3D dynamic responses of a multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated half-space under concentrated forces and pore pressure

Dynamic Green's function plays an important role in the study of various wave radiation, scattering and soil-structure interaction problems. However, little research has been done on the response of transversely isotropic saturated layered media. In this paper, the 3D dynamic responses of a multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated half-space subjected to concentrated forces and pore pressure are investigated. First, utilizing Fourier expansion in circumferential direction accompanied by Hankel integral transform in radial direction, the wave equations for transversely isotropic saturated medium in cylindrical coordinate system are solved. Next, with the aid of the exact dynamic stiffness matrix for in-plane and out-of-plane motions, the solutions for multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated half-space under concentrated forces and pore pressure are obtained by direct stiffness method. A FORTRAN computer code is developed to achieve numerical evaluation of the proposed method, and its accuracy is validated through comparison with existing solutions that are special cases of the more general problems addressed. In addition, selected numerical results for a homogeneous and a layered material model are performed to illustrate the effects of material anisotropy, load frequency, drainage condition and layering on the dynamic responses. The presented solutions form a complete set of Green's functions for concentrated forces (including horizontal load in x(y)-direction, vertical load in z-direction) as well as pore pressure, which lays the foundation for further exploring wave propagation of complex local site in a layered transversely isotropic saturated half-space by using the BEMs.     

横观各向同性层状弹性场地格林函数的数值解

采用横观各向同性层状弹性模型模拟半空间之上的层状场地,用人工透射边界代替半空间以吸收能量。利用薄层元素法给出任意节面上环形垂直及水平简谐荷载作用下场地的位移公式,并由此导出官类场地任意节面上在垂直及水平简谐集中荷作用下的位移响应显式解。算例表明本文方法与理论解相近,横观各向同性性质对格林函数有明显的影响。     

On the constitutive relations for isotropic and transversely isotropic materials

In this work the strain and stress spaces constitutive relations for isotropic and transversely isotropic softening materials are developed. The loading surface is considered in the strain space and the normality rule; the stress relaxation is proportional to the gradient of the loading surface, is adopted. It is found that the strain space plasticity theory allows us to describe the hardening, perfectly plastic and softening materials more accurately. The validity of the strain space constitutive relation for transversely isotropic materials are confirmed by comparing with the experimental data for fiber reinforced composite materials. Some numerical examples in two and three dimensional elasto-plastic problems for various loading–unloading conditions are presented, and give a very good agreement with the existing results.     

Existence and uniqueness of a rayleigh surface wave propagating along the free boundary of a transversely isotropic elastic half space

In this article the existence and the uniqueness of a Rayleigh surface wave propagating along the free boundary of a transversely isotropic elastic half space are proved by a spectral method.     

A general solution for three dimensional steady-state transversely isotropic hygro-thermo-magneto-piezoelectric media

In this article, we extract the general solution of three dimensional (3D) equations using potential theory method (PTM) for steady-state, transversely isotropic, hygro-thermo-magneto-piezoelectric media (HTMPM). The governing equations are simplified by introducing the displacement functions. A general solution is completely determined by advantage of the superposition principle and operator theory, which is connected in terms of two functions, fulfilling a second-order and twelfth-order homogeneous partial differential equation (PDE), separately. With the help of Almansi’s theorem, the general solution can be further shortened, which is stated by seven harmonic functions only. The acquired general solutions are straightforward structure and helpful in boundary value problems of HTMPM. Further, we apply the 3D fundamental solutions inside an infinite and on the surface of semi-infinite of a steady point heat source united with a steady point moisture source transversely isotropic HTMPM. Comprehensive and exact solutions are given in the form of elementary functions, which appear as a standard for various types of approximate solutions and numerical codes. Some numerical simulation is conducted based on the obtained general solutions.     

Thermoelastic deformation of a transversely isotropic compressed spheroid

An exact solution is presented for a static thermoelastic problem for a transversely isotropic compressed spheroid when an arbitrary temperature distribution is assigned on its surface. It is assumed that the surface of the spheroid is free of external forces. The general solution is expressed through four potential functions, each of which is harmonic in a certain coordinate system. The external and internal problems for the spheroid are investigated. The solution is constructed in the form of double series in products of trigonometric functions and associated Legendre functions.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Mekhanika, No. 19, pp. 39–46, 1988.     

Mixed mode axisymmetric cracks in transversely isotropic infinite solid cylinders

The present study examined mixed mode cracking in a transversely isotropic infinite cylinder. The solutions to axisymmetric Volterra climb and glide dislocations in an infinite circular cylinder of the transversely isotropic material are first obtained. The solutions are represented in terms of the biharmonic stress function. Next, the problem of a transversely isotropic infinite cylinder with a set of concentric axisymmetric penny-shaped, annular, and circumferential cracks is formulated using the distributed dislocation technique. Two types of loadings are considered: (i) the lateral cylinder is loaded by two self-equilibrating distributed shear stresses; (ii) the curved surface of the cylinder is under the action of a distributed normal stress. The resulting integral equations are solved by using a numerical scheme to compute the dislocation density on the borders of the cracks. The dislocation densities are employed to determine stress intensity factors for axisymmetric interacting cracks. Finally, a good amount of examples are solved to depict the effect of crack type and location on the stress intensity factors at crack tips and interaction between cracks. Numerical solutions for practical materials are presented and the effect of transverse isotropy on stress intensity factors is discussed.     

State vector solutions for nonaxisymmetric problem of multilayered half space piezoelectric medium

A state space formulation is established for the nonaxisymmetric space problem of transversely isotropic piezoelectric media in a system of cylindrical coordinate by introducing the state vector. Using the Hankel transform and the Fourier series, the state vector equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. By the use of the matrix methods, the analytical solutions of a single piezoelectric layer are presented in the form of the product of initial state variables and transfer matrix. The applications of state vector solutions are discussed. An analytical solution for a semiinfinite piezoelectric medium subjected to the vertical point forceP _z, horizontal point forceP _x along x-direction and point electric charge Q at the origin of the surface is presented. According to the continuity conditions at the interfaces, the general solution formulation forN-layered transversely isotropic piezoelectric media is given. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 59648001).     

横观各向同性饱和地基的三维动力响应

首先引入位移函数,将直角坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土Biot波动方程转化为2个解耦的六阶和二阶控制方程;然后基于双重Fourier变换,求解了Biot波动方程,得到以土骨架位移和孔隙水压力为基本未知量的积分形式的一般解,并用一般解给出了饱和土总应力分量的表达式．在此基础上系统研究了横观各向同性饱和半空间体的稳态动力响应问题,考虑表面排水和不排水两种情况,得到了半空间体在任意分布的表面谐振荷载作用下,表面位移的稳态动力响应,文末给出了算例．     

Time-harmonic response of transversely isotropic and layered poroelastic half-spaces under general buried loads

A semi-analytical method is developed for solving the dynamic response of transversely isotropic, multilayered, and poroelastic half-spaces with different surface hydraulic conditions and subjected to time-harmonic vertical and horizontal loads buried in the layered half-space. The coupled governing equations of motion are presented in details in terms of the Biot's poroelastodynamic theory via the (u,p) formulation. The cylindrical system of vector functions is introduced to express the unknown primary quantities so that the coupled governing partial differential equations can be reduced and separated into two sets of first-order ordinary differential equations (i.e., the LM- and N-types). A recursive relation for the expansion coefficients among different layers is established by virtue of the stable and efficient dual variable and position method. Making use of the boundary and interface conditions, the fundamental solutions are obtained in terms of the vector-function system. The corresponding physical-domain solutions are then derived via an accurate semi-infinite integral algorithm. The developed fundamental solutions are carefully checked with existing solutions, and numerical examples are further presented to demonstrate the effect of material anisotropy, loading depth, material layering, and surface hydraulic condition on the dynamic response, which should be useful to design engineers. These solutions could be further served as benchmarks for future numerical methods.     

横观各向同性饱和地基与中厚圆板的非轴对称动力相互作用

研究横观各向同性饱和土地基上中厚弹性圆板的非轴对称振动问题,即首先利用Fourier展开和Hankel变换技术,求解了简谐激励下横观各向同性饱和土地基的非轴对称Biot波动方程,然后按混合边值问题建立地基与弹性中厚圆板非轴对称动力相互作用的对偶积分方程,并将对偶积分方程化为易于数值计算的第二类Fredholm积分方程．文末给出了算例．数值结果表明,在一定频率范围内,地基表面的位移幅值随激振频率增加而增大,随距离的增大以振荡形式衰减变化．     

横观各向同性半无限空间表面典型荷载作用下的地基附加应力系数

在胡海昌和Lekhnitskii解的基础上,求得了地基表面作用竖直载荷时的附加应力系数的统一表达式,它可同时适用于各向同性和横观各向同性地基材料。详细讨论了5种典型载荷工况:圆形均布荷载、矩形均布荷载、矩形三角形分布荷载、均布线性和条形荷载。解的最终结果可由初等函数表示。文中同时也通过数值例子图示了材料各向异性对附加应力系数的影响。     

层状横观各向同性饱和地基上圆板的非轴对称振动

研究了层状横观各向同性饱和地基上弹性圆板的非轴对称振动问题．首先,通过方位角的Fourier变换,将圆柱坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土的三维动力方程转化为一阶常微分方程组,基于径向Hankel变换,建立问题的状态方程,求解状态方程后得到传递矩阵;其次,利用传递矩阵,结合层状饱和地基的边界条件、排水条件及层间接触和连续条件,给出了任意简谐激振力作用下层状横观各向同性饱和地基动力响应的通解;然后,按混合边值问题建立层状饱和地基上弹性圆板非轴对称振动的对偶积分方程,并将对偶积分方程化为易于数值计算的第二类Fredholm积分方程,并给出了算例．     

Boussinesq indentation of a transversely isotropic half-space reinforced by a buried inextensible membrane

The normal indentation of a rigid circular disk into the surface of a transversely isotropic half-space reinforced by a buried inextensible thin film is addressed. By virtue of a displacement potential function and the Hankel transform, the governing equations of this axisymmetric mixed boundary value problem are represented as a dual integral equation, which is subsequently reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Two important results of the contact stress distribution beneath the disk region as well as the equivalent stiffness of the system are expressed in terms of the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. When the membrane is located on the surface or at the remote boundary, exact closed-form solutions are presented. For the limiting case of an isotropic half-space the results are verified with those available in the literature. As a special case, the elastic fields of a reinforced transversely isotropic half-space under the action of surface axisymmetric patch loads are also given. The effects of anisotropy, embedment depth of the membrane, and material incompressibility on both the contact stress and the normal stiffness factor are depicted in some plots.     

Dynamics of nonlinear transversely vibrating beams: Parametric and closed-form solutions

Nonlinear transversely vibrating beams, including a uniform beam carrying a lumped mass and a transversely vibrating quintic nonlinear beam, are considered in this paper. Firstly, using trigonometric function, analytical solutions to their Cauchy initial problems are constructed in parametric and closed-form. Secondly, it is found that one has the freedom to choose any periodic function to simulate the periodic vibration theoretically. As an example, we also construct parametric and closed-form solution expressed by Jacobi elliptic function. Thirdly, by comparing the two kinds of derived solutions, it is shown that the Jacobi elliptic function solution can degenerate to the corresponding trigonometric function solution when the modulus tends to zero. Comparison are also made between our derived Jacobi elliptic function solution and other’s exact solution, which indicates that the presented parametric solution method is more general.     

Singularities on Free Surfaces of Fluid Flows

Isolated singularities on free surfaces of two-dimensional and axially symmetric three-dimensional steady potential flows with gravity are considered. A systematic study is presented, where known solutions are recovered and new ones found. In two dimensions, the singularities found include those described by the Stokes solution with a 120° angle, Craya's flow with a cusp on the free surface, Gurevich's flow with a free surface meeting a rigid plane at 120° angle, and Dagan and Tulin's flow with a horizontal free surface meeting a rigid wall at an angle less than 120°. In three dimensions, the singularities found include those in Garabedian's axially symmetric flow about a conical surface with an approximately 130° angle, flows with axially symmetric cusps, and flows with a horizontal free surface and conical stream surfaces. The Stokes, Gurevich, and Garabedian flows are exact solutions. These are used to generate local solutions, including perturbations of the Stokes solution by Grant and Longuet-Higgins and Fox, perturbations of Gurevich's flow by Vanden-Broeck and Tuck, asymmetric perturbations of Stokes flow and nonaxisymmetric perturbations of Garabedian's flow. A generalization of the Stokes solution to three fluids meeting at a point is also found.     

An equivalent pipe network model for free surface flow in porous media

Free surface flow analysis in porous media is challenging in many practical applications with strong non-linearity. An equivalent pipe network model is proposed for the simulation and evaluation of free surface flow in porous media. On the basis of representative elementary volume with homogeneous pore-scale patterns, the pore space of the homogeneous isotropic porous media is conceptualized as a collection of capillary tubes. According to Hagen-Poiseulle's law and flux equivalence principle, equivalent hydraulic parameters and unified governing formulations for the pipe network model are deduced. The two-dimensional free surface flow problem is reduced to a one-dimensional problem of pipe networks and a one-dimensional procedure based on the finite element method is then developed by introducing a continuous penalized Heaviside function. The proposed equivalent pipe network model is verified with results from numerical solutions and laboratory-measured data available in the literature, and good agreements are obtained. The proposed equivalent pipe network model is shown to be effective in analyzing the free surface flow in porous media. The numerical results also indicate that the proposed equivalent pipe network model has weak sensitivity of the mesh size and penalty parameters.     

The vibrations and stability of a prestressed plate on an elastic foundation

The free vibrations of a transversely isotropic prestressed linear elastic half-space, localized close to a free surface, are considered. The free vibrations of a prestressed transversely isotropic infinite plate, lying on an elastic foundation, are also considered. The dispersion equation is analysed as a function of the wave numbers, the elastic properties of the foundation and of the plate and the values of the prestresses. The investigation is confined to cases when the initial stresses are less than the critical values, while the elastic waves do not penetrate into the depth of the foundation but are localized close to the free surface. The stability of the half-space and the plate on an elastic foundation is also considered. When analysing the vibrations and the stability of the plate, the results in the three-dimensional formulation of the problem are compared with the results of the two–dimensional Kirchhoff–Love and Timoshenko–Reissner models.     

Asymmetric Green's functions for a functionally graded transversely isotropic tri-material

This paper considers the elastic analysis of a functionally graded transversely isotropic tri-material solid under the arbitrary distribution of applied static loads. Using two displacement potential functions, for three-dimensional point-load and patch-load configurations, Green's functions for displacement and stress components are generated in the form of infinite line-integrals. These solutions are shown to be analytically reducible to the special cases of exponentially graded bi-material, exponentially graded half-space and homogeneous tri-material Green's functions. It also encompasses a functionally graded finite layer on a rigid base with surface loading with two cases of interfacial conditions, rigid-bonded and rigid-frictionless. Finally, for the special case of a functionally graded layer sandwiched between two homogeneous layers, using several numerical displays, the effect of material inhomogeneity on the responses is studied and the accuracy of numerical scheme is verified.