附的初始阶段,拉格朗日准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Elovich方程、粒子内扩散模型均能很好地反映吸附模式,而整个吸附过程则遵循二级反应动力学方程,其吸附过程是液膜扩散和粒子内扩散共同作用的结果。油页岩飞灰对Pb²+、Cu²+、Zn²+、Cd²+的吸附是吸热反应。     

较快反应的热动力学天空

根据热导式热量计的工作原理,提出了热导式热量计的界面模型,建立了感温滞后条件下热量计的理论方程,从而提出了一种较快反应的热动力学研究法---失真热谱曲线修正法,并利用该法成功地研究了几个较快的准一级和等浓度二级反应的热动力学。     

较快反应的热动力学天空

根据热导式热量计的工作原理,提出了热导式热量计的界面模型,建立了感温滞后条件下热量计的理论方程,从而提出了一种较快反应的热动力学研究法---失真热谱曲线修正法,并利用该法成功地研究了几个较快的准一级和等浓度二级反应的热动力学。     

相转移催化反应研究 II.相转移催化产生的二卤卡宾的环加成反应动力学研究

本文研究了在50%NaOH,CH~2Cl~2体系中相转移催化产生的二氯及二溴卡宾与对位取代的苯乙烯反应的相对速率常数k~rel并用Brown式进行了线性相关分析。在此条件下,二氯及二溴卡宾都是有亲电性,其中二氯卡宾的选择性大于二溴卡宾。本文还测定了上述相转移反应中,反应物烯烃、溴仿浓度随时间变化的情况,并用动力学公式对所得的曲线进行了分析,得出在此条件下,反应为二级,其中对烯烃和溴仿各为一级,溴仿过量时,反应对烯烃呈准一级。     

圆盘微电极的卷积和交流伏安行为

研究了可逆氧化还原对(以二茂铁为例)在圆盘微铂电极上的卷积法,包括一阶导数卷积(e),二阶导数卷积(e′),三阶导数卷积(e″)的行为.结果表明,在微电极上的 e-E曲线类似于常规电极的循环伏安曲线。e、e′和e″曲线的峰高与扫速幂次的关系与悬汞电极上的规律相符,但其值分别为0.5、1.5、2.5.还研究了微电极的交流伏安行为,得到铁氰化钾的特征电位值。     

Square‐Wave Voltammetry of Quasi‐Reversible CE Reactions at Spherical Microelectrodes

A mathematical model for the CE mechanism in which the chemical together with the electrochemical reactions are quasi‐reversible at the surface of spherical macro and micro‐electrodes is presented for the case of square‐wave voltammetry. The analysis of voltammometric responses considers the influence of rate and equilibrium constants, together with the electrode radius, and their dependence on the square‐wave frequency (f). Both kinetics and the sphericity effect act synergistically on the electrochemical response. Also, the apparent electrode sphericity and the reversibility of the chemical as well as the electrochemical reactions are jointly affected by the variation of f. Disregarding the sphericity contribution in the calculation of kinetic parameters at a microelectrode may introduce errors even higher than one order of magnitude. The model allows the analysis of a more realistic and complex electrochemical system that requires not only the dependence of experimental responses on f, but also their fit with theoretical voltammograms, in order to provide some useful mechanistic information. Finally, concentration profiles are also studied to realize how the chemical contribution is buffering the absences of oxidized species at the electrode surface, and how those profiles are modified for the case of spherical macro and micro‐electrodes.     

平行反应的热动力学研究法

根据热动力学基本理论, 推导了平行准一级反应和平行准一二级反应的热动力学方程, 建立了热谱解析平行反应动力学参数的热动力学研究法, 并利用该法研究了两个模拟平行反应体系的热动力学, 实验结果验证了方法的正确性.     

Building addressable libraries: site-selective formation of an N-acyliminium ion intermediate

A strategy for site-selectively generating reactive N-acyliminium ion intermediates on a microelectrode array has been developed. The route capitalizes on the use of an electroauxiliary for building a methoxylated amino acid substrate, and then the electrochemical generation and solution phase confinement of acid in order to form the N-acyliminium ion. Keys to this strategy were the stability of an N-alpha-methoxyalkyl amide to basic reaction conditions and the generality of the electrogenerated acid conditions for conducting microelectrode array reactions in a site-selective fashion.     

Building addressable libraries: site-selective use of Pd(0) catalysts on microelectrode arrays

Site-selective Pd(0)-catalyzed reactions have been developed to functionalize a microelectrode array. Heck, Suzuki, and allylation reactions have all been accomplished. The reactions are compatible with both 1K and 12K arrays and work best when a nonsugar porous reaction layer is used. Suzuki reactions are faster than the Heck reactions and thus require more careful control of the reactions in order to maintain confinement. The allylation reaction requires a different confining agent than the Heck and Suzuki reactions but can be accomplished nicely with quinone as an oxidant for Pd(0).     

Determination of the absolute concentration of O atoms and OH radicals in laboratory studies

The fast reaction of O atoms with NO₂ has been used in measurements of absolute concentrations of O atoms. Similarly, the reaction of H with NO₂ can be used to generate OH radicals in known concentrations. Relative concentrations of both O atoms and OH radicals have frequently been measured by resonance fluorescence determinations in the ultra-violet. It will be shown that the stoichiometry of these reactions is strongly dependent on the initial concentration of reactants and on the contact time (in the case of OH on secondary reactions as well), making it impossible to equate directly the loss of NO₂ with the loss of O atoms or the production of OH radicals. In the first part of this work a simple analytical mathematical method for the determination of the concentration of atomic oxygen will be developed. The method is based on the integrated second order kinetic equation, and the effect of the experimental conditions on the results is discussed. In the second part, the production of OH as a function of contact time and of the initial concentrations of H and NO₂ is examined using a five reaction mechanism. By careful choice of the initial concentrations of reactants it is possible to reproduce the experimental results using simplified analytical expressions for the concentration of OH and hence to calculate a calibration factor. The importance of carrying out the calibration measurements under the same experimental conditions as those employed in kinetic experiments is highlighted.     

Building addressable libraries: a site-selective allyl alkylation reaction

A Pd(0) catalyst has been used to effect allyl alkylation reactions at pre-selected locations on an addressable microelectrode array. The reactions provide a new approach to site-selective carbon-carbon bond formation and a new method for placing substrates on the surface of a microelectrode array.     

Comparison of fast scan voltammetry with microelectrode voltammetry of reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone

The reduction of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in acetonitrile was blocked in steady-state microelectrode voltammetry although it has been believed to be a sluggish electron transfer reaction. Ferrocene was added to the BQ solution with equi-concentration in order to confirm the diffusion-control step and to evaluate accurately the kinetic effect from potential differences. Fast scan voltammograms showed the negative potential shifts both of the cathodic and the anodic peaks with an increase in the scan rate. In contrast, microelectrode voltammetry showed that the ratio of the steady-state limiting current for BQ to that for ferrocene decreased with a decrease in the electrode radii. The halfwave potential of the reduction of BQ did not vary with the radii within error. These features are largely deviated from the Butler–Volmer kinetic behavior. The electrode surface after the long term electro-reduction was coated with a precipitate. The proposed reaction mechanism is formation of films by follow-up chemical reactions of BQ associated with slight potential shift. The film blocks diffusion of BQ. This model was theoretically formulated and elucidated the experimental results.     

Micellar Catalysis of Composite Reactions II. The Effect of CTAB Micelles on the Alkaline Fading of Malachite Green

The alkaline fading of malachite green, which is interpreted as parallel first order and second order reactions, has been studied in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar solution at 25°C using spectrophotometry. A micellar catalytic model is proposed in this paper for constant concentration of hydroxideion. For this model, the first order and the second order rate constants in CTAB micellar phase,k_1m and k_2m have been obtained.

The experimental results indicate that the first order reaction of malachite green cation with water is catalysed by CTAB micelles while the second order reaction of malachite green cation with hydroxide ion is inhibited by CTAB micelles. The first order rate constant in CTAB micellar phase, k_1m , is 210 times of that in the bulk phase, but the second order rate constant in CTAB micellar phase, k_2m , is 0. 166 time of that in the bulk phase. The results are interpreted mostly in relation to the micellar micropolarity and electrostatic interaction. @Keywords: Micelle, Micellar catalysis, Parallel first order and seond order reactions, Malachite green