Copper bronze catalyzed Heck reaction in ionic liquids

Heck reaction of aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides catalyzed by copper bronze in tetrabutylammonium bromide as solvent and tetrabutylammonium acetate as base was developed. The effective catalysts are Cu nanoparticles deriving from the reaction of iodobenzene with copper bronze. These nanoparticles are very stable in tetraalkylammonium salts, are easily recycled, and can be stored for months without a loss of catalytic efficiency. [reaction: see text]     

Open air O-arylation reaction of phenols with aryl halides catalyzed by polymer-anchored copper(II) complexes

Two copper complexes were synthesized from macroporous chloromethylated polystyrene beads. The first one was prepared by sequential attachment of imidazole and copper acetate with chloromethylated polystyrene-divinyl benzene copolymer, and the second one was prepared from 4-vinylpyridine and copper acetate with chloromethylated polystyrene-divinyl benzene copolymer. These catalysts showed excellent catalytic activity in O-arylation reaction of aryl halides with phenol in dimethylsulfoxide using potassium carbonate at 130 °C under open air conditions to give diaryl ethers in high yields. Less reactive aryl bromides and aryl chlorides have also been shown to react with phenols to give good yields of the diaryl ethers. The effects of various parameters such as solvent, catalyst from different copper salt and base on the reaction system were studied. The reaction is applicable to a wide variety of substituted aryl halides and phenols with different steric and electronic properties. These catalysts were recovered by simple filtration, and the reusability experiments showed that these catalysts can be used five times without much loss in the catalytic activity.     

Selected Copper‐Based Reactions for C−N,C−O,C−S,and C−C Bond Formation

Metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions belong to the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Copper catalysis has received great attention owing to the low toxicity and low cost of copper. However, traditional Ullmann‐type couplings suffer from limited substrate scopes and harsh reaction conditions. The introduction of several bidentate ligands, such as amino acids, diamines, 1,3‐diketones, and oxalic diamides, over the past two decades has totally changed this situation as these ligands enable the copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl halides and nucleophiles at both low reaction temperatures and catalyst loadings. The reaction scope has also been greatly expanded, rendering this copper‐based cross‐coupling attractive for both academia and industry. In this Review, we have summarized the latest progress in the development of useful reaction conditions for the coupling of (hetero)aryl halides with different nucleophiles. Additionally, recent advances in copper‐catalyzed coupling reactions with aryl boronates and the copper‐based trifluoromethylation of aromatic electrophiles will be discussed.     

Ullmann diaryl ether synthesis: rate acceleration by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione

[reaction: see text]. In the copper salt catalyzed ether formation from aryl bromides or iodides and phenols, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione (TMHD) was found to greatly accelerate the ordinarily difficult reaction, making it occur under more moderate temperatures and reaction times. A series of aryl halides and phenols were shown to form ethers in NMP as the solvent, cesium carbonate as the base, and CuCl and TMHD as the catalysts. The reaction was shown to tolerate electron-rich aryl bromides and electron-neutral phenols.     

水相中微波辐射下芳基硫醚衍生物的铜催化合成

开展了水相中硫脲与碘代芳烃反应生成芳基硫醚衍生物的微波辅助合成研究。 高效地合成了一系列的芳基硫醚衍生物,最高收率达到90%。     

One-pot three-component tandem reaction: Synthesis of aryl/alkyl cyanamides libraries and their further conversion into tetrazole derivatives

We have developed methodology for the synthesis of aryl/alkyl cyanamides from amines in one-pot four steps reaction using cheap, readily available and air stable copper source as catalyst under mild reaction conditions. We have also studied the application of cyanamides. In this connection, we could construct aryl tetrazolamine from cyanamides using click reaction     

Regioselective synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles using bis[(L)prolinato‐N,O]Zn complex as an efficient catalyst in water as a sole solvent

A concise, convenient and mild route for one‐pot regioselective synthesis of N‐aryl‐ and N‐alkyltriazoles in water as a sole solvent is reported. The methodology involves a three‐component reaction comprising aryl/alkyl‐alkyne, sodium azide and aryl/alkyl/allyl halide catalyzed by zinc(II) L ‐prolinate. Prominent features of our protocol are incorporation of transition metal catalyst other than copper, water as the reaction medium, recyclability of catalyst and avoidance of hazardous aryl azide as a reactant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Copper-mediated cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids and alkyl thiols

[reaction: see text] The cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids and alkanethiols mediated by copper(II) acetate and pyridine in anhydrous dimethylformamide affords aryl alkyl sulfides in good yield with a wide variety of substituted aryl boronic acids. The method is applicable to the synthesis of aryl sulfides of cysteine.     

Visible‐Light‐Mediated Chan–Lam Coupling Reactions of Aryl Boronic Acids and Aniline Derivatives

The copper(II)‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reaction between aryl boronic acids and aniline derivatives was found to be improved significantly under visible‐light‐mediated photoredox catalysis. The substrate scope of this oxidative Chan–Lam reaction was thus expanded to include electron‐deficient aryl boronic acids as viable starting materials.     

Copper-mediated fluorination of aryl iodides

The synthesis of aryl fluorides has been studied intensively because of the importance of aryl fluorides in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. The stability, reactivity, and biological properties of aryl fluorides can be distinct from those of the corresponding arenes. Methods for the synthesis of aryl fluorides, however, are limited. We report the conversion of a diverse set of aryl iodides to the corresponding aryl fluorides. This reaction occurs with a cationic copper reagent and silver fluoride. Preliminary results suggest this reaction is enabled by a facile reductive elimination from a cationic arylcopper(III) fluoride.     

Decarboxylative etherification of aromatic carboxylic acids

Decarboxylative Chan-Evans-Lam-type couplings are presented as a new strategy for the regiospecific construction of diaryl and alkyl aryl ethers starting from easily available aromatic carboxylic acids. They allow converting various aromatic carboxylate salts into the corresponding aryl ethers by reaction with alkyl orthosilicates or aryl borates, under aerobic conditions in the presence of silver carbonate as the decarboxylation catalyst and copper acetate as the cross-coupling catalyst.     

铜催化卤代芳烃氨解反应的研究进展

铜催化卤代芳烃进行氨解反应是构建碳氮键的重要方法。铜作为催化剂不仅便宜、丰富、相对低毒,而且可以通过几个氧化态进行循环催化。配体的发展则扩展了底物的适用范围,提高了官能团的兼容性和反应的选择性,使得该反应成为一种通用的制备芳胺的方法。本文以铜盐催化剂为线索,对该反应机理进行了简介,对近年来铜催化卤代芳烃的氨解反应的研究进展进行了综述和展望,并指出高活性和高选择性的催化体系依然有限,铜催化剂使用量仍然较大,氨和氯代芳烃的使用还不够广泛,而且关于该类反应详细机理的文献报道还缺乏。此外,发展一个新的、高效的和通用的氨解方法仍然显得极为迫切。     

Catalytic Hydroalkylation of Allenes

We have developed a catalytic method for the hydroalkylation of allenes using alkyl triflates as electrophiles and silane as a hydride source. The reaction has an excellent substrate scope and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups, including esters, aryl halides, aryl boronic esters, sulfonamides, alkyl tosylates, and alkyl bromides. We found evidence for a reaction mechanism that involves unusual dinuclear copper ally complexes as catalytic intermediates. The unusual structure of these complexes provides a rationale for their unexpected reactivity.     

Copper oxide nanoparticles catalyzed synthesis of aryl sulfides via cascade reaction of aryl halides with thiourea

Recyclable copper oxide nanoparticles catalyzed simple and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of symmetrical aryl sulfides was developed by the cross-coupling of aromatic halides with inexpensive and commercially available thiourea which was used as an effective sulfur surrogate. The present cross-coupling protocol of thiourea, via cascade reaction with various substituted aryl halides, producing desired aryl sulfides, has an added advantage of avoiding foul-smelling thiols.     

碘化亚铜/乙二胺催化氮杂环化合物的N-芳基化反应

以碘化亚铜/乙二胺为催化体系,研究了卤代芳烃和氮杂环化合物的Ullmann反应。 结果表明,氮杂环化合物的pKa越小,芳基化反应越容易进行,p-π共轭形成的富电子卤代芳烃有利于反应,非p-π共轭的富电子卤代芳烃使反应变难。     

CuBr/proline‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of unactivated benzene with aryl halides

Direct C? H arylation of unactivated benzene with aryl halides was achieved using a readily available copper catalyst. The reaction was carried out at 80 °C, using CuBr as catalyst, proline as ligand and t‐BuOK as base. This radical cross‐coupling reaction between unactivated benzene and aryl iodides proceeds via homolytic aromatic substitution and offers an efficient method for the synthesis of various biaryls in good to excellent yields. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross-coupling of alkynylsilanols with aryl halides promoted by potassium trimethylsilanolate

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aliphatic alkynylsilanols with aryl iodides has been demonstrated with potassium trimethylsilanolate as the coupling promoter and copper(I) iodide as a cocatalyst. The cross-coupling proceeds at room temperature in good to excellent yield with a range of aryl iodides. A comparison of the reactivity of alkynylsilanols, trimethylsilylalkynes, and terminal alkynes under fluoride and fluoride-free conditions was performed to elucidate the role of silicon in the Sonogashira reaction.     

Copper and amine free Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by efficient diphosphane-palladium catalyst

The commercially available diphosphane ligand MeO-BIPHEP was first investigated in the palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction in the absence of copper and amine.The coupling of various aryl bromides and aryl chlorides with phenylacetylene gave moderate to excellent yields.     

Copper-mediated synthesis of tertiary diaryl squaramides

Tertiary aryl squaramides were synthesized by using copper catalyzed C-N bond-formation with L-proline as the ligand. Symmetrical diaryl squaramides could be prepared in a one-pot reaction by using excess aryl bromide with varying yields. Unsymmetrical derivatives were prepared by sequential arylation. Yields of the diarylated products were highly sensitive to steric effects.     

A Convenient Synthesis of Pentafluoroethyl-Substituted Aromatics

The reaction of substituted aryl bromides and iodides with potassium pentafluoropropionate and copper (I) iodide in DMF/toluene at 150[ddot]C gives good yields of the corresponding aryl pentafluoroethyl compounds.