环三甲撑三硝胺(RDX)结构和性质的DFT研究

环三甲撑三硝胺(RDX)是综合性能好、使用极广的高能炸药。本文用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,取6-31G*基组,求得其分子几何构型、电子结构、IR谱和热力学性质。全优化几何构型和电子结构均具有C3V对称性。在相邻原子之间以NNO2键的Mulliken集居数最小,表明其间电子分布较少,预示其为热解和起爆的引发键。IR谱与实验结果良好相符。计算所得298-1200K的热力学性质,对进一步深入研究RDX的反应和性质有助。     

1,3,5,7-四硝基金刚烷结构和性能的理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平下求得1,3,5,7-四硝基金刚烷的全优化分子几何和电子结构. 经简谐振动分析求得其IR谱并作归属. 由统计热力学求得其不同温度下的热力学性质. 以非限制性半经验MO方法探讨其热解机理, 求得各反应通道的过渡态和活化能, 发现热解始于侧链C—NO₂键的均裂. 还基于理论计算密度和生成热, 以Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算其爆速和爆压.     

四层过渡金属夹心化合物的电子构型

本文利用共点稠合型硼烷的拓扑结构规则和EHMO量子化学计算方法, 讨论了四层过渡金属夹心化合物的电子构型, 以及它与几何结构之间的关系. 用于解释实际化合物的电子构型. 继而, 对四层、三层和双层夹心化合物的电子构型与几何结构之间的关系进行了比较和讨论.     

N-对硝基苯甲酰四氢噻唑-2-硫酮与甘氨酸反应的量子化学研究

用半经验的量子化学ＰＭ３方法研究了Ｎ对硝基苯甲酰四氢噻唑２硫酮与甘氨酸反应，优化了反应物和产物的最优几何构型，研究了反应物和产物的电子结构、电荷键序分布和反应焓变，讨论了反应机理     

双环-HMX结构和性质的理论研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311G*水平上, 计算研究了高能化合物四硝基四氮杂双环辛烷(双环-HMX) α和β两种异构体的结构和性质. 比较分子对称性、分子内氢键和环张力等几何参数以及分子总能量和前线轨道能级等电子结构参数, 发现α比β稳定. 分子中N—N键较长, N—N键集居数较小, 预示该键为热解和起爆的引发键. 基于简谐振动分析求得IR谱频率和强度. 运用统计热力学方法求得200～1000 K温度的热力学性质. 以非限制性半经验PM3方法探讨其热解机理, 求得各反应通道的过渡态和活化能, 发现热解始于侧链N—NO₂键的均裂. 还从理论上预测了该化合物的密度、爆速和爆压, 有助于寻求高能量密度材料(HEDM).     

富勒烯C60硫桥键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物的理论研究

利用半经验AM1法研究了富勒烯C₆₀硫桥键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物和富勒烯C₆₀键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物的几何构型,电子结构.计算结果显示,富勒烯C₆₀硫桥键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)平面与C₆₀发生作用,使其弯曲的程度比富勒烯C₆₀键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物的大,从而形成一种独特的四硫富瓦烯(TTF)平面半包裹C₆₀的空间构型的D-A体系.这很可能是由于C-S单键的灵活性造成的.而且它们的HOMO轨道主要分布在四硫富瓦烯(TTF)部分,而LUMO轨道则主要分布在C₆₀上.预测了富勒烯C₆₀硫桥键联四硫富瓦烯衍生物很有可能在激发态下产生更长寿命的电荷分离态.     

3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪的合成及理论研究

以3,6-双(3,5-二甲基吡唑基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪为原料, 经过肼解反应和重氮化反应, 制得了3,6-二叠氮基-1,2,4,5-四嗪(DAT). 在DFT-B3LYP/6-31G*水平下求得了DAT的分子几何、IR光谱和热力学性质. 计算模拟IR光谱和实测IR光谱的对比表明DAT在固态下不发生叠氮-四唑互变异构反应. 根据IR光谱计算了DAT的热容、焓、熵等热力学参数, 也给出了这些参数和温度T之间的函数关系. 在不破坏四嗪环和叠氮基的原则下通过构建等键反应求得了DAT的精确生成热为1088 kJ•mol^—1. 爆轰性能计算表明DAT爆速D＝8.45 km•s^－1, 爆压P＝31.3 GPa, 高于TNT和HMX.     

3,3’-偶氮双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)新法合成、表征与量子化学研究

自行设计了3,3’-偶氮双(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)新合成路线、采用3,5-双(3,5-二甲基吡唑-1-基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BDT)为原料, 由文献报道的4步反应缩减为2步, 经高压氨解、高锰酸钾氧化合成了DAAT, 总收率大幅提高, 达到58.1%, 并采用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振光谱等进行了结构表征. 为了从分子水平探索DAAT的性能, 采用B3LYP法, 在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上对DAAT的结构进行了优化, 计算了其性能, 获得稳定的几何构型、分子轨道及键级; 在振动分析的基础上求得体系的振动频率、IR谱及不同温度下的热力学性质, 并得温度对热力学性能影响的关系式. 结果表明: DAAT分子结构中偶氮基两侧的四嗪环和氨基基本在同一个平面上, 形成一个大的共轭π键; 红外谱计算频率和强度与实验结果整体吻合较好; 热能( )、热容( )和熵( )均随温度的升高而增大.     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷结构和性质的理论研究

用abinitio和DFT方法,分别在HF/6-31G^*和B3LYP/6-31G^*水平下全优化计算了高能量密度材料六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)的α(γ),β和ε型构象的分子几何构型、电子结构、IR谱和298～1000K温度下的热力学性质,细致分析比较了两种方法和相关的实验结果。理论计算几何参数与实验值相一致。分子中N—N键较长,N—N键Mulliken集居数较小,预示该键为热解和起爆的引发键。所得的IR谱形符合实验、指纹区频率与实验的平均绝对差值小于45cm^-1。由前线MO能级及其差值预示的热力学稳定性次序[ε＞α(γ)＞β]与实验排序相吻合。     

四唑及其衍生物的理论研究：II.一氯代四唑负离子的从头算

用从头计算法，取６－３１Ｇ基组，在ＭＰ２水平上，计算研究了１Ｈ－和２Ｈ－四唑一氯取代物三种负离子的全优化几何构型和电子结构，比较讨论了它们的芳香性和稳定性，发现三者均取平面构型，其芳香性和稳定性次序为５－氯四唑负离子〉２－氯四唑负离子〉１－氯四唑负离子，预示了形成金属配俣物时５－氯四唑作为配体的重要性和配位方式。     

NO2, OH和OH-对环四甲撑四硝胺初始热解的影响

在密度泛函理论的(DFT)B3LYP/6-31g(d)水平上, 优化得到了环四甲撑四硝胺(β-HMX)及其与高氯酸铵(AP)裂解产物NO2、OH及OH-分别形成复合物的各种稳定构型, 计算了β-HMX及各复合物中最弱的N—NO2键解离能. 结果发现: β-HMX与NO2、OH结合后构型变化不是很大, 但对称性降低; β-HMX与OH-结合后, HMX构型发生较大变化, 原有的对称性明显遭到破坏. 计算表明: NO2易与HMX骨架环上亚甲基(—CH2—)中的H作用,“置换”出H而引发HMX的热解, 从而改变了HMX的初始分解通道; OH对HMX的N—NO2键解离影响不大, 而OH-与β-HMX结合后其N—NO2键解离能比β-HMX降低近200 kJ·mol-1, 表明OH-对其裂解有明显的促进作用. NO2、OH-的存在可使HMX的分解温度大大降低.     

NO_2,OH和OH~-对环四甲撑四硝胺初始热解的影响

在密度泛函理论的(DFT)B3LYP/6-31g(d)水平上,优化得到了环四甲撑四硝胺(β-HMX)及其与高氯酸铵(AP)裂解产物NO2、OH及OH-分别形成复合物的各种稳定构型,计算了β-HMX及各复合物中最弱的N—NO2键解离能.结果发现:β-HMX与NO2、OH结合后构型变化不是很大,但对称性降低;β-HMX与OH-结合后,HMX构型发生较大变化,原有的对称性明显遭到破坏.计算表明:NO2易与HMX骨架环上亚甲基(—CH2—)中的H作用,"置换"出H而引发HMX的热解,从而改变了HMX的初始分解通道;OH对HMX的N—NO2键解离影响不大,而OH-与β-HMX结合后其N—NO2键解离能比β-HMX降低近200kJ.mol-1,表明OH-对其裂解有明显的促进作用.NO2、OH-的存在可使HMX的分解温度大大降低.     

环五甲撑五硝胺(CRX)结构和性质的DFT预示

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-31G*基组水平下,全优化计算了环五甲撑五硝胺(CRX)的分子几何和优化构型下的电子结构.环C-N键长为0.144～0.148 nm, N-NO2键长为0.139～0.142 nm; CRX的最高占有MO(HOMO)能级和最低未占MO(LUMO)能级之间的差值ΔEg(5.2054 eV)较大,预示CRX较稳定.基于简谐振动分析求得IR谱频率和强度.运用统计热力学方法,求得在200～1200 K的热力学性质C0p,m、 S0m和H0m.还运用Kamlet公式预示了它的爆速和爆压分别为9169 m/s和37.88 GPa.     

First-principles study of the four polymorphs of crystalline octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine

The electronic structure and vibrational properties of the four polymorphs of crystalline octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) have been studied using density functional theory within the local density approximation. The results show that the states of N in the ring make more important contributions to the valence bands than these of C and N of NO2 and so N in the ring acts as an active center. From the low frequency to high-frequency region, the molecular motions of the vibrational frequencies for the four HMX polymorphs present unique features. It is also noted that there is a relationship between the band gap and impact sensitivity for the four HMX polymorphs. From the cell bond order per unit volume, we may infer the variation order of crystal bonding for the four polymorphs and so predict their impact sensitivity order as follows: beta-HMX < gamma-HMX < alpha-HMX < delta-HMX, which is in agreement with their experimental order.     

Intermolecular interactions,thermodynamic properties,crystal structure,and detonation performance of HMX/NTO cocrystal explosive

Previous studies have shown that the design of cocrystal explosives is one of the most promising approaches to decrease the sensitivity and maintain the detonation performance of existing explosives. As is well‐known, octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) is a high energy density material (HEDM). But the application of HMX is limited, due to its high sensitivity. Thus, an insensitive explosive 5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (NTO) is proposed as a cocrystal former (CCF) to cocrystallize with HMX in the present work. The binding energies, heat of formations (HOFs), thermodynamic properties, atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analysis of four HMX/NTO complexes have been calculated using density functional theory methods, including meta‐hybrid functional (M062X) and dispersion‐corrected density functionals (B97D, ωB97XD). In addition, the crystal structure of HMX/NTO cocrystal has been investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and first principles methods. The HMX/NTO cocrystal is most likely to crystallize in triclinic crystal system with P1 space group, and corresponding cell parameters are Z = 2, a = 9.06 Å, b = 8.19 Å, c = 10.27 Å, α = 81.94^°, β = 98.42^°, γ = 82.03^°, and ρ = 1.92 g/cm³. The detonation velocity and detonation pressure of HMX/NTO cocrystal are 8.73 km/s and 35.14 GPa, respectively, a little lower than those of HMX. Finally, bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the weakest trigger bond in HMX/NTO complexes are calculated. The results show that HMX/NTO complexes are thermally stable and meet the thermal requirement of HEDMs (BDE > 120 kJ/mol). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Enhanced extraction of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and its application to environmental samples

A method for enhanced extraction of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) from environmental samples is developed with the assistance of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant. In this study, the concentration of SDS surfactant and other analytical parameters are optimized on a high-performance liquid chromatography-UV system. An isocratic flow of 1.0 mL/min with mobile phase acetonitrile-water; 70:30 (v/v) at 230 nm wavelength on a reverse-phase amide column is used for baseline separation of explosives and making calibration curves. The amount of recovered explosives from spiked soil and water samples are calculated. The limits of detection obtained for HMX and RDX standards are 1.5 and 3.8 ppb (S/N=3), respectively, which are much better than obtained by the Environmental Protection Agency method 8330. The recoveries are found to be enhanced by 1.7 and 1.6-fold with SDS solution as compared to water for HMX and RDX, respectively, from soil samples.     

The force-field derivation and atomistic simulation of HMX–fluoropolymer mixture explosives

We get ab initio-based force field between octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and fluoropolymer. The HMX is a high-energy explosive, and fluoropolymer is a binder. By using this force field, the mechanical properties of mixture explosives are investigated. Nine kinds of polymers are considered: polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethene, polytetrafluoroethene, polyhexafluoropropene, F2311, F2312, F2313, F2314, and Viton-A. The deformation processes of explosives are simulated, the structure evolution and energy variation are calculated, and the coating and plasticizing properties of binders to HMX are obtained.     

Mesoscopic Simulation of Aggregate Behaviour of Polymers in β-HMX-based PBXs

The mesoscopic structures of β-HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine)-based PBXs (polymer bonded explosives) at room temperature were investigated using dissipative particle dynamics method. The parameters and repulsive parameters of dif-ferent polymers and β-HMX, the mesoscopic structures of β-HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives at different temperatures have been studied. The results showed that the compat-ibility between β-HMX and vinylidenedifluoride (VDF), β-HMX and chlorotrifluoroethylene(CTFE), VDF and CTFE increased with increasing temperature. The temperature and mo-lar ratio of the polymers played an important role in wrapped process. And there exists the optimum temperature and molar ratio.     

Initial chemical events in shocked octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine: a new initiation decomposition mechanism

We have performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the multiscale shock technique to study the initial chemical processes of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) under shock wave loading. The results show that the initial decomposition of shocked HMX is triggered by the N-O bond breaking and the ring opening. This will initiate many decomposition reactions and lead to the production of many small radicals at a moment. As the shock compression continues, these small radicals recombine to produce many large radicals and further form ring-shaped radicals. Then, these radicals begin to further decompose. It is also found that the system transiently produces a large number of metallic states under the shock compression. Our simulations thus suggest a new mechanism for the initial chemical processes of shocked HMX and provide fundamental insight into the initial mechanism at the atomistic level, which is of important implication for understanding and development of energetic materials.