槽道内涡波流场的POD分析

对槽道内涡波流场的瞬态速度矢量场进行了2DPIV测量实验,将2DPIV测量的矢量场数据进行POD分析,根据POD分解的各阶模态的能量比确定了表征涡波流场主导结构的前15阶模态。结果表明,POD分解的前15阶模态发现槽道内涡波流场是由槽道壁面剪切层诱导的涡列以及伴随的波状主流组成;流场中大尺度的涡旋发展为涡对,对波状主流的脉动频率产生影响;根据涡波流场中的驻点和鞍点,获取了流场的大尺度涡对、平均流场以及Helmholtz涡环等明显特征;最后根据POD分解的前15阶模态对槽道内涡波流场进行重组,重组流场表征了槽道内层流状态下波状主流的形态和涡旋共存的涡波结构以及驻点和鞍点的位置处涡旋的变化等主要特征,有效地剔除了PIV测量流场中的随机信息,保留了PIV测量流场的主导特征。     

槽道内涡波流场的POD分析

对槽道内涡波流场的瞬态速度矢量场进行了2DPIV测量实验,将2DPIV测量的矢量场数据进行POD分析,根据POD分解的各阶模态的能量比确定了表征涡波流场主导结构的前15阶模态。结果表明,POD分解的前15阶模态发现槽道内涡波流场是由槽道壁面剪切层诱导的涡列以及伴随的波状主流组成;流场中大尺度的涡旋发展为涡对,对波状主流的脉动频率产生影响;根据涡波流场中的驻点和鞍点,获取了流场的大尺度涡对、平均流场以及Helmholtz涡环等明显特征;最后根据POD分解的前15阶模态对槽道内涡波流场进行重组,重组流场表征了槽道内层流状态下波状主流的形态和涡旋共存的涡波结构以及驻点和鞍点的位置处涡旋的变化等主要特征,有效地剔除了PIV测量流场中的随机信息,保留了PIV测量流场的主导特征。     

剪切湍流大尺度相干结构的模式研究

发展了一种计算剪切湍流大尺度相干结构的新模式．该模式的基础是认为大尺度相干结构为湍流场中流体脉动能量增长最快的那部分，且包含大部分的湍流脉动能量．在此基础上。通过对湍流相干能量方程的推演。建立了描述大尺度相干结构的特征控制方程，并应用Ｃｈｅｂｙｓｈｅｖ多项式方法求得湍流相干能量的最大增长率在波数空间的分布，从而获得对应的大尺度相干结构．应用该模式研究了槽流和一自然对流中的大尺度相干结构，得到的近壁区流动结构与实验现象十分接近．     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与自组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟。研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象。     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与白组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟.研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象.     

充分发展圆管湍流的实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速（digital particle image velocimetry,DPIV)和定量流动显示技术（quantitative flow visualization,QFA)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究。测量结果和直接数值模拟（direct numerical simulation,DNS)结果进行了比较，结果表明作者开发的DPIV技术取得了满意的精度。在此基础上对圆管湍流的动力学机理进行了研究，分析了上抛和下扫在湍流生成中的贡献以及流动显示结构内的脉动速度分布，测量结果显示在圆管湍流的近壁区存在横向强脉冲现象和流动显示所能观察到的结构为上抛占主导地位的结构。     

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构空间相位平均拓扑

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构(large-scale coherent structure,LSCS)是目前湍流边界层研究的热点之一.湍流边界层中存在大尺度相干结构均是通过各种谱的低波数峰值证实的,而对大尺度相干结构各种物理量的空间拓扑形态及其发展演化规律还缺乏研究.应用高时间分辨粒子图像测速多相机阵列系统,测量湍流边界层...     

基于Navier-Stokes方程残差的隐式大涡模拟有限元模型

对应于湍流的大尺度与小尺度流场信息, 本文在有限元的框架下, 假设Navier-Stokes方程的解的形函数由大尺度和不可解尺度形函数叠加组成, 引入对应的权函数, 将Navier-Stokes方程的有限元变分形式分解为大尺度和不可解尺度系统. 根据不可解尺度系统, 构建基于Navier-Stokes大尺度方程残差的不可解尺度模型, 将其代入Navier-Stokes方程的大尺度系统, 进而数值求解大尺度系统得到Navier-Stokes方程的大尺度解. 该方法无需像传统的大涡模拟方法那样对方程的解进行过滤, 通过对形函数进行尺度分解实现解的尺度分解. 本文使用该方法的自编程序代码开展了槽道湍流的数值模拟. 通过与有限差分大涡模拟、DNS计算结果的比较, 发现在使用较少网格情况下该方法预测的平均流向速度在近壁区与DNS数据吻合, 在黏性外层略偏高; 该方法对雷诺应力预测偏低导致从流向向垂向方向上湍动能输运略偏低. 流向速度等值面图显示该方法有效捕捉到了大尺度旋涡结构; 同时在近壁区可以观察到明显的低速条带结构.      

A RESIDUAL-BASED UNRESOLVED-SCALE FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR IMPLICT LARGE EDDY SIMULATION 1)

对应于湍流的大尺度与小尺度流场信息, 本文在有限元的框架下, 假设Navier-Stokes方程的解的形函数由大尺度和不可解尺度形函数叠加组成, 引入对应的权函数, 将Navier-Stokes方程的有限元变分形式分解为大尺度和不可解尺度系统. 根据不可解尺度系统, 构建基于Navier-Stokes大尺度方程残差的不可解尺度模型, 将其代入Navier-Stokes方程的大尺度系统, 进而数值求解大尺度系统得到Navier-Stokes方程的大尺度解. 该方法无需像传统的大涡模拟方法那样对方程的解进行过滤, 通过对形函数进行尺度分解实现解的尺度分解. 本文使用该方法的自编程序代码开展了槽道湍流的数值模拟. 通过与有限差分大涡模拟、DNS计算结果的比较, 发现在使用较少网格情况下该方法预测的平均流向速度在近壁区与DNS数据吻合, 在黏性外层略偏高; 该方法对雷诺应力预测偏低导致从流向向垂向方向上湍动能输运略偏低. 流向速度等值面图显示该方法有效捕捉到了大尺度旋涡结构; 同时在近壁区可以观察到明显的低速条带结构.     

充分发展圆管湍JJL的实验研究

采用粒子数字图像测速(digital particle image velocimetry,DPIV)和定量流动显示技术(quantitative flow visualization,QFV)对充分发展的圆管湍流进行了研究.测量结果和直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)结果进行了比较,结果表明作者开发的DPIV技术取得了满意的精度.在此基础上对圆管湍流的动力学机理进行了研究,分析了上抛和下扫在湍流生成中的贡献以及流动显示结构内的脉动速度分布,测量结果显示在圆管湍流的近壁区存在横向强脉冲现象和流动显示所能观察到的结构为上抛占主导地位的结构.     

Characteristic turbulent structure of a modified drag-reduced surfactant solution flow via dosing water from channel wall

The modification of the near-wall structure is very important for the control of wall turbulence. To ascertain the effect of near-wall modulation on the viscoelastic drag-reduced flow, the modified characteristics of a surfactant solution channel flow were investigated experimentally. The modulation was conducted on the boundary of the channel flow by injecting water from the whole surface of one side of the channel wall. The diffusion process of the injected water was observed by using the planar laser-induced fluorescence technique. The velocity statistics and characteristic structure including the spatial distributions of instantaneous streamwise velocity, swirling strength, and Reynolds shear stress were analyzed based on the velocity vectors acquired in the streamwise wall-normal plane by using the particle imaging velocimetry technique. The results indicated that the disturbance of the injected water was constricted within a finite range very near the dosing wall, and the Reynolds shear stress was increased in this region. However, the eventual drag reduction rate was found to be increased due to a relatively large decrement of viscoelastic shear stress in this near-wall region. Moreover, the flow structure under this modulation presented obvious regional characteristics. In the unstable disturbed region, the mixing of high-speed and low-speed fluids and the motions of ejection and sweep occurred actively. Many clockwise vortex cores were also found to be generated. This characteristic structure was similar to that in the ordinary turbulence of Newtonian fluid. Nevertheless, outside this disturbed region, the structure still maintained the characteristics of the drag-reduced flow with non-Newtonian viscoelastic additives. These results proved that the injected Newtonian fluid associated with the modified stress distribution creates a diverse characteristic structure and subsequent enhanced drag reduction. This investigation can provide the experimental basis for further study of turbulence control.     

Effect of free-stream turbulence on conical vortex dynamics

The influence of Free-Stream Turbulence (FST) on the space–time dynamics of a conical vortex developing along a A-pillar is studied experimentally. Measurements of unsteady wall pressure and velocity by High Speed-Stereo PIV highlight the important effects of turbulence on the mean and instantaneous properties of the vortex. Very significant increases in Reynolds stresses into the vortex region and in wall fluctuating pressure are observed in the presence of FST. In smooth flow, the frequency content of the pressure and velocity fields is very rich with low and high frequency contributions due to the meandering of the vortex and instabilities in the vortex core. Meandering shows, for the different integral length scales and intensities of turbulence tested, a great receptivity to the presence of a FST and we observe a global motion of the vortex structure at low frequency. This frequency is modulated by the value of the integral length scale of the FST. We show that the mean conical structure is a wave guide for the perturbations of the core but that, with FST, the spatio-temporal evolution of the envelope overwhelms the intrinsic instability of the vortex core observed in smooth flow.     

Turbulent structure during transition to self-similarity in a round jet

 The developing turbulent region of a round jet was investigated using an improved implementation of digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The two-dimensional flow field in planes normal and parallel to the axial velocity was measured at locations between 15 and 30 diameters downstream, for two Reynolds numbers of 5500 and 16,000. The study consisted of instantaneous snapshots of the velocity and vorticity fields as well as measurements of velocity correlations up to third order. In this regime, the Reynolds number had a significant effect on both the instantaneous flow structure and the profiles of mean velocity across the jet. Coherent streamwise structures were present in the jet core for the lower Reynolds number. Additional structures whose evolution was governed by time scales two orders of magnitude larger than the convective scale inside the jet were observed in the entrainment field. The velocity correlations provided further support for the validity of DPIV turbulence measurements. The data was consistent with the equations of motion and momentum was conserved. DPIV measurements of turbulent kinetic energy components agreed with the hot-wire measurements of previous studies. Received: 27 November 1996/Accepted: 14 July 1997     

脊状表面减阻机理研究

针对脊状表面流场的特点,通过实验测量和数值模拟的方法对脊状表面微观流场进行了深入研究,获得了脊状表面湍流边界层的时均速度分布曲线、湍流度分布曲线和微观流场结构.为了得到脊状结构对壁面物性的影响,对脊状表面进行了疏水性测试,获得了液滴在脊状表面上的表观接触角,并通过水洞试验验证了脊状表面的减阻效果.研究表明,与光滑表面相比,脊状表面微观流场结构中存在"二次涡",近壁区的黏性底层厚度比平板的要厚得多,湍流度显著降低,且脊状表面表现出明显的疏水性.由此提出了基于壁面隔离效应、增大湍流阻尼效应和改变壁面物性效应的减阻机理.     

Evolution of an initially columnar vortex terminating normal to a no-slip wall

The early evolution of an initially columnar vortex normal to a solid wall was examined. The vortex was generated by a pair of flaps in a water tank. Detrimental effects from the wall during the vortex generation were avoided by producing the vortex normal to a free surface and subsequently bringing a horizontal plate into contact with the surface. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of the velocity and vorticity, together with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) visualizations, in a meridional plane revealed a toroidal structure with the appearance of an axisymmetric vortex breakdown bubble. Agreement was found between the measurements and numerical simulations of the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations. The results show that the flow in the effusive corner region is dominated by a Bödewadt-type spatially oscillatory boundary layer within the core region and a potential-like vortex boundary layer at large radii. The toroidal structure results from the interaction between these two boundary layers, leading to the roll up of a dominant shear layer within the Bödewadt structure, and does not develop from the columnar vortex itself.     

基于PIV技术分析颗粒在湍流边界层中的行为

采用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry,PIV)在平板湍流边界层内开展实验研究,对比颗粒相及单相液体的平均速度剖面、湍流强度、雷诺应力等湍流统计量,分析颗粒在湍流边界层中的行为.利用空间多尺度局部平均涡量的概念提取壁湍流发卡涡展向涡头(顺向涡)并统计其数量规律,得到不同法向位置处顺向涡周围流向脉动速度及流线的空间拓扑结构,比较分析顺向涡发展程度及周围的湍流相干结构.结果发现:与清水工况相比,颗粒相湍流边界层的缓冲层变薄、对数律区下移,湍流强度得到增强,雷诺应力在对数律区有所增大;颗粒的流向脉动速度在展向涡周围的分布与清水工况不同,颗粒能够被流体展向涡周围的猝发过程有效传递;颗粒相的顺向涡涡核较大,且随着法向位置的升高逐渐发展完整,涡和条带在流向上拉伸得更长;同时发现在两种工况下,顺向涡的左下方始终存在一个逆向涡,颗粒相逆向涡的形成弱于单相流体;两种工况下的顺向涡数量均随着法向位置的升高而减少,最后逐渐趋于稳定.      

Structure detection and analysis of non-circular impinging jets in a semi-confined array configuration

The flow structure generated by circular and oblate shaped nozzles for an impinging confined 7-by-7 jet array is investigated. Instantaneous velocity fields, obtained from Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) along the crossflow direction are analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Also, a vortex detection algorithm is used to locate and quantify the nature of the instantaneous vortices within the flow. The results show that an oblate shaped nozzle when oriented with its major axis aligned with the exhaust flow has flow characteristics resulting in increased turbulent kinetic energy. This has potential for increased surface transport.     

Experimental analysis of the precessing vortex core in a free swirling jet

An experimental analysis of the precessing vortex core (PVC) instability in a free swirling jet of air at ambient pressure and temperature is performed by means of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Two parametric studies are considered, varying the swirl parameter and the Reynolds number. The range of parameters considered allowed to study conditions of strong precession as well as the inception and settlement of the instability. Mean velocity and standard deviation profiles, power spectral density functions and probability density functions for the axial and tangential velocity components are presented. Average as well as instantaneous PIV maps are considered in the characterization of the flowfield structure and detection of the instantaneous position of the vortex center. Joint analysis of velocity PDFs and power spectra shows that the PVC contribution to the global statistics of the velocity field can be properly separated from the contribution of the true flow turbulence, giving additional insight to the physics of the precession phenomenon. The results obtained in the explored range of conditions indicate that the true turbulence intensity is not dependent on the swirl parameter. An erratum to this article can be found at