航天能源管理系统设计与实现

随着我国航天事业的发展,卫星的功能需求以及数量不断增加,以型号为主、以粗放式的能源使用方式在现阶段已不符合国家节能减排的要求,运用信息化科技手段,采取管控结合的有效管理方式,在能源管理工作上不断地进行创新,将成为航天企业管理必然的选择,通过建立能源管理系统,运用能源监控,能源统计,能源消费分析,重点能耗设备管理,能源计量设备管理等多种手段,使管理者对能源成本比重,发展趋势有准确的掌握,并将能源消费计划任务分解到各个生产部门车间,使节能指标分解工作责任明确,促进企业管理创新发展。     

水云增长过程中的云滴谱及散射特性分析

基于大气物理学研究了水云云滴增长过程中的粒谱及散射特性.研究结果表明,凝结增长使粒谱半高宽和有效半径不断增加,碰并增长使粒谱出现多峰分布,有效半径增加.在凝结增长和碰并增长共同作用下,有效半径的平均增长速率为8 nm/s.凝结增长和碰并增长单独作用下,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈线性变化.在二者共同作用下,除3.2 mm波长外,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈指数增长;1.064, 2.2, 3.7, 12和22μm波长的不对称因子逐渐趋于稳定,200μm的不对称因子呈指数增长,3.2 mm的不对称因子基本保持不变;1.064和2.2μm波长的雷达比在20 sr附近波动,3.7μm波长的雷达比呈大幅振荡.云滴增长过程中,水云在1.064, 2.2和3.7μm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐降低,在12μm, 22μm, 200μm和3.2 mm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐增加,波长指数的绝对值逐渐减小.研究结果可为天气预报、地气辐射平衡研究和遥感数据校正提供重要的参考.     

混沌系统模型误差平均绝对误差增长过程研究

混沌系统的平均绝对误差增长最初是用来刻画初始值误差增长的,本文依照平均绝对误差增长的定义来研究模型误差的增长过程,获得了一些很有意义的结论．研究发现,在初期模型误差的平均绝对误差增长呈指数级增长,增长指数同模型的扰动相关,与真实系统最大Lyapunov指数没有直接关系．其后模型误差进入非线性增长过程,误差增长放缓,最终达到饱和．误差饱和值恒定,当真实系统和模型系统吸引子差别较小时,模型误差饱和值基本上同真实系统的初始值误差饱和值相等．利用上述研究结论可以求出模型的可预报期限,这在数值天气预报中具有重要的意义．进而利用模型的可预报期限可以对同一真实系统的不同模型进行评价,相对真实系统越精确的模型拥有更高的可预报期限．这对新模型的开发具有很强的指导作用．     

混沌系统可预报期限随初始误差变化规律研究

利用非线性误差增长理论计算了Logistic映射和Lorenz系统可预报期限随初始误差的变化,发现Logistic映射等简单混沌系统的可预报期限与初始误差的对数存在线性关系.在非线性误差增长理论的框架下,理论分析表明,平均误差增长达到一定值时,误差增长进入明显的非线性增长阶段,最终达到饱和;对于一个确定的混沌系统,在控制参数固定的情况下误差增长的饱和值也是固定的,因此可预报期限只依赖于初始误差. 在可预报期限与初始误差对数存在的线性函数关系式中,线性系数与最大Lyapunov指数有关,在已知混沌系统的最大 关键词： 非线性局部Lyapunov指数 可预报期限 初始误差 混沌系统     

图像局部熵用于小目标检测研究

分析了局部熵用于小目标检测时造成目标范围扩散等问题的原因,并提出了熵增长方法.该方法用于点目标检测可避免发生目标范围扩散现象.由于边缘纹理和点目标在熵增长处理过程中表现出截然相反的属性,故可避免边缘纹理对于小目标检测产生的严重干扰.该方法也可用于不受噪声干扰的边缘检测.针对相同信噪比目标在不同背景亮度中具有不同熵值和增长量的问题,提出用方差增长替代熵增长,使相同信噪比目标在不同背景亮度中表现出相同的增长量值,降低了后续目标分割的难度.试验表明,熵增长方法和方差增长方法能够有效检测1或2像素大小的点目标,并不受背景中边缘纹理的干扰.对算法的复杂度进行了分析,并提出采用双通道并行流水线方式实现工程化的设计思路.     

高功率激光装置熔石英紫外损伤增长研究

基于大口径高功率激光装置开展了熔石英紫外损伤增长的实验研究.研究结果表明:在5 ns平顶脉冲的紫外激光辐照下,熔石英后表面损伤点尺寸随激光发次主要服从指数增长规律,且损伤增长速率随激光通量的增加而上升;但是,在相同的激光通量下损伤增长速率并非一个恒定值,而是存在一定的分布范围,说明除激光通量外还存在其他的影响因素.进一步的统计分析表明,在相同的激光通量下,小尺寸损伤点的平均增长速率高于大尺寸损伤点,表明损伤增长速率不仅与激光通量有关,还与损伤点尺寸有关.由于损伤增长主要源于损伤坑轴向和纵向裂纹在力学作用下发生扩展,因此小尺寸损伤点增长速率高于大尺寸损伤点增长速率说明小尺寸损伤点更易将激光能量耦合为弹性应变能.研究结果对熔石英使用寿命的精确预测和损伤机理的深入认识具有重要意义.     

增益介质中发散光束的小尺度自聚焦

将Bepalov-Talanov理论拓展为发散光束在增益介质中的情形,研究了介质小信号增益和饱和增益情况下小尺度扰动的自聚焦特性.在小信号增益情形下,对于确定的输入功率,不同的光束初始曲率半径,小尺度调制增长的临界频率、最快增长频率及其对应的最大增益随介质小信号增益或传输距离的变化有不同的变化性质.光束初始曲率半径表征着光束衍射发散的程度,它的减小在一定程度上能够使小尺度调制的最快增长频率和最大增益减小.小信号增益情形下,对于确定的输出功率,增加介质小信号增益,扰动的最大增益会随之减小,而最快增长频率相应向低频方向移动.相比于小信号增益情形,饱和增益介质情形下小尺度调制增长的最快增长频率及最大增益较小.在不同的系统设计中,需权衡放大器增益及光束参数,选择合适的系统参数及光束控制装置进行实际应用.     

基于区域进化的区域增长图像分割

为克服经典区域增长算法中门限选择困难、分割稳定性不高与串行处理速度慢的不足,提出了基于区域进化的快速区域增长图像分割算法。引入了新的区域能量表示模型,并给出了迭代进化形式。在区域增长过程中,逐渐增加区域增长的门限,通过对能量函数的动态优化来逼近最佳分割结果。仿真实验表明,该方法能有效地避免经典区域增长算法中门限选择的困难,采用区间连通处理技术代替单一像素串行迭代处理方式,可使分割速度提高十多倍。     

爆轰加载下弹塑性固体Richtmyer-Meshkov流动的扰动增长规律

研究了冲击波加载弹塑性材料扰动自由面的动力学演化过程,分析了高能炸药爆轰驱动时初始扰动与材料性质对扰动增长的影响.研究结果表明:初始扰动的振幅与波长之比越高,扰动越易增长,强度越高的材料扰动增长幅度越小;扰动增长被抑制时,尖钉的最大振幅与增长速度无量纲数之间存在线性近似关系,进一步理论分析表明尖钉的振幅增长因子与加载压力、初始扰动形态和材料强度有关,该理论关系作为扰动增长规律的线性近似在一定范围内适用于多种金属材料.     

流体力学不稳定性增长测量方法研究

本文通过静态样品定标的方法, 在神光II实验装置上获得了给定空间频率下分幅相机系统的调制传递函数. 在相同实验配置的情况下, 利用定标的结果, 实现了对正弦扰动样品的流体力学不稳定性增长的绝对测量, 获得了不同时刻的增长因子, 结果表明现阶段已具备辐射驱动流体力学不稳定性实验的扰动增长表征能力.     

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of multicomponent systems

A general formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of multicomponent fluids is given. Reversible parts of balance equations for the extensive variables are constructed in such a way that the growth rate of the extensive variables are related to their conjugate intensive parameters in an antisymmetric manner. This enables us to give the balance equation for the diffusional flow which plays an important role in the study of superfluidity and complex fluids.     

Density of mechanisms within the flexibility window of zeolites

By treating idealized zeolite frameworks as periodic mechanical trusses, we show that the number of flexible folding mechanisms in zeolite frameworks is strongly peaked at the minimum density end of their flexibility window. 25 of the 197 known zeolite frameworks exhibit an extensive flexibility, where the number of unique mechanisms increases linearly with the volume when long wavelength mechanisms are included. Extensively flexible frameworks therefore have a maximum in configurational entropy, as large crystals, at their lowest density. Most real zeolites do not exhibit extensive flexibility, suggesting that surface and edge mechanisms are important, likely during the nucleation and growth stage. The prevalence of flexibility in real zeolites suggests that, in addition to low framework energy, it is an important criterion when searching large databases of hypothetical zeolites for potentially useful realizable structures.     

Damage spreading in 2-dimensional isotropic and anisotropic Bak-Sneppen models

We implement the damage spreading technique on 2-dimensional isotropic and anisotropic Bak-Sneppen models. Our extensive numerical simulations show that there exists a power-law sensitivity to the initial conditions at the statistically stationary state (self-organized critical state). Corresponding growth exponent α for the Hamming distance and the dynamical exponent z are calculated. These values allow us to observe a clear data collapse of the finite size scaling for both versions of the Bak-Sneppen model. Moreover, it is shown that the growth exponent of the distance in the isotropic and anisotropic Bak-Sneppen models is strongly affected by the choice of the transient time.     

Anomalous scaling in epitaxial growth on vicinal surfaces: meandering and mounding instabilities in a linear growth equation with spatiotemporally correlated noise

We have undertaken an extensive analytical and kinetic Monte Carlo study of the (2+1) dimensional discrete growth model on a vicinal surface. A non-local, phenomenological continuum equation describing surface growth in unstable systems with anomalous scaling is presented. The roughness produced by unstable growth is first studied considering various effects in surface diffusion processes (corresponding to temperature, flux, diffusion anisotropy). We found that the thermally activated roughness is well-described by a generalized Lai–Das Sarma–Villain model with non linear growth continuum equation and uncorrelated noise. The corresponding critical exponents are computed analytically for the first time and show a continuous variation in agreement with simulation results of a solid-on-solid model. However, the roughness related to the meandering instability is found, unexpectedly, to be well described by a linear continuum equation with spatiotemporally correlated noise.     

Time evolution of hollow cathode ionization processes in the finalbreakdown phase of a transient hollow cathode discharge

The enhanced ionization processes taking place inside the hollow cathode region (HCR) of a transient hollow cathode discharge (THCD) are essential events which lead to final electrical breakdown. This ionization growth is permanently assisted by a virtual anode moving in the anode-cathode gap (A-K gap), which extends the anode potential to within the hollow cathode region. In the paper, the ionization growth inside the HCR under the enhanced field due to the close proximity of the anode potential has been studied using a statistical technique in a range of pressures, with three different cathode apertures. Statistical time distributions of an extensive experimental data set are analyzed to understand the mechanisms involved in the final stages, just before electric breakdown     

Domain growth and finite-size-scaling in the kinetic Ising model

This paper describes the application of finite-size scaling concepts to domain growth in systems with a non-conserved order parameter. A finite-size-scaling ansatz for the time-dependent order parameter distribution function is proposed, and tested with extensive Monte-Carlo simulations of domain growth in the 2-D spin-flip kinetic Ising model. The scaling properties of the distribution functions serve to elucidate the configurational self-similarity that underlies the dynamic scaling picture. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the application of finite-size-scaling techniques facilitates the accurate determination of the bulk growth exponent even in the presence of strong finite-size effects, the scale and character of which are graphically exposed by the order parameter distribution function. In addition it is found that one commonly used measure of domain size-the scaled second moment of the magnetisation distribution-belies the full extent of these finite-size effects.     

拓扑绝缘体薄膜和有限尺寸效应

拓扑绝缘体是近年来发现的一类新的量子材料,已成为凝聚态物理的研究热点领域.厚度仅几纳米的拓扑绝缘体薄膜不但具有奇特的物理性质,而且还是拓扑绝缘体应用于平面器件的基础.文章以Bi2Se3为例,介绍了Bi2Se3家族拓扑绝缘体薄膜的分子束外延生长以及其能带、自旋结构和拓扑性质随层厚的演化.这些结果为人工调控拓扑绝缘体的电子结构和物理性质提供了指导.     

神光Ⅱ装置上辐射驱动瑞利-泰勒不稳定性实验

在神光Ⅱ装置上开展了辐射驱动RT不稳定性的一系列实验,获得了不同初始扰动幅度、不同扰动波长、不同材料样品等条件下辐射烧蚀RT不稳定性增长的高时空分辨背光图像,特别是在大初始扰动幅度样品实验中获得了扰动增长的清晰图像,观察到了扰动增长从线性区到非线性区的过渡过程,二次和三次谐波的产生和发展清楚可见。充实了数值模拟程序考核的实验数据库,对间接驱动ICF点火靶设计和研究具有重要作用。     

Role of embedded clustering in dilute magnetic semiconductors: Cr doped GaN

Results of extensive density-functional studies provide direct evidence that Cr atoms in Cr:GaN have a strong tendency to form embedded clusters, occupying Ga sites. Significantly, for larger than 2-Cr-atom clusters, states containing antiferromagnetic coupling with net spin in the range 0.06-1.47 muB/Cr are favored. We propose a picture where various configurations coexist and the statistical distribution and associated magnetism will depend sensitively on the growth details. Such a view may elucidate many puzzling observations related to the structural and magnetic properties of III-N and other dilute semiconductors.     

Novel domain growth law in random magnets

We investigate the kinetics of domain growth in Ising magnets where a fraction 1 - p of the magnetic atoms or ions (spins) are randomly substituted by non-magnetic impurities. We argue that close to the percolation threshold p_c, the statistical self-similarity of the underlying structure gives rise to a novel crossover in the growth law. We propose a method to detect any evidence of this new prediction from the kinetics of domain growth in the dilute Ising model (DIM) during intermediate time scales by carrying out Monte Carlo simulations not at p = p_c but at slightly higher spin concentrations. We analyze the results of our extensive Monte Carlo simulation of the strongly diluted two-dimensional Ising model and find the growth to be consistent with the proposed scenario. We also compare our observations with those in the recent experiments on the kinetics of ordering in Rb₂Co_pMg_1−pF₄.