Measurement of the Elasticity of Biological Soft Tissue of Finite Thickness

Elasticity is of profound significance to evaluating the function of a biological soft tissue.When the elasticity of a tissue is macroscopically changed,it means that the biological function of the tissue is abnormal and some disease or injury may occur.In the present work,an elastometer is developed to measure the elasticity of biological soft tissues.The measurement is based on the indentation method and the force is measured by the bending of the cantilever.The force-indentation data of the soft tissue is experimentally measured by this elastometer and Young's modulus of the tissue is calculated using the Hertz-Sneddon model.For comparison,a numerical model for the indentation method is established using the finite element method.The difference between the actual modulus and the measured modulus is discussed.The effect of the thickness of the specimen on the measurement is investigated.Young's moduli of beef,porcine liver and porcine kidney are experimentally measured.The results indicate that our elastometer is effective in measuring Young's modulus of a soft tissue quantitatively.     

混合物物态方程的计算

 在采用体积相加原理计算混合物物态方程的基础上,建立了一种物理模型确定混合物温度。根据混合物中各组分温度和压强平衡条件,采用压强-密度迭代方法计算给出混合物物态方程,编制了两种组分的混合物物态方程计算程序。为检验建立的温度模型的合理性及程序的有效性,分析了不同密度、温度状态的氢（H2）和钨（W）组成的混合物状态参量,计算了以下情形及其组合情形的混合物物态方程：H₂和W以不同质量比混合;质量比固定,单组分状态不同;温度区间和密度区间不同。研究表明:实际应用中在建立的混合物温度模型基础上确定的混合物物态方程是合理的。     

Model of process of singular estimation of the primary tone of a speech signal

A novel method is proposed to estimate the primary tonal frequency of speech. The method is based on singular spectrum analysis. A singular model of a vocalized segment of a speech signal is presented that considers the direct and inverse problems. A study is conducted of the process of singular estimation of the primary tonal frequency of speech. Experimental research is carried out using a model that yields adequacy and reliability estimates. The concept of singular estimation of the primary tonal frequency of speech is introduced.     

Real-time measurement of retardation of eighth-wave plate independent of fast-axis direction

A real-time measurement method for the retardation of an eighth-wave plate is proposed. The collimated laser beam is split using a Glan Taylor polarizer with two side escape windows. The reflected sub-beam is detected using a detector, whereas the transmitted sub-beam passes through the quarter-wave plate and the eighth-wave plate of interest. Then, it is reflected by the mirror and passes reversely through the eighth-and quarter-wave plates. Finally, it is analyzed using the Glan Taylor polarizer and detected using another detector. With two detection signals, the retardation is resolved and found to be independent of the fast-axis direction, initial intensity, and circuit parameters. In the experiment, a crystal quartz sample is measured at different fast-axis angles. The standard deviation of the retardation is 0.9 o . The usefulness of the method is verified.     

Investigation of oscillations of a soliton of a bose condensate of atoms in a trap in the limit of small oscillations of its walls

The motion of the center of a soliton in a trap with oscillating walls is studied analytically and numerically for the case in which the intrinsic frequency of small soliton oscillations in the equilibrium state considerably exceeds the frequency of wall oscillations. this problem can be solved either by applying the gross–pitaevskii equation, which most exactly describes the behavior of the soliton in the trap, or by using the approximate, “mechanical,” equation of motion of the newtonian type for the center of the soliton. an approximate analytical solution of the mechanical equation is obtained and is compared with the numerical solution of the newton equation, while the latter solution is compared with the numerical solution of the gross–pitaevskii equation. good agreement between the first two solutions is revealed. it is also shown that there is a range of parameters in which the numerical solutions of the newton and gross–pitaevskii equations are closest to each other. the frequency-sweeping effect of soliton center oscillations is revealed. an approximate analytical formula for the limiting frequency of these oscillations is obtained and the numerical analysis of this phenomenon is performed.     

Theory of scattering of X-Rays

Scattering by bound electrons is considered in the nonrelativistic approximation. The matrix element for the transition is calculated in the second order of perturbation theory without the use of intermediate states. It is shown that ordinary scattering is accompanied by scattering giving lower -energy quanta and fast electrons.     

无偏振效应分束器反射相移对法拉第镜式光学电流互感器输出光偏振态的影响

线性双折射和反射相移使光学电流互感器输出光偏振态产生椭圆退化并导致灵敏度降低,法拉第镜式光学电流互感器可以有效解决椭圆退化问题。无偏振效应分束器是构成该方案的核心器件,为了准确掌握无偏振效应分束器的性能和作用,用琼斯矩阵建立了无偏振效应分束器和法拉第镜式光学电流互感器的矩阵模型。分析了无偏振效应分束器反射相移对系统输出光偏振态的影响。提出无偏振效应分束器反射相移的测量方案并测出其常温下的实际值为5.02°,绘制了温度实验曲线。用MathCAD软件仿真了系统输出光偏振态图,并分析了椭率与无偏振效应分束器反射相移的关系。指出计量0.2级光学电流互感器所允许的反射相移漂移范围要小于0.1%。所得结果可为光学电流互感器的实用化研究提供参考。     

类胡萝卜素的分子光谱研究

类胡萝卜素是含有9个CC共轭双键的短链多烯类生物分子. 特殊的分子结构, 使其不仅在光采集, 光防护, 防癌, 抗癌等生物学领域有重要应用, 而且在分子导线, 光开关, 滤光器等光电器件研制中也有重要的非生物学应用. 本文对它的分子光谱进行研究和总结, 结果表明, 类胡萝卜素具有宽带荧光, 将其用于荧光增强受激拉曼散射可以获得宽带受激拉曼散射; 电子能隙随温度降低而收缩, 电子吸收光谱红移, 这特性使它能研制优质半导体元件; 极大的拉曼活性和三阶非线性系数, CC键基频拉曼散射截面可以比普通分子大10个数量级, 和频、倍频拉曼散射强度也很高, 低温下与基频强度比可达0.5. 类胡萝卜素分子的这些光谱特性对多烯类分子结构、性能研究及其在非生物学中的应用有重要参数价值.     

大尺度相干结构的光学特性研究

根据大气近地面层对流湍池的实验结果,提出了一种用于描述大尺度相干结构的立体模型——椭球结构模型。计算并分析了该大尺度相干结构对光传输波前相位结构函数的影响,且和小尺度湍流结构作了比较。对于相同的参数,光线平行于间断面时造成的影响大于垂直于间断面;一般情况下,影响都很小;但当光线平行穿过具有三角波模型结构的间断面时可能产生较大的影响。     

余弦二值编码纯相位全息图的数字微镜器件显示

分析了采用错误减算法的迭代过程,在已知物波函数傅里叶谱的振幅和物波函数振幅的情况下恢复出纯相位的物波函数,最大限度地保留物波的振幅及相位信息.提出采用余弦二值编码生成二值全息图,即全息图的透射率函数取0或1.二值全息图通过数字微镜器件全息显示系统进行了重构显示,重构效果很好.理论分析了数字微镜器件的衍射效率,表明其最大衍射效率仅和微镜之间的间隔尺寸与微镜边长之比有关.余弦二值编码方法从理论上消除了零级衍射,可以制作像素较多的全息图.     

液晶磁致旋光的研究

利用矩阵方法分析了液晶的旋光效应，导出了液晶旋光的矩阵表示. 利用JG-3型连续可调谐磁场仪搭建实验装置，红外1350 nm激光器做光源，测量了偏振光通过磁场作用下BL-009型向列相液晶的旋光角，详细分析了磁场对液晶旋光性能的影响. 通过实验测试，对液晶的阈值磁场强度进行了讨论，同时对实验结果进行了理论上的分析，得出了液晶旋光角随磁场与液晶盒表面夹角而变化的结论，验证了液晶分子轴的旋转方向与磁场的方向无关，这为更好的研究液晶的特性以及液晶器件的设计具有重要的参考价值. 关键词： 液晶 矩阵 磁致旋光     

Analytic complexity of functions of two variables

The definition of analytic complexity of an analytic function of two variables is given. It is proved that the class of functions of a chosen complexity is a differentialalgebraic set. A differential polynomial defining the functions of first class is constructed. An algorithm for obtaining relations defining an arbitrary class is described. Examples of functions are given whose order of complexity is equal to zero, one, two, and infinity. It is shown that the formal order of complexity of the Cardano and Ferrari formulas is significantly higher than their analytic complexity. The complexity classes turn out to be invariant with respect to a certain infinite-dimensional transformation pseudogroup. In this connection, we describe the orbits of the action of this pseudogroup in the jets of orders one, two, and three. The notion of complexity order is extended to plane (or “planar”) 3-webs. It is discovered that webs of complexity order one are the hexagonal webs. Some problems are posed. The research is completed under the financial support of the RFBR grants no. 05-01-0981 and NSh-2040.2003.1.     

Comparative analysis of side-illumination methods of measurement of emission decay of fluorescent polymer fibers

The fluorescence decay constant of a fluorescent polymer optical fiber is measured by two different side illumination methods. Comparative analysis of these methods is performed. It is shown that the difference in the measured parameters is caused by different conditions of energy exchange between the core, cladding, and radiation modes of the fiber waveguide.     

阵列波导传播常数的分析

在波导传输模中,涉及到一个基本的模式物理量传播常数。用紧束缚近似微扰法计算了阵列波导的传播常数与输入光角谱的关系,由此计算出传播常数的带宽。分析结果对器件的优化设计有一定的指导意义。     

Dependence of the characteristics of bubbles on types of sonochemical reactors

Computer simulations of bubble oscillations in liquid water irradiated by an ultrasonic wave have revealed that the characteristic of bubbles depends on types of sonochemical reactors: a horn-type reactor and a standing-wave type reactor. When the acoustic amplitude is large at 20 kHz, the bubble content is mostly water vapor even at the end of the bubble collapse and the temperature inside a bubble at the collapse is relatively low. On the other hand, when the acoustic amplitude is relatively low, the bubble content is mostly noncondensable gas at the end of the bubble collapse and the bubble temperature is relatively high. In a horn-type sonochemical reactor, the former type of bubbles are dominant because many bubbles exist near the horn-tip where the acoustic amplitude is large, while in a standing-wave type reactor the latter type of bubbles are dominant because the Bjerknes force gathers bubbles at a region where acoustic amplitude is relatively low.     

粉末颗粒气力加注特性实验研究

粉末发动机是以粉末颗粒为燃料的新型发动机,具有多次起动和推力调节的功能.粉末加注是粉末发动机实验组织过程中的重要环节.本研究通过搭建粉末供应系统开展粉末气力加注实验,研究对比了集粉箱加注位置、流化气量对粉末气力加注特性的影响.考虑了供粉过程中储箱内粉末堆积密度的动态变化,并建立了相应的计算方法,同时还采用控制系统理论揭示了储箱内粉末堆积密度的变化规律.结果表明:在相同条件下,较大的流化气量有利于加注过程稳定,但集粉箱加注率较低;气力加注方式下集粉箱内的粉末堆积密度大于储箱内初始堆积密度;采用较小的流化气量与集粉箱壁面切向加注方式有利于提高粉末粒径分布均匀性;集粉箱壁面切向加注方式下,流化气量较小时储箱内粉末的堆积密度是先增大后减小,且堆积密度最终值小于初始值,而流化气量较大时,储箱内粉末的堆积密度是先增大后减小再增大后减小,且堆积密度最终值大于初始值;储箱内粉末堆积密度的动态变化过程类似于欠阻尼二阶系统,流化气量较小时系统阻尼系数较小,而流化气量较大时系统阻尼系数较大,且是一个变阻尼过程.     

Geometric Formulation of Gauge Theory of Gravity

Differential geometric formulation of quantum gauge theory of gravity is studied in this paper. The quantumgauge theory of gravity is formulated completely in the framework of traditional quantum field theory. In order to studythe relationship between quantum gauge theory of gravity and traditional quantum gravity which is formulated in curvedspace, it is important to set up the geometry picture of quantum gauge theory of gravity. The correspondence betweenquantum gauge theory of gravity and differential geometry is discussed and the geometry picture of quantum gaugetheory of gravity is studied.     

冷却储存环主环磁铁的准直测量

采用激光跟踪仪及配套带软件Insight对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环主环磁铁进行了安装和准直。首先建立全局坐标系，用来确定从源体到实验环各子系统的理论原点的位置；而各个子系统又分别以各自的理论原点为基础建立局部坐标系，用来安装定位本系统内的各个元件；对各个子系统中的每一个元件还采用了元件坐标系。准直测量时，先在每块磁铁上焊接8个测量基准；然后对磁铁上的基准进行测量，以确定其在元件坐标系中的位置；再架设激光跟踪仪，测量主环控制网点，恢复主环局部坐标系，根据元件在主环局部坐标系中的位置及理论坐标，计算出相关的变换参数；转入元件坐标系，采用激光跟踪仪及Insight 软件显示实时测量坐标及其与理论值之差，其精度达到0.15 mm。     

斜入射条件下光栅衍射现象的分析

分析和研究了在特殊斜入射条件的光栅衍射现象,并阐明了在利用光栅测量波长实验中由于特殊斜入射所引起的系统误差。     

星光掩星探测技术的轨道模拟结果分析

星光掩星技术是利用恒星光谱进行地球及其他行星大气痕量成分密度、温度、气溶胶等测量的有效手段。该探测原理主要是根据不同的大气成分在恒星光谱的不同位置上表现出不同的吸收特征,具体表现在:紫外波段可进行臭氧、氧气、氢气等的测量,可见光谱段可探测二氧化氮、三氧化氮、氧气等,红外可探测水蒸气、气溶胶、甲烷、二氧化碳、氧气等。星光掩星的实现过程为:当LEO卫星和恒星分别位于地球的两侧时,恒星发射的光经过地球大气的吸收、散射等作用,被另一侧的LEO所接收,即构成掩星观测。根据光谱流量得到恒星的视星等范围,给出恒星在天球坐标系中的分布和不同的光谱型,以及利用各光谱型可探测的大气成分,再利用恒星和LEO卫星在地固坐标系中的相对位置,进行恒星-LEO星光掩星轨道观测模拟,基本流程为:首先读取LEO卫星的轨道位置以及目标恒星的位置,设置24 h的模拟时间,其次判断是否处于掩星状态,当掩星开始时,计算并输出掩星发生的经纬度、速度等,直至模拟时间结束。其中涉及恒星从天球坐标系转换到地固系的过程, LEO卫星轨道、掩星切点经纬度等的计算。根据模拟流程,计算并分析掩星事件的日观测量、全球分布、持续时间以及漂移速度等,得到以下结果:(1)目标恒星在全天区都有一定数量的分布且具有不同的光谱型,可进行臭氧、二氧化氮等成分的探测;(2)在对星光掩星进行24 h的轨道模拟过程中,日观测量为5 563次,其中包括2 737次上升掩星, 2 826次下降掩星;(3)从全球分布来看,掩星事件主要分布在低纬度,两极最少,其他纬度数量相当,且经度方向分布均匀;(4)根据方位角的分布,正常掩星占比为78.25%,持续时间平均为1.5 min,切点水平漂移在18~600 km;(5)21.75%的侧面掩星事件,其较正常掩星来说,持续时间长,切点的水平漂移速度大,方位角变化也大。该结果为卫星轨道设计和探测载荷设计提供理论指导。