微光像增强器信噪比与MCP电压关系

为了揭示微通道板电压的变化对微光像增强器信噪比的影响,进一步优化像增强器的性能,分别测试出超二代和三代微光像增强器的信噪比随微通道板的电压变化曲线,前者在微通道板电压为600 V～800 V时,信噪比单调增加到25.9,在800 V～900 V时,信噪比在25上下震荡并呈下降趋势,在900 V～1 000 V时,迅速下降到21.8;而后者当MCP电压在800 V～1 000 V时,单调增加到27.87,在800 V～1 180 V时,则在26.61～28.66之间震荡.通过对微通道板噪声因子的理论分析,指出进一步降低微通道板噪声因子,改善微光像增强器信噪比的方法.     

MCP参数对微光像增强器分辨力影响研究

为了全面分析微通道板(MCP)参数对微光像增强器分辨力的影响,利用电子散射理论分析了MCP输出电子横向散射和MCP非开口面的电子散射情况,得到了MCP通道间距、输出电极结构和开口面积比等参数对微光像增强器分辨力的影响.分析结果指出:通过减小通道间距、采用MCP输出面镀多层电极或增加MCP输出端电极深度实现减小MCP输出电子横向扩散、增加开口面积比等,提高整个微光像增强器的分辨力.试验证明该方法有助于提高微光像增强器分辨力.     

高性能微通道板除气过程中电阻的变化

比较了高性能微通道板和标准型微通道板在经过相同或类似制管工艺处理前、后电阻的变化，测定了高性能微通道板分别在真空烘烤和2个不同阶段电子清刷后电阻随电压及温度的变化关系。实验结果表明：高性能微通道板的热稳定性优于标准型微通道板，其电阻温度系数为-0.007/℃；经过第二阶段清刷后，电阻随电压的变化缓慢，电压系数为-1.11×10^-4V^-1；用这种材料和工艺制作的低电阻、大动态范围、高稳定性微通道板可满足特种探测器的需求。     

MCP输入电子能量与微光像增强器信噪比的关系

为了提高MCP像增强器亮度增益,在微光像增强器中采用了新的电子倍增机构,即微通道板（MCP）,并对作为电子倍增结构MCP的噪声产生机理进行分析。在MCP其他参数不变的条件下,通过调整MCP入射电子的能量和入射电子角度分布,优化了MCP最佳工作信噪比的工作条件,实现了优化MCP像增强器信噪比,提高了MCP像增强器的亮度增益。     

微通道板像增强器动态范围测试技术研究

研究了微通道板像增强器动态范围特性，分别分析了以亮度增益、信噪比和分辨力等参数作为判断微通道板像增强器动态范围依据的可行性，形成了以分辨力和输出亮度为评判依据的微通道板像增强器动态范围测试方法，搭建了相应的动态范围测量装置，并对测量装置的组成部分进行了限制设计。对微通道板像增强器动态范围测试装置的分析显示：建立的测量装置可以实现10-5～103lx的较宽动态范围测量，能够满足微通道板像增强器动态范围测试的要求。     

一种玻璃成分优化的微通道板

降低微通道板（MCP）的离子反馈噪声、提高像增强器的成像质量和工作寿命是MCP玻璃成分优化研究的主要目标，指出通过调整碱金属氧化物的引入种类和总量，并采用高温氢还原工艺获得一种玻璃成分得到优化的MCP，可提高玻璃的转变温度，耐500℃以上的高温烘烤且电性能相对稳定。该方法改善了通道内壁表面结构和MCP的耐电子冲刷能力，降低了气体吸附量且易于去除气体。文章最后给出了优化MCP玻璃成分所需开展的工作：在玻璃成分优化上增加SiO2的引入量，调整芯皮玻璃的温度粘度匹配及酸溶速率比，以及开展体导电玻璃MCP和硅MCP的研究。     

The fibre track detector

The new type of a solid state track detector is described. The detector consists of the fibre or capillary target and the multistage image intensifier. The standard microchannel plate filled with liquid scintillator and the input fibre plate of the image intensifier was investigated as the targets.     

含负折射率介质的一维光子晶体构成的相干热辐射源的辐射特性及控制

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

电子清刷对微通道板增益及输出信噪比的影响

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

前近贴脉冲电压对三代微光像增强器halo效应的影响

为了探讨三代微光像增强器的合适工作电压,研究了前近贴脉冲电压对微光像增强器halo效应的影响.将脉冲电压信号加在光电阴极上,分别改变脉冲信号的高低电平电压幅值和占空比,利用高分辨率CCD采集了微光像增强器的halo图像,对比分析了halo图像中心线上各像素点对应的灰度值分布和光子计数.研究结果表明,随着高电平电压幅值和占空比的提高,灰度值为255的像素点数目变多,halo图像中背景和信号的边界越来越清晰.当前近贴电压增加到200 V以上和占空比大于60％左右时,其对三代微光像增强器halo图像中心线上各像素点的灰度值分布影响不大.当低电平电压增加到2V以上时,光电子在低电平阶段无法克服阻滞场到达微通道板.此研究有利于探讨微光像增强器的最佳工作电压和光电子从阴极面出射时的能量分布,为提高三代微光像增强器的性能提供了实验支撑.     

微通道板电子透射膜运转的有效性

介绍微通道板电子透射膜在三代微光像增强器中的作用，推导电子透射膜死电压的理论表达式，测量电子透射膜的电子透过特性，并进行初步分析和讨论。     

微通道板电子输运特性的仿真研究

对微通道板(Micro-Channel Plate,MCP)的电子输运特性进行仿真研究.利用数值方法分析微光像增强器电子光学系统,得到电场分布.通过电场分布追踪MCP电子运动轨迹,确定电子在荧光屏像面上的落点分布.据此研究MCP电子输运,分析斜切角、通道直径及两端电压对电子输运、像增强器调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function,MTF)及分辨率的影响.结果显示,当MCP斜切角为14°、通道直径为5.0μm、两端电压为900 V时,MCP具有良好的电子输运特性,像增强器MTF特性好,分辨率高.     

Construction and characterization of a frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system

The construction of a homodyne frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope is described. The system consists of (i) an intensity-modulated laser excitation source, (ii) an epifluorescence microscope, (iii) a gain-modulated microchannel plate (MCP) image intensifier, and (iv) a slow-scan CCD camera. The phase and modulation homogeneity of the MCP image intensifier were determined at frequencies of 40, 100, 160, and 240 MHz. The detected modulation depths were 65, 52, 32, and 23%, respectively, and were highly homogeneously distributed. The phasedistribution image revealed iris effects at frequencies of 160 and 240 MHz but was homogeneous at lower frequencies. Lifetime imaging of a solution of the fluorescent flavoprotein lipoamide dehydrogenase demonstrated (i) the accuracy of the determined lifetimes (< 60 ps), (ii) the time resolution of the instrument (< 50 ps), and (iii) the average precision for single pixel fluorescence lifetimes (50 ps is feasible). The imaging of tiny fluorescent microspheres revealed that even in a volume of 0.3 x 10^-15 L, the standard error in the lifetimes can be as low as 79 ps. The spatial resolution of the instrument is estimated to be < 400 nm in the object plane at a 100 x magnification.     

微光像增强器近贴距离在线测试方法研究

鉴于近贴距离尤其第一近贴距离是影响分辨力最重要的因素,提出一种新的微光像增强器近贴距离在线测试方法。应用平行平板电容器原理,通过测量阴极面和微通道板输入面之间的电容值来测量第一近贴距离。利用多组电容值和第一近贴距拟合出二者的函数关系式,通过精度分析,对函数关系式进行了修订及验证,测量最大偏差11.9%,满足精度要求。借助在线监控测试第一近贴距离,使压封过程处于受控状态,以便实现近贴距离的精密调控,达到提高微光像增强器分辨力的目的。该方法可推广到其他小间距的在线监控测试。     

Indirectly illuminated X-ray area detector for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy

An indirectly illuminated X-ray area detector is employed for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). The detector consists of a phosphor screen, an image intensifier (microchannel plate), a coupling lens and either a CCD or CMOS image sensor. By changing the gain of the image intensifier, both photon-counting and integrating measurements can be performed. Speckle patterns with a high signal-to-noise ratio can be observed in a single shot in the integrating mode, while XPCS measurement can be performed with much fewer photons in the photon-counting mode. By switching the image sensor, various combinations of frame rate, dynamic range and active area can be obtained. By virtue of these characteristics, this detector can be used for XPCS measurements of various types of samples that show slow or fast dynamics, a high or low scattering intensity, and a wide or narrow range of scattering angles.     

利用象增强器构成光电相关鉴相器面阵的研究

本文介绍了利用阴极可控的微通道板象增强器构成面阵型光电相关鉴相器的原理,采用了方波与正弦波相关的方案,在微通道板象增强器的光电阴极加上方波门控电压,把它作为参考信号,测量具有相位差的同频正弦波光信号,研究了它的一些基本特性,给出了这种面型鉴相器的潜在应用.     

In situ Video-STM study of the potential-induced (1 × 1) → “hex” transition on Au(1 0 0) electrode surfaces in Cl containing solution

The potential-induced (1 × 1) → “hex” transition on Au(1 0 0) electrodes in 0.01 M Na₂SO₄ + 1 mM HCl was studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy at high time resolution (Video-STM). According to these observations the elementary units of the “hex” surface reconstruction, hexagonally-ordered strings in the Au surface layer, are highly dynamic nanoscale objects. Isolated “hex” strings exhibit dynamic fluctuations in structure and position on the millisecond timescale. These fluctuations exceed the mobility of multistring “hex” domains by several orders of magnitude and can be explained by collective dynamic processes within the strings. Furthermore, the observations reveal a novel 1D mass transport mechanism along the strings, details on the nucleation and growth of “hex” strings and complex string restructuring processes, facilitating “hex” domain ripening.     

Transmission grating spectrograph with on-line recording of XUV soft X-ray spectra from laser produced plasmas

The setting up and on-line operation of a transmission grating spectrograph in the XUV soft X-ray region is described. The detector was a microchannel plate–image intensifier combination, and the output of the image intensifier was coupled to a CCD camera–frame grabber system through an imaging lens. The spectrograph could be operated in the 5–20 Å range with 0.6 Å spectral resolution and in the 5–50 Å range with 1 Å resolution, respectively. The high sensitivity of the detector enables single shot operation, which is useful for several laser plasma interaction studies.     

紫外像增强器辐射增益测试系统设计

针对辐射增益是紫外像增强器的主要性能参数,决定着紫外像增强器的综合性能,提出一种用于测试紫外像增强器辐射增益的测试仪,测试波长范围为200 nm~400 nm,亮度测量视场角可选(1/8)、(1/4)、(1/2)、1、2、3。通过改变微通道板电压、阴极电压和荧光屏电压等参数,完成对紫外像增强器的辐射增益测试,测试结果表明:测试曲线变化趋势和紫外像增强器的工作特性相吻合,入射紫外辐射强度调节范围为10-11W/cm2～10-7W/cm2,辐射计最低探测强度可达10-11W/cm2,最低亮度探测阈值可达310-4cd/m2,辐射增益测试重复性优于8%。     

Time‐resolved X‐ray PIV technique for diagnosing opaque biofluid flow with insufficient X‐ray fluxes

X‐ray imaging is used to visualize the biofluid flow phenomena in a nondestructive manner. A technique currently used for quantitative visualization is X‐ray particle image velocimetry (PIV). Although this technique provides a high spatial resolution (less than 10 µm), significant hemodynamic parameters are difficult to obtain under actual physiological conditions because of the limited temporal resolution of the technique, which in turn is due to the relatively long exposure time (～10 ms) involved in X‐ray imaging. This study combines an image intensifier with a high‐speed camera to reduce exposure time, thereby improving temporal resolution. The image intensifier amplifies light flux by emitting secondary electrons in the micro‐channel plate. The increased incident light flux greatly reduces the exposure time (below 200 µs). The proposed X‐ray PIV system was applied to high‐speed blood flows in a tube, and the velocity field information was successfully obtained. The time‐resolved X‐ray PIV system can be employed to investigate blood flows at beamlines with insufficient X‐ray fluxes under specific physiological conditions. This method facilitates understanding of the basic hemodynamic characteristics and pathological mechanism of cardiovascular diseases.