模态分析在航空发动机振动故障分析中的应用

本文介绍了模态分析与数字谱分析技术在航空发动机振动故障诊断中的应用.具体研究了航空发动机故障信号分析、处理,发动机整机及零部件模态试验,以及根据实测频响函数的非线性特性诊断发动机零件裂纹的方法,并据此判断发动机产生故障的原因.     

基于不完备频响函数的结构损伤统计识别研究

基于不完备频响函数数据,结合概率统计方法,提出了一种能同时考虑模型参数不确定性和测试噪声影响的结构损伤统计识别方法。首先,基于频响函数某一行向量在不同频率下的幅值数据,利用矩阵拉直运算建立了关于损伤系数的确定性识别方程。其次,假设模型参数误差和测试噪声为零均值的高斯随机变量,根据摄动理论,推导了损伤后结构刚度参数的前二阶矩。随后,利用结构损伤前后的概率分布得到了结构损伤存在概率。最后,通过一个平面桁架结构模型验证了本文方法的有效性。数值算例的研究结果表明,损伤单元的损伤存在概率远大于非损伤单元;测试噪声对识别结果的影响比模型参数不确定性的影响更为显著。     

一种不受相位噪声影响的模态参数识别法

本文提出了一种根据幅值频响数据来识别模态参数的频域识别法.该方法首先通过识别幅值频响函数模型来得到传递函数的零点和极点.鉴于不同结构系统可以有完全相同的幅值频响函数,文中提出了由相位频响数据来判定传递函数零点的号性,以唯一确定传递函数,从而消除了相位噪声对模态参数识别结果的影响.作为例子,文中给出了计算机模拟实验例子和滚动轴承支承动态参数识别的应用实例.     

结构系统复模态参数识别及其应用

对于具有非比例阻尼的多自由度线性振动系统的研究需要用到复模态理论.本文根据复模态有关理论,分析了复模态传递函数和频响函数的特性,定义了模态固有频率和模态阻尼比,导出了频响函数与复模态参数的解析关系式。在此基础上,介绍了由频响数据识别复模态参数的导纳圆拟合法.为了进一步提高模态识别精度,还论述了由加速度频响数据识别复模态参数的两种迭代方法:分步迭代法和整体迭代法.文中还以某航天器刚性太阳电池板模态试验为例,介绍了利用导纳圆拟合法联机模态识别枝术,给出了两种方法的模态识别结果,并进行了比较.     

频响函数综合法预测结构在水下的动特性

通过对一个结构模型在空气中和水下的动特性的研究，探讨了由结构在空气中的模态参数和水的附加质量预测结构在水下的模态参数的频响函数综合法，用以替代实体结构在水下的动特性试验。应用这种方法预测得到了结构在水下的模态参数并与结构的湿模态试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明，对于所研究的梁形结构，不考虑水的阻尼，将水对结构的影响考虑成为附加质量，应用频响函数综合法预测结构在水下的模态参数是可行的     

基于应变脉冲响应协方差的损伤识别方法研究

基于振动参数的结构损伤识别,是近年来土木工程的热点研究课题,振动参数包括频率、振型、频响函数、模态应变能、应变响应和加速度响应等,当结构损伤时,损伤位置附近将产生应力重分布,从而引起应变的变化,因此对比损伤前后的应变或者应变响应参数,可以用来识别结构损伤.提出了一种应变脉冲响应协方差参数,它是应变脉冲响应在时间区间上的能量积分;推导并证明了该参数是结构模态参数(频率,位移模态,应变模态,阻尼等)的函数,可用来表征结构状态.相比于传统的模态参数识别方法,可以保留更高阶的模态参数,而且避免了模态识别可能引起的误差;基于简支钢梁的多种损伤工况,研究和展示了该参数的特性,通过数值模拟发现,该参数能简单直观地判定损伤发生和识别损伤位置,无需建立结构分析模型,只需比较结构损伤前后的应变脉冲响应协方差参数即可;该参数简便易算,具有较好的抗噪性能,对结构损伤敏感,而且对结构刚度减少呈现一致变化特性,所以适合实际工程结构的健康监测和损伤识别.     

利用频响函数对阻尼结构进行模型修正的方法

基于频响函数和模型缩聚技术提出了一个动力结构模型修正方法。与传统频响函数法相比,由于引入了阻尼刚度比,减少了修正参数,提高了计算效率。并且针对传统频响函数法测试维数过高的缺点,引入模型缩聚技术,降低了模型测量维数的要求。数值算例证明了本方法的有效性与可行性。本方法可以对有阻尼的模型进行修正,克服了模态修正法的缺点;利用模型缩聚减小了测试点的数目,引进单元阻尼刚度比。与传统的频响函数修正法相比,减少了修正未知数,提高计算效率,并且修正结果也较准确。     

约束层阻尼板动力学问题的半解析解

利用条形传递函数方法(SDTFM)得到了约束层阻尼(CLD)板动力学问题的半解析解.首先对CLD板沿纵向离散成多个条形单元,基于Hamilton原理推导出条形单元的刚度矩阵和质量矩阵,仿照有限元法组集得到系统的总刚度矩阵和总质量矩阵.经Laplace变换后引入状态向量,采用分布参数传递函数方法在状态空间内建立CLD板的控制方程并进行求解.最后以对边固支和悬臂CLD板为例,得到了板的动力学特性和频响曲线,并与NASTRAN或相关文献结果进行了比较,吻合良好,验证了该方法的有效性.从推导过程和算例可以看出,该方法所需的单元数目少,获得的是半解析解,计算效率高且准确可靠.     

任意边界条件下环肋圆柱壳振动特性的建模与求解

边界条件对环肋圆柱壳的振动特性有重要影响。基于能量法,把环肋看作离散模型,构建了任意边界条件下加环肋圆柱壳的动力学模型。采用一种改进的傅里叶级数作为位移容许函数,通过瑞利里兹程序求解结构的拉格朗日方程,得到环肋圆柱壳的振动模态和频响特性。通过与实验和有限元(FEM)方法的计算结果进行对比,验证了论文方法的准确性,在此基础上分析了环肋偏心方式、截面尺寸、位置分布和边界弹簧刚度等参数对环肋圆柱壳振动特性的影响。     

基于mbS模式的有限单元法

mbS模式及其有限元法是在固体和结构分析模型中引入薄膜、弯曲和剪切理论,且采用纯拉压、纯弯和纯剪单元进行分析的数值方法。在时空系中剖分物质单元和时间单元上构造以指数函数和贝塞尔函数为插入函数且按Lagrange插值条件的薄膜、弯曲和剪切等基本位移函数,由此得到更加完备和耦合的固体和结构实体单元的变形模式,根据能量泛函变分原理得到静动力有限元基本方程的一致格式。研究表明,mbS模式及其有限元法可用于梁柱和板壳等结构的静动力分析及屈曲分析。     

Identification of multiple directional damages in a thin cylindrical shell

In this paper, a structural damage identification method (SDIM) is developed to identify the line crack-like directional damages generated within a cylindrical shell. First, the equations of motion for a damaged cylindrical shell are derived. Based on a theory of continuum damage mechanics, a small material volume containing a directional damage is represented by the effective orthotropic elastic stiffness, which is dependent of the size and the orientation of the damage with respect to the global coordinates. The present SDIM is then derived from the frequency response function (FRF) directly solved from the equations of motion of a damaged shell. In contrast with most existing SDIMs which require the modal parameters measured in both intact and damaged states, the present SDIM may require only the FRF-data measured at damaged state. By virtue of utilizing FRF-data, one may choose as many sets of excitation frequency and FRF measurement point as needed to acquire a sufficient number of equations for damage identification analysis. The numerically simulated damage identification tests are conducted to study the feasibility of the present SDIM.     

Nondestructive evaluation of damage in composite structures using modal parameters

The problem of using measured modal parameters to detect and locate damage in structures made of fiberreinforced composites is investigated. Recent work in this area using modal sensitivity equations is used in conjunction with internal-state variable constitutive theory to derive a set of damage-detection equations which are used to predict, from changes in measured modal parameters, the current value of the internal-state variables in each finite element. The value of the internal-state variable determines the extent of damage at a given location. Numerical examples involving damaged composite beams are used to demonstrate the capability of the theory to predict the exact location and the severity of damage. To provide experimental evidence to support the theory, mechanical and modal tests are performed on a [0,90₃] _s laminated composite beam in the undamaged state and in three additional states of progressive damage. At each stage of damage, edge replications are taken to determine the crack density along the length of the beam. The predicted values of the internal-state variables, obtained from the modalsensitivity equations using measured modal information, are compared with the values of the internal-state variables obtained from crack-density measurements along the length of the beam. Good agreement between the predicted and the measured values is found.     

分布振子复合板的模态阻尼及多点激励下阻尼减振相关性

分布阻尼振子可拓宽结构减振频带,因此可将振子分布于板中以形成复合板（简称“分布振子复合板”）,进而实现较宽的减振频带．对于多点支撑处受到宽频非一致激励（例如在不同激励点处的激励频率、幅值与相位有差异）的分布振子复合板,目前还缺乏有效简便的优化控制指标．在作者之前的研究中,针对含分布振子的梁推导了基于模态应变能的模态阻尼计算理论,讨论了模态阻尼与单点激励下梁的减振效果的相关性,并应用于宽频减振设计优化．本文进一步将模态阻尼计算理论推广到分布振子复合板,并将研究从梁的单点激励扩展到板的多点非一致激励下的阻尼减振相关性．首先,在利用模态应变能法推导得到分布振子复合板的模态阻尼计算公式后,从理论上讨论了不同边界条件与模态阶次对计算结果的影响,以及计算理论的适用性．而后,进一步通过有限元参数分析了边界条件、频率比、模态阶次与质量比的影响．最后,通过算例分析了无振子板或分布振子复合板在四个激励点具有多种幅值与相位组合情况下的稳态响应．结果表明,推导的模态阻尼计算公式可正确预测不同边界条件下的模态阻尼,且理论预测的模态阻尼与基板的稳态平均加速度减小率、稳态峰值应变能减小率均有较高的相关性．     

板裂纹位置的确定

本文研究了悬臂板的裂纹检测问题,提出了特征参数与加权特征参数法.所提利用故障结构的一阶特征对及无裂纹时的刚度阵与质量阵,确定结构裂纹位置的方法,既可用于简单的结构元件,也可用于复杂结构.算例与实验表明,所提方法可行.     

Perturbation methods for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of damaged plates

This paper presents an analytical method for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of damaged plates. The proposed approach allows the derivation of mode shapes and corresponding curvature modes for plates with various kinds of defects. Damage is modeled as a localized reduction in the plate thickness. Both point and line defects are considered to model notches or line cracks and delaminations in the plate. Small thickness reductions are considered so that the dynamic behavior of the damage plate can be analyzed through perturbations with respect to the undamaged modes. Results are presented to demonstrate the sensitivity of the curvature modes with respect to the considered low damage levels. Also, the curvature modes are used for the estimation of the strain energy of the plate and for the formulation of a damage index which can be used to provide damage location and extent information.     

基于静力柔度灵敏度的网架结构损伤识别

采用模态参数来组集网架结构的柔度矩阵面临较多困难,如所需模态数量较多、测点数量有限和密集模态识别精度较低等．相比之下,基于静力测试的柔度矩阵具有测试精度较高、无截断误差的优点．文中提出一种基于静力柔度灵敏度、先定位后定量的网架结构损伤识别方法．首先,针对柔度灵敏度方程容易产生病态解的问题,构造一种奇异值贡献指标以合理截断柔度灵敏度矩阵的奇异值,从而提高解的精度．其次,结合前述奇异值截断策略,在不更新刚度矩阵的前提下,通过多次计算来逐步缩减疑似损伤杆件,从而降低未损杆件的干扰和实现损伤杆件的定位．最后,仅保留灵敏度矩阵中已定位损伤杆件对应的列,在迭代计算中不断更新刚度矩阵来进行损伤杆件的定量识别．以某网架结构为例进行数值分析．结果表明：提出的奇异值贡献指标具有明显的突变位置,可方便地指出灵敏度方程奇异值截断位置;提出的两步识别法在仅利用竖向自由度的情况下具有较好的抗噪能力,可有效定位和定量识别损伤杆件．     

Single beam analysis of damaged beams verified using a strain energy based damage measure

Analytical expression of a new damage measure which relates the strain energy, to the damage location and magnitude, is presented in this paper. The strain energy expression is calculated using modes and natural frequencies of damaged beams that are derived based on single beam analysis considering both decrease in mass and stiffness. Decrease in mass and stiffness are a fallout of geometric discontinuity and no assumptions regarding the physical behavior of damage are made. The method is applicable to beams, with notch like non-propagating cracks, with arbitrary boundary conditions. The analytical expressions derived for mode shapes, curvature shapes, natural frequencies and an improved strain energy based damage measure, are verified using experiments. The improvement in the damage measure is that it is not assumed that the bending stiffness of the damaged beam is constant, and, equal to that of undamaged beam when calculating the strain energy of the entire beam. It is also not assumed that the bending stiffness of the element in which the damage is located is constant.     

Damage identification from flexural strain histories

Damage identification of a thin disk struck by a penetrating projectile is analyzed. The disk is segmented into annular regions each with different properties. The footprint and damage radii form two of several segments in the discretization. Modal response of the segmented disk is determined by combining transfer matrices of successive annular segments and dynamic impedance of the central segment. Transient response of the intact disk proceeds by modal analysis until damage occurs. Following damage, transient response continues for the segmented disk excluding the damaged zone with initial conditions equal to those of the final state of the intact disk at the instant of damage. Peak amplitude of the damaged disk is smaller than that of the intact disk. This is caused by cessation of the forcing pulse and sudden stress release along the damaged perimeter. Non-linear coupling with extensional motions reduces peak flexural strain while extensional strain remains comparatively small.     

Structural damage localization and evaluation based on modal data via a new evolutionary algorithm

This paper is intended to present a method for the localization and evaluation of damage in plates based on the changes in natural frequencies and mode shapes of the damaged plate using an optimization approach. The colonial competitive algorithm is employed to detect damage (or damages) in plates by optimizing a damage function. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by implementing the technique to two examples; a shear wall and a four-fixed supported plate with and without modal data noise including one or a large number of damages. The results confirm the applicability and efficiency of the presented method in detecting damage localization and quantification in the shear walls. Furthermore, the proposed method is implemented to the four-fixed supported plate aimed at demonstrating the high sensitivity of the proposed method in quantitative estimation of damaged plate structures. Finally, the reliability of the presented method is explored through the comparison of the obtained results and those of the other methods. It is concluded that the proposed method can be viewed as a powerful and robust method for structural damage detection in plate structures.     

Combined neural network and reduced FRF techniques for slight damage detection using measured response data

Summary  This paper deals with structural damage detection using measured frequency response functions (FRF) as input data to artificial neural networks (ANN). A major obstacle, the impracticality of using full-size FRF data with ANNs, was circumvented by applying a data-reduction technique based on principal component analysis (PCA). The compressed FRFs, represented by their projection onto the most significant principal components, were used as the ANN input variables instead of the raw FRF data. The output is a prediction of the actual state of the specimen, i.e. healthy or damaged. A further advantage of this particular approach is its ability to deal with relatively high measurement noise, which is a common occurrence when dealing with industrial structures. The methodology was applied to detect three different states of a space antenna: reference, slight mass damage and slight stiffness damage. About 600 FRF measurements, each with 1024 spectral points, were included in the analysis. Six 2-hidden layer networks, each with an individually-optimised architecture for a specific FRF reduction level, were used for damage detection. The results showed that it was possible to distinguish between the three states of the antenna with good accuracy, subject to using an adequate number of principal components together with a suitable neural network configuration. It was also found that the quality of the raw FRF data remained a major consideration, though the method was able to filter out some of the measurement noise. The convergence and detection properties of the networks were improved significantly by removing those FRFs associated with measurement errors. Received 9 March 2000; accepted for publication 12 December 2000