Comparative study of runaway electron diffusion in the rise phase of low qa and normal qa discharges in the SINP tokamak

The behaviour of runaway electrons in the SINP tokamak, which can be operated in a normal edge safety factor (q _a ) (NQ) discharge configuration as well as in a low q _a (LQ) configuration, was experimentally investigated, during the initial plasma generation phase. An energy analysis of the runaway electron dynamics in the rise phase of the SINP tokamak discharges was also made. A comparison of the runaway electron diffusion coefficients in NQ and LQ is carried out in this paper.     

Investigation of the effect of electron cyclotron heating on runaway generation in the KSTAR tokamak

Wave enhanced runaway generation is expected to play an important role in the conversion of plasma current into runaway current during major disruptions. The fast electrons created by electron cyclotron heating (ECH) were used to study this issue in KSTAR. It is found that the fast electrons driven by ECH can enhance runaway production in the flat top phase with high loop voltage. The runaway current in disruptions was not enhanced by the ECH produced fast electron population due to the strong magnetic fluctuations which inhibited the generation of runaway electrons. It is found that a complete loss of existing REs during thermal quench has occurred in KSTAR limiter configuration discharges.     

HL—1装置的硬X射线锯齿振荡

软X射线的锯齿振荡,在ST,Pulsator和TEXT等装置上已观测到;在Pulsator和PLT上已研究了硬X射线锯齿波。PLT和Pulsator观测结果为,产生的硬X射线锯齿振荡为反锯齿和内破裂的软X射线锯齿相对应。Pulsator的硬X射线锯齿和软X射线锯齿一样,这种趋势一直持继到放电结束,而硬X射线峰值发生在软X射线内破裂后大约200μs。PLT的硬X射线锯齿比软X射线锯齿延迟1至5ms。本工作目的是在内破裂后,从软、硬X射线锯齿波对比,观测硬X射线到达峰值这段延迟时间,并以此来量度逃逸电子约束时间。     

Runaway Electron Measurements in the EAST Tokamak

An experimental study of runaway electrons in the EAST tokamak has been performed by a recently developed multi‐channel hard x‐ray diagnostics based on NaI(TL) scintillator detectors. It is found that in the current quench phase, the inductive loop voltage plays an important role in the generation of runaway electrons. And the avalanche mechanism was the main mechanism for runaway electrons after the disruptions. The distribution and transportation of runaway electrons were also investigated by multi‐channel hard x‐ray diagnostics. It is also found that the intensity of runaway electrons emission in the core plasma was much higher than those in the downside of the cross‐section, while the emission intensity of runaway electrons in the core plasma was almost the same. Calculated shrinking coefficient of runaway electrons emission after the plasma disruption was about 26 m/s according to the experimental data (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Observation of Runaway Electron Behaviour During Disruptions in LHCD Discharges in the HT‐7 Tokamak

Production of runaway electrons during disruptions has been observed in the HT‐7 Tokamak. The runaway current plateaus, which can carry part of the pre‐disruptive current, are observed in lower‐hybrid current drive (LHCD) limiter discharges. It is found that the runaway current can mitigate the disruptions effectively. We can use gas puffing to increase the line‐averaged density to restrain the runaway electrons and rebuild the plasmas after the disruptions. Detailed observations are presented on the runaway electrons generated following disruptions in the HT‐7 tokamak discharges. The results indicate that the magnetic oscillations play a significant role in the loss of runaway electrons in disruptions. There are two important preconditions to rebuild plasmas by runaway electrons after the disruptions. One of them are weak magnetic oscillations; another one are LHWs (lower‐hybrid waves) (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Design and Studies of Disruption Prediction System on the HL-2A Tokamak

In the contemporary large tokamak, the disruptive termination of a discharge will reduce the lifetime of the first wall materials because of the intense heat flux at the energy quench and the intense runaway electrons during the current quench, and generate high electromagnetic forces on vacuum vessel components. The system of disruption warner must be established in the HL-2A tokamak. MHD real-time measuring and processing system has been designed and implemented. The system can be predicted the auras of dischage disruption in real-time, the energy quench and the current quench can be avoidanced.     

提升等离子体初始密度抑制逃逸电子的实验研究

利用硬X射线诊断监测逃逸电子,研究了HT-7装置放电初始阶段不同等离子体初始密度对逃逸电子产生过程的影响。实验结果表明,提高等离子体初始密度能有效地抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

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利用硬X射线诊断监测逃逸电子,研究了HT-7装置放电初始阶段不同等离子体初始密度对逃逸电子产生过程的影响。实验结果表明,提高等离子体初始密度能有效地抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

HL—1装置逃逸电子产生硬X射线锯齿振荡的频谱计算

在HL-1装置上用硬X射线测得相应的打在孔栏处逃逸电子通量,其通量脉动呈现反锯齿振荡。为辨别这个振荡是一个真实的物理扰动,还是毫无意义的噪声涨落或背景振动,我们对获取的硬X射线通量作了频谱分析,证实逃逸电子打在限制器上产生的硬X射线受到一     

Design and fabrication of emissive biased limiter and its effect on tokamak plasma

In this paper, an emissive-biased limiter (EBL) was designed and fabricated then the magneto hydrodynamic activity was investigated based on Mirnov oscillations and hard X-ray spectroscopy through the tokamak plasma biasing. The EBL is positioned at r/a=0.92, and the biased voltage, which is varied from?250 to 250 V, applied between the head of the emissive limiter and vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the effects of the biased limiter for both negative and positive applied voltages are measured, and the results are compared with cold-biased limiter. As the results of IR-T1 tokamak suggest, in emissive negative polarity, the duration of plasma current is increased, compared with no bias, cold positive and emissive positive polarities. The amplitude of Mirnov fluctuations in emissive negative polarity is larger and more regular, compared with emissive positive polarity. The amplitude of the hard X-ray fluctuation in emissive negative polarity is very low compared with cold negative, cold positive and emissive positive polarities which leads to minimum energy loss.     

Comparison of anomalous Doppler resonance effects with molybdenum and graphite limiters on HT-7

The material of limiter in HT-7 tokamak was changed from graphite to molybdenum in the last experimental campaign. The pitch angle scattering of runaway electrons due to anomalous Doppler resonance effects was observed. The experimental results agree very well with the stable boundary condition expected from the linear resistive theory but only agree with that from the nonlinear evolutionary of runaway-electron distribution theory in low electric field region. The current carried by runaway electrons is the same under different limiter conditions.     

First Results of Biasing Experiments on the T-10 Tokamak

The first results of the electrode biasing experiments performed on the T-10 tokamak are presented. Positive voltage applied to an electrode inserted inside the tokamak limiter results in the H-mode transition characterised by a decrease of D emission intensity, a rise of line-average plasma density and an increase in energy lifetime. Growth of core electron and ion temperatures during the electrode biasing implies the formation of the thermal barrier in addition to the particle transport barrier.     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

 分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现：电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

Observations of Runaway Electron Generation during Disruptions on HL-2A Tokamak

The major disruption can not only lead to the great heat loads and produce the large electromagnetic force on the first wall and divertor plates, but also can generate the runaway electrons. The runaway electrongeneration is a dangerous event for tokamak operation.     

Enhanced production of runaway electrons during a disruptive termination of discharges heated with lower hybrid power in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade

We report on the observation of a large production of runaway electrons during a disruptive termination of discharges heated with lower-hybrid waves at the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade. The runaway current plateaus, which can carry up to 80% of the predisruptive current, are observed more often than in normal Ohmic disruptions. The largest runaway currents correspond to the slowest plasma current decay rates. This trend is opposite to what is observed in most tokamaks. We attribute this anomalous behavior to the acceleration of the preexistent wave-resonant suprathermal electrons during the disruption decay phase. These results could be relevant for the operation of the ITER tokamak whenever a sizeable amount of lower-hybrid power is made available.     

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利用硬X射线探测系统监测HT-7托卡马克装置中逃逸电子轰击到装置第一壁材料时所产生的高能硬X射线,研究了在放电平顶阶段提高等离子体密度对逃逸电子行为的影响。实验结果表明,通过提高放电平顶阶段等离子体密度,HXR强度迅速降到很低的水平,这意味着能有效减少这个阶段形成的逃逸电子的数目及能量。     

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用NaI闪烁体探测器组成的逃逸电子诊断系统和CdTe半导体探测阵列组成的快电子轫致辐射诊断系统,研究了一定等离子体密度条件下低杂波功率和等离子体电流对逃逸产生的影响以及一定低杂波功率下等离子体密度对逃逸电子产生的不同作用效果。根据实验数据计算了HT-7装置等离子体中电子逃逸的阈值电场和一定放电条件下电子逃逸的阈值能量。     

Runaway of electrons in dense gases and mechanism of generation of high-power subnanosecond beams

New understanding of mechanism of the runaway electrons beam generation in gases is presented. It is shown that the Townsend mechanism of the avalanche electron multiplication is valid even for the strong electric fields when the electron ionization friction on gas may be neglected. A non-local criterion for a runaway electron generation is proposed. This criterion results in the universal two-valued dependence of critical voltage U _cr on pd for a certain gas (p is a pressure, d is an interelectrode distance). This dependence subdivides a plane (U _cr , pd) onto the area of the efficient electron multiplication and the area where the electrons leave the gas gap without multiplication. On the basis of this dependence analogs of Paschen’s curves are constructed, which contain an additional new upper branch. This brunch demarcates the area of discharge and the area of e-beam. The mechanism of the formation of the recently created atomospheric pressure subnanosecond e-beams is discussed. It is shown that the beam of the runaway electrons is formed at an instant when the plasma of the discharge gap approaches to the runaway electrons is formed at an instant when the plasma of the discharge gap approaches to the anode. In this case a basic pulse of the electron beam is formed according to the non-local criterion of the runaway electrons generation. The role of the discharge gap preionization by the fast electrons, emitted from the plasma non-uniformities on the cathode, as well as a propagation of an electron multiplication wave from cathode to anode in a dense gas are considered.     

Measurement of high-energy electrons by means of a Cherenkov detector in ISTTOK tokamak

The paper concerns detectors of the Cherenkov radiation which can be used to measure high-energy electrons escaping from short-living plasma. Such detectors have high temporal (about 1 ns) and spatial (about 1 mm) resolution. The paper describes a Cherenkov-type detector which was designed, manufactured and installed in the ISTTOK tokamak in order to measure fast runaway electrons. The radiator of that detector was made of an aluminium nitride (AlN) tablet with a light-tight filter on its front surface. Cherenkov signals from the radiator were transmitted through an optical cable to a fast photomultiplier. It made possible to perform direct measurements of the runaway electrons of energy above 80 keV. The measured energy values and spatial characteristics of the recorded electrons appeared to be consistent with results of numerical modelling of the runaway electron generation process in the ISTTOK tokamak.     

HL-1M装置逃逸电子的定标律

使用一维数值模型, 推断了逃逸能量ε_r与逃逸约束时间τ_r的关系。模拟结果给出能量ε_r 和放电参数的定标律。在HL- 1M 装置中不同实验条件下测量了硬X 射线谱, 研究了逃逸电子能量 ε_r模拟的定标律, 并推导出HL- 1M 装置放电的逃逸电子的约束时间与逃逸电子扩散系数。