金属参与的水相烯丙基化反应*

近30年来,水介质中碳-碳键的形成一直是研究的热点,其优越性也逐渐被人们所认知。在已发现的水相金属有机反应中,水相烯丙基化反应是研究得较多和较深入的反应之一。水相烯丙基化反应由于其发展速度较快,新的金属及金属体系参与的烯丙基化反应以及水相烯丙基化反应的机理研究不断被报道。本文综述了水相中金属参与烯丙基化反应的最新研究进展,并对新的反应机理作了简要的阐述。     

各种金属参与的水相Barbier-Type反应

详细地概括了各种金属和金属盐参与的水相Barbier-Type反应,对反应机理以及反应的化学、区域和立体选择性进行了系统的总结,此外,还对水相Barbier-Type反应在有机合成中的应用作了初步的介绍.     

生物质基分子水相催化加氢反应及多相催化剂

生物质转化为平台分子,进一步转化成燃料和化学品是生物质利用的重要途径之一。本文总结了水相加氢反应及其催化剂的研究进展,指出了水相催化反应对催化剂的调控合成带来的挑战,如活性组分的流失,催化剂表面重构及毒化等。总结了水相催化加氢反应中高活性及高稳定性加氢催化剂的合成策略:如载体表面结构调控、炭的表面包覆、载体与金属活性组分之间相互作用的增强及新结构催化剂的设计合成等,指出了水相加氢反应的催化剂设计合成的发展方向,为生物质催化转化研究提供参考。     

溶剂萃取过程动力学研究--Ⅳ.单液滴法研究HEH(EHP)萃取Co2(Ⅱ)的速率与机理

采用单液滴法考察了水相酸度、钴(Ⅱ)在水相和有机相的浓度、萃取剂浓度以及温度和介质等因素对萃取速率的影响。结果表明,萃取反应机理是两步界面连续反应。文中对介质的影响也作了讨论。     

溶剂萃取过程动力学研究——Ⅳ.单液滴法研究HEH(EHP)萃取Co(Ⅱ)的速率与机理

采用单液滴法考察了水相酸度、钴(Ⅱ)在水相和有机相的浓度、萃取剂浓度以及温度和介质等因素对萃取速率的影响。结果表明,萃取反应机理是两步界面连续反应。文中对介质的影响也作了讨论。     

水相钯催化Suzuki反应

钯催化的Suzuki反应是构建Csp2—Csp2键的主要方法之一,已广泛应用于医药、天然产物及先进功能材料等联芳类化合物的合成.近年来,水相Suzuki反应引起了人们的高度关注.对以纯水及水/有机混溶剂为介质的水相Suzuki反应的研究进展作一综述,特别是围绕如何解决水相Suzuki反应活性的问题,以催化体系为主线,重点介绍了水溶性配体/钯、表面活性剂、微波促进的非水溶性配体/钯及无配体钯等催化体系在水相Suzuki反应中的应用.     

铟试剂促进的水相化学反应及其在有机合成中的应用*

金属铟在空气中不会被氧化,在水中也很稳定,而且无毒,易被制成各种铟盐和有机铟试剂并参与化学反应。铟盐与其他Lewis酸相比也具有良好的水相稳定性。由于铟具有低的亲杂性,在反应过程中大多数官能团都不受影响,因而铟试剂成为有机合成中常用的导向试剂,受到了人们极大的关注。本文综述了近年来金属铟、铟盐及有机铟试剂参与的水相化学反应,介绍了铟试剂促进的一些新型反应的特点和优势及在有机合成中的应用,总结了水相中铟试剂参与化学反应的最新进展,提出了铟试剂今后研究和发展的重点和方向。     

肉桂酸的逆合成分析、合成设计及实验制备——一次设计型实验课的探索

以肉桂酸为目标产物,通过逆合成分析、合成设计,采用不同的实验方法合成制备,介绍了水相Heck反应、无溶剂Perkin反应、水相Wittig反应、水相Knoevenagel反应,拓展了学生的合成设计思维。本实验涵盖了目标产物的合成、纯化与表征,让学生认识和完成了一个基本的科研过程,提高了学生的综合能力。     

一类新的液相催化氢化反应体系

基于吸热的水相重整制氢过程与放热的有机物液相催化氢化过程使用相同类型的催化剂, 反应温度和压力相近, 且都在液相中进行. 将醇类含氧碳氢化合物水相重整制氢反应产生的氢原位应用于有机物液相催化氢化反应, 实现水相重整制氢和液相催化加氢两个反应的耦合, 从而获得一类新的液相催化氢化反应体系. 将水相重整产生的活化氢直接应用于有机物的还原, 及时将水相重整产生的氢从催化剂活性中心位上移走, 达到了提高水相重整制氢反应氢选择性的目的, 同时也为提高液相催化氢化反应产物的选择性提供了一种可能. 这种耦合消除了传统方法中需要专门的氢气制备、存储和输送等环节, 简化了液相催化氢化反应生产工艺, 提高了能量利用率和氢气收率.     

过渡金属催化醇与胺有氧脱水反应及相关研究进展

与其他胺和酰胺衍生物的合成方法相比,过渡金属催化醇与各类胺和酰胺的脱水N-烷基化反应是一种相对绿色、原子经济性较高的方法,一般被称为"借氢"或"氢自动转移"反应及其方法学.近年来,在空气氛围下过渡金属催化醇与胺和酰胺的有氧脱水N-烷基化反应,可使用更稳定的金属催化剂、可在无配体、空气等更温和简单的条件下进行,也引起了人们的极大关注.主要介绍近年来过渡金属催化下醇与胺和酰胺在空气或者氧化剂作用下构建C—N,C=N键合成胺和酰胺衍生物以及亚胺类化合物的有氧脱水反应进展情况,同时也对相关有氧脱水C-烷基化反应进行简单介绍.相关反应的机理研究也将作适当讨论.     

水相中金属有机化学反应的研究进展

本文综述了近年来水相中金属有机化学反应的研究进展, 讨论了该类反应在反应机理、试剂及立体化学等方面的特点, 以及在天然产物全合成和工业生产等方面的应用。     

金属有机化学中的绿色化学反应进展

着重综述了金属有机化学领域中所涉及的与绿色化学概念有关的一些化学反应,如水相反应、超临界流体及离子液体中的反应、固态反应、原子经济性及过渡金属催化的有机反应。     

Radical steps in the reactions of organometallic compounds with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane: experimental evaluation of the validity of the nitroxyl method for investigations of homolytic reactions of organometallic compounds

Radical adducts formed in the reactions of organometallic compounds of group II-V elements and of some organochromium and organoiron compounds with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane and phenyl(tert-butyl)nitrone were studied by ESR. Nitroso compounds and nitrones can be used as selective spin traps for investigations of homolytic reactions involving organometallic compounds.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 916–920, May, 1994.     

Novel Syntheses of Aryl and Benzyl Selenides Promted by Metallic Zinc in Aqueous Media

Introduction Recently, organometallic-type of reactions in aqueous media have attracted a considerable interest in organic syntheses[1-4]. The main advantage of making organometallic reactions in strictly anhydrous organic solvents took place in aqueous media is the ease of the reactions so as to obviate the need for inflammable anhydrous organic solvents and troublesome inert atmosphere. For some reactions, e.g., the alkylations of the carbonyl group in carbohydrates didnt need to be altered to take place in organic solvents[5]. The most commonly used metals are zinc, tin and indium[1-4].     

无机和金属有机多核分子树络合物

本文介绍近年来国外无机和金属有机多核分子树络合物的研究进展, 主要侧重于这类分子树络合物的设计合成、物化特性、催化反应及其应用前景。     

Coupling of SPME and GC-AED for the Determination of Organometallic Compounds

 The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and atomic emission detection was successfully applied for the determination of selected organometallic species of Pb, As and Hg in aqueous samples. To obtain a high extraction yield, the SPME conditions were optimised for each element by fibre selection and varying the exposure time, stirring rate, pH range and desorption time. All the organometallic compounds tested were extracted from the aqueous phase using SPME. The preconcentration factors attained ranged between 40 and 150, depending on the compound. Detection limits in the pg/L and ng/L ranges were achieved. Received January 18, 2000. Revision April 11, 2000.     

Efficient fuel cell catalysts emerging from organometallic chemistry

During the last few decades organometallic methodologies have generated a number of highly effective electrocatalyst systems based on mono‐ and bimetallic nanosparticles having controlled size, composition and structure. In this microreview we summarize our results in fuel cell catalyst preparation applying triorganohydroborate chemistry, ‘reductive particle stabilization’ using organoaluminum compounds, and the controlled decomposition of organometallic complexes. The advantages of organometallic catalyst preparation pathways are exemplified with Ru? Pt nanoparticles@C as promising anode catalysts to be used in direct methanol oxidation fuel cells (DMFC) or in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) running with CO‐contaminated H₂ as the feed. Recent findings with highly efficient PtCo₃@C fuel cell catalysts applied for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and with the effect of Se‐doping on Ru@C ORR catalysts clearly demonstrate the benefits of organometallic catalyst synthesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organometall‐Reaktionen in Wasser

Water has attracted significant attention as an alternative solvent for organometallic reactions because it is nontoxic, nonflammable, and inexpensive, and is easily separated from organic products. Organometallic reactions, like the palladium‐catalyzed couplings of organic halides with organoboron compounds (Suzuki) and organotin reagents (Stille), are among the most widely used reactions for the formation of carbon‐carbon bonds. Owing to the discovery of water‐soluble, sulfonated phosphane derivatives and particularly the design of water‐soluble palladium‐catalysts it was possible to import these reactions into aqueous media. Another efficient, metal‐catalyzed, carbon‐carbon bond‐forming process that is nowadays possible in aqueous media is the olefin metathesis. The approaches so far include the use of water‐soluble ruthenium‐catalysts, surfactants and additives, ultrasonication, the introduction of polar quaternary ammonium groups or the incorporation of PEG as a water solubilizing moiety. The last point bears also a great potential for further developments in the removal of ruthenium‐containing byproducts. Additionally, water is the ideal reaction environment for polar, water soluble substrates such as natural product or pharmaceuticals.     

Laser photodissociation of organometallic compounds on a cryosubstrate

The photodissociation dynamics of organometallic compounds (tetramethyltin, trimethylgallium, trimethylindium and dimethylzinc) adsorbed on a quartz substrate at 100 K have been studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, detecting mainly CH₃ photofragments. Shapes of the time-of-flight spectra depend on the flux of the dissociation laser at 193 nm and the thickness of multilayers of organometallic compounds. In thick layers, not only a low energy component but also a high energy component are observed in the time-of-flight spectrum of the CH₃ photofragments. In thin layers, relaxation processes take place so quickly that the product time-of-flight profiles are characterized by a Maxwell–Boltzmann temperature profile.