Forming of Space Charge Wave with Broad Frequency Spectrum in Helical Relativistic Two-Stream Electron Beams

We elaborate a quadratic nonlinear theory of plural interactions of growing space charge wave(SCW) harmonics during the development of the two-stream instability in helical relativistic electron beams. It is found that in helical two-stream electron beams the growth rate of the two-stream instability increases with the beam entrance angle. An SCW with the broad frequency spectrum, in which higher harmonics have higher amplitudes, forms when the frequency of the first SCW harmonic is much less than the critical frequency of the two-stream instability.For helical electron beams the spectrum expands with the increase of the beam entrance angle. Moreover,we obtain that utilizing helical electron beams in multiharmonic two-stream superheterodyne free-electron lasers leads to the improvement of their amplification characteristics, the frequency spectrum broadening in multiharmonic signal generation mode, and the reduction of the overall system dimensions.     

Diamagnetic and Paramagnetic Effects in Free-Electron Lasers

The effect of high-current relativistic electron beams (REB's) on the undulator field amplitude in free-electron lasers (FEL's) is investigated. Two mechanisms of excitation of periodic magnetostatic self-fields by REB are considered: 1) a static mechanism that is realized at stationary motion of REB in the undulator field; and 2) a dynamic mechanism that is realized at signal wave amplification. The static mechanism in the absence of an axial magnetic field leads to a decrease of the total undulator field amplitude (a diamagnetic effect). The dynamic mechanism for low-density beams leads to an increase of the total undulator field amplitude (a paramagnetic effect), with a subsequent increase of electron efficiency. For high-density beams, the effect of the phase shift of the total undulator field is most essential, due to which the growth of the signal wave amplitude is limited by nonlinear mismatch of synchronism.     

Theoretical investigation of the bunching of an electron beam in relativistic power amplifiers

The modern approach to designing an injector for the driver of a two-beam accelerator is based on the use of a bunched electron beam. The results of simulation and comparison of the processes leading to bunching of a relativistic electron beam in a free-electron laser and in a traveling-wave tube at low electron beam energies are discussed. The simulation and existing experimental results for bunching of an electron beam in a free-electron laser are compared. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 98–102 (February 1999)     

Studies of classical radiation emission from plasma wave undulators

The authors examine the characteristics of the classical radiation emitted by a relativistic electron beam that propagates perpendicularly through a large amplitude relativistic plasma wave. Such a study is useful for evaluating the feasibility of using relativistic plasma waves as extremely short wavelength undulators for generating short wavelength radiation. The electron trajectories in a plasma wave undulator are obtained using perturbation techniques and are then compared to numerical simulation results. The frequency spectrum and angular distribution of the spontaneous radiation emitted by a single electron and the stimulated radiation gain are obtained analytically, and are then compared to 3-D numerical simulations. The characteristics of the plasma wave undulator are compared to the AC free-electron laser (FEL) undulator and the conventional FEL     

On the amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser

The amplification mechanism of the ion-channel laser (ICL) in the low-gain regime is studied. In this concept, a relativistic electron beam is injected into a plasma whose density is comparable to or lower than the beam's density. The head of the electron beam pushes out the plasma electrons, leaving an ion channel. The ion-focusing force causes the electrons to oscillate (betatron oscillations) about the axis and plays a role similar to the magnetic field in a cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM). Radiation can be produced with wave frequencies from microwaves to X-rays depending on the beam energy and plasma density: ω~2γ^3/2ω_pe, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the beam and ω_pe is the plasma frequency. Transverse (relativistic) bunching and axial (conventional) bunching are the amplification mechanisms in ICLs; only the latter effect operates in free-electron lasers. The competition of these two bunching mechanisms depends on beam velocity ν_0z; their dependences on ν_0z cancel for the cyclotron autoresonance masers. A linear theory is developed to study the physical mechanisms, and a PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation code is used to verify the theory. The mechanism is examined as a possible explanation for experimentally observed millimeter radiation from relativistic electron beams interacting with plasmas     

Collective and single-electron interactions of electron beams with electromagnetic waves,and free-electron lasers

The field of radiation emission from electron beams is reviewed with special reference to work related to free-electron lasers. Different schemes of interaction in periodic structures, electromagnetic slow-wave structures, and in transverse confining force are distinguished. Various effects and devices such as traveling wave amplifiers, Smith-Purcell radiators, Cerenkov and bremsstrahlung-free electron lasers, cyclotron resonance masers, coherent bremsstrahlung and channeling radiation are discussed and the differences and relations among them are explained. A simple comprehensive model is developed to describe electron-beam interaction with an electromagnetic wave in periodic electromagnetic structures. The model is general enough to describe both collective and single-electron modes of interaction and quantum mechanical, classical and Fermi degenerate regimes. Simplified expressions are developed for the gain by stimulated emission of radiation and for gain conditions of the Smith-Purcell-Cerenkov type free-electron lasers under conditions of very thin electron beams and infinite interaction length. This research is supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contract AFOSR-76-2933     

拉曼型自由电子激光器中相对论电子运动稳定性的比较研究

拉曼型自由电子激光器作为一种兆瓦级高功率毫米波、太赫兹波辐射源, 其电子的运动稳定性对整体器件的性能至关重要.本文采用科尔莫戈罗夫熵方法, 以典型的麻省理工学院公布的实验数据为例, 比较研究拉曼型正向导引磁场和反向导引磁场两类自由电子激光器中相对论电子的运动稳定性. 结果表明:摇摆器绝热压缩磁场对电子运动的稳定性无实质性影响, 但对电子运动影响大; 电子束自身场在拉曼型正向导引磁场自由电子激光器中使电子运动稳定性变差, 而在拉曼型反向导引磁场自由电子激光器中则可改善电子运动稳定性. 关键词： 拉曼型自由电子激光器 相对论电子运动稳定性 科尔莫戈罗夫熵 电子束自身场     

Physical mechanisms for transition radiation of electromagnetic pulses

The excitation of electromagnetic pulses is examined in various generation schemes. The physical mechanism for excitation of the radiation is studied and the field from transition radiation by high current relativistic electron beams is analyzed. An analysis of the efficiency of the various generation schemes shows that the electron efficiency of beam radiators based on transition radiation may be quite substantial for beam parameters that are easily realized experimentally. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 90–95 (October 1999)     

Generation of giant pulses of scattered radiation on the moving front of a pump wave

To generate high-power short-wavelength pulses during the process of the stimulated scattering of a high-power pump wave on a relativistic electron beam, the use of the displacement of a pump spot along the electron flow with the group velocity of the scattered beam has been proposed. Under such conditions, the scattered radiation will be a monopulse with the amplitude increasing proportionally to the displacement of the pump spot due to the energy transfer from unmodulated electron fractions. In the case of an optical laser pump, depending on the direction of the wave vector of the pump field relative to the translational motion of electrons, the new mechanism can be used to generate high-power pulses in terahertz (Doppler down conversion) or ultraviolet (up conversion) bands.     

Second Harmonic Generation of Self‐Focused Cosh‐Gaussian Laser Beam in Thermal Quantum Plasma by Excitation of an Electron Plasma Wave

This paper presents a scheme for second harmonic generation (SHG) of an intense Cosh‐Gaussian (ChG) laser beam in thermal quantum plasmas. Moment theory approach in W.K.B approximation has been adopted in deriving the differential equation governing the propagation characteristics of the laser beam with distance of propagation. The effect of relativistic increase in electron mass on propagation dynamics of laser beam has been incorporated. Due to relativistic nonlinearity in the dielectric properties of the plasma, the laser beam gets self‐focused and produces density gradients in the transverse direction. The generated density gradients excite electron plasma wave (EPW) at pump frequency that interacts with the incident laser beam to produce its second harmonics. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effects of laser parameters on selffocusing of the laser beam and hence on the conversion efficiency of its second harmonics. Simulation results predict that within a specific range of decentered parameter the ChG laser beams show smaller divergence as they propagate and, thus, lead to enhanced conversion efficiency of second harmonics. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Feasibility consideration for THz radiation by Raman scattering in a quadrupole channel

Considered is the stimulated Raman scattering of a pump wave by a mildly relativistic electron beam. The electron beam is assumed to be transported along an alternating quadrupole channel. Optimal matched beam solutions are obtained, and the requirement on the beam emittance is identified. Estimations suggest feasibility of the process for an intense THz radiation source.     

Generation of squeezed states on reflection of light from a system of free electrons

The statistical characteristics of an electromagnetic wave reflected from a system of successive free-electron mirrors are investigated. Such a configuration of the electron stream is characteristic in particular for free-electron lasers. An expresson is obtained for the squeeze factor of the field of the reflected wave, and the optimal geometric configuration of the system of electrons is found. Numerical estimates show that the squeezing can be substantial when the number of electronic mirrors is large. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 3, 160–165 (10 February 1996)     

On the theory of the acceleration of plasma electrons during stimulated scattering of an intense laser wave

The mechanism of electron acceleration in the stimulated Raman forward scattering of a monochromatic laser wave in a cold plasma is investigated theoretically. It is shown that as a result of the stochastic interaction of the electrons with the ponderomotive wave and with plasma waves excited in the scattering process, some of the electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 3–8 (January 1999)     

First staging of two laser accelerators

Staging of two laser-driven, relativistic electron accelerators has been demonstrated for the first time in a proof-of-principle experiment, whereby two distinct and serial laser accelerators acted on an electron beam in a coherently cumulative manner. Output from a CO2 laser was split into two beams to drive two inverse free electron lasers (IFEL) separated by 2.3 m. The first IFEL served to bunch the electrons into approximately 3 fs microbunches, which were rephased with the laser wave in the second IFEL. This represents a crucial step towards the development of practical laser-driven electron accelerators.     

Soft-x-ray coherent radiation using a single-cascade free-electron laser

Coherent harmonic generation using single-pass free-electron lasers is a promising method for generating coherent radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray spectral region. We propose a simple scheme allowing one to generate powerful coherent radiation in the soft x-ray region by making use of present available technology. The method relies on the possibility of creating substantial bunching in a relativistic electron beam, while limiting the growth of its energy spread. The validity of the scheme is demonstrated using a simple one-dimensional model. Results are confirmed by three-dimensional simulations.     

Modeling of terahertz radiation emission from a free‐electron laser

In this article, we report the generation of terahertz (THz) radiation using the interaction of a laser‐modulated relativistic electron beam (REB) with a surface plasma wave. Two laser beams propagating through the modulator interact with the REB, leading to velocity modulation of the beam. This results in pre‐bunching of the REB. The pre‐bunched beam travels through the drift space, where the velocity modulation translates into density modulation. The density‐modulated beam, on interacting with the surface plasma pump wave, acquires an oscillatory velocity that couples with the modulated beam density to give rise to a nonlinear current density which acts as an antenna to give THz radiation. By optimizing the parameters of the beam and the wiggler, we obtain power of the order of 10⁻⁴ using the current scheme.     

圆波导契伦柯夫自由电子激光流体描述

用磁流体理论研究了契伦柯夫自由电子激光的性质,导出了空心束驱动的圆柱对称波导契伦柯夫自由电子激光的色散关系,利用色散关系计算了契伦柯夫不稳定性增长率,给出了饱和功率的估计值,考虑了束与介质间间隙对契伦柯夫自由电子激光的影响,并就空心束与实心束情况进行了比较。     

High-power Čerenkov microwave oscillators utilizing High-Current nanosecond Electron beams

A short review is given of results obtained at the Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on generating high-power microwave radiation. Most of the research was devoted to a study of stimulated Čerenkov radiation from relativistic electron beams. It is shown that the efficiency of a relativistic 3-cm backward wave tube with a nonuniform coupling resistance can reach 35%. High-frequency radiation was discovered in the emission spectrum of the Čerenkov oscillators and it was shown that the nature of the radiation was associated with the stimulated scattering of low-frequency radiation by the relativistic electrons. Radiation with a power of 500 MW was obtained in the 8-mm wavelength range using a two-beam Čerenkov oscillator. High-current pulse-periodic nanosecond accelerators with a charging device utilizing a Tesla transformer were used in the experiments. The possibility was demonstrated of generating high-power microwave radiation with a pulse-repetition frequency of up to 100 Hz. An average power of ∼500 W was achieved from the relativistic oscillators. A relativistic backward wave tube with a high-current electron beam was used to make a prototype nanosecond radar device. Some of the results presented were obtained jointly with the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Physics. Questions concerning multiwave Čerenkov interaction are not considered in this paper. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 5–20, December, 1996.     

Horizontal phase-space distortions arising from magnetic pulse compression of an intense,relativistic electron beam

We report detailed measurements of the transverse phase space distortions induced by magnetic chicane compression of a high brightness, relativistic electron beam to subpicosecond length. A strong bifurcation in the phase space is observed when the beam is strongly compressed. This effect is analyzed using several computational models and is correlated to the folding of longitudinal phase space. The impact of these results on current research in collective beam effects in bending systems and implications for future short wavelength free-electron lasers and linear colliders are discussed.     

Relativistic microwave devices with postacceleration of an electron beam in the interaction space

We analyzed the possibility of improving the efficiency of microwave devices operating with relativistic electron beams in systems with particle postacceleration in the interaction space. The fundamental feature of this approach is the formation of the accelerating-potential profile with the inherent electric field of a high-current electron beam. It is shown that the use of the space-variant beam-potential sag helps raise the estimated efficiencies of relativistic Cherenkov TWT and BWO up to values of about 50%.