聚丙烯酸盐-丙烯酰胺水凝胶的制备及对重金属离子吸附性能的研究

以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,K2S2O8为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法合成P(AA-AM)水凝胶,通过正交实验优化了P(AA-AM)水凝胶的制备工艺.对制备的P (AA-AM)水凝胶进行了SEM和XPS分析,探讨了P(AA-AM)水凝胶对Cu2+、pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附等温线和吸附动力学行为,研究了P(AA-AM)水凝胶的粒径、吸附温度、pH值和重金属离子的初始浓度对P(AA-AM)水凝胶吸附性能的影响.实验结果表明,所制备的P(AA-AM)水凝胶是一种具有三维网络结构的高分子材料,其表面的氨基和羧基残基能够与重金属离子发生螯合反应.减小P(AA-AM)水凝胶粒径、增大溶液pH值、升高吸附环境温度均有利于吸附反应的进行.粒径为0.097 ～0.15 mm的P(AA-AM)水凝胶粉末,在35℃、pH=5的条件下进行吸附等温线实验,得到水凝胶对重金属Cu2+,pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的理论最大吸附量分别为186,588,208和403 mg/g.P(AA-AM)水凝胶对重金属离子的吸附符合准二级动力学模型(R2＞0.98),吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温线(R2＞0.95).干扰离子实验和理论模拟均证明P(AA-AM)水凝胶对pb2+具有良好的吸附性.     

RAFT聚合合成PSt-b-PAN共聚物及其改性后对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能研究

合成了改性聚丙烯腈(PAN)聚合物并研究了其对重金属离子的吸附能力。通过可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合法(RAFT)合成聚苯乙烯,以此作为大分子引发剂进一步合成聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯腈嵌段共聚物(PSt-b-PAN),该嵌段聚合物与叠氮化钠、氯化铵发生环加成反应形成改性聚丙烯腈聚合物(PSt-b-P4VT)。在p H=6时,PSt-b-P4VT对Hg2+的吸附量达到最大(4.38mmol/g),接触时间在8h时,吸附性能最好。经过了10次吸附-解吸之后,吸附性能下降不多。以上结果说明,改性聚丙烯腈聚合物对Hg2+具有良好的吸附性能和重复使用性能。     

天祝褐煤腐植酸对Ni2+离子吸附性能研究

通过FTIR、FR分析了天祝腐植酸吸附重金属Ni2+离子前后的红外光谱、荧光强度的变化,对重金属离子Ni2+进行了吸附性能及机理研究.结果表明:在室温条件下(20℃～ 25℃),吸附最佳pH=6,吸附平衡时间约为5h.符合Freundlich吸附模型,相关系数R=0.9998,特性常数n为2.49.腐植酸对Ni2+有较好的吸附性能,其吸附过程可用Ho准二级反应动力学模型描述.     

表面修饰CdTe量子点的合成及其光学特性

在水相中合成高发光性能的CdTe量子点,研究以巯基乙酸(TGA)为稳定剂对CdTe表面进行修饰,制备在水中分散性良好的纳米晶,通过对CdTe量子点合成反应条件的摸索,掌握了其合成的反应规律.同时用紫外分光光度计、荧光分光光度计和透射电子显微镜对其进行了表征.结果表明,回流时间、n(Cd²⁺):n(HTe^-)、反应物浓度、TGA用量、反应体系pH值,对纳米晶的光学性质具有显著影响.回流2 h制得的CdTe纳米粒子直径约为5 nm,其发射峰窄且对称,表现出良好稳定的光学性质.     

稀土(镧)硫醇盐的合成与表征

以三氧化二镧为原料, 经过醇化, 制备了三(月桂硫醇)镧及三(巯基乙酸异辛酯)镧, 并对合成方法进行了优化. 采用热失重分析、FTIR光谱、感应耦合等离子色谱、元素分析和1H NMR对目标产物进行了表征. 确定合成稀土异丙醇盐最佳反应条件为: 反应温度80 ℃, 反应时间2 h; 合成三(月桂硫醇)镧的反应条件为反应温度110 ℃, 反应时间2 h, 月桂硫醇的摩尔分数过量24％; 合成三(巯基乙酸异辛酯)镧的反应条件为反应温度60 ℃, 反应时间2 h, 月桂硫醇过量32％.     

绿色荧光体CaSe2O4:Ce3+的共沉淀合成与表征

以草酸为沉淀剂,用共沉淀法合成前驱体粉末,然后将前驱体粉末在5%H2+95%N2的还原气氛下煅烧,得到发光性能良好的CaSe2O4:Ce3+荧光粉.应用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、荧光光谱(FS)、综合热分析(TC-DSC)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段对前驱物及煅烧后的粉体进行表征.结果表明:烧结温度于800℃以上时,都町以得到正交结构的纯相CaSc2O4:Ce3+荧光体;其最大激发和发射波长分别在450和510 nm,与高温固相法所得产品的发射波长相同.荧光粉优化的合成条件为:Ce3+的最件掺杂浓度为1%(摩尔分数),最佳煅烧条件为1100℃煅烧6 h.最佳煅烧温度较传统的高温固相法(1600℃)低了约500℃,所得产品的发光强度接近高温固相法的产品.     

新型多取代硫代半卡巴腙类配体的合成与结构表征

为发展金属离子配体,设计合成了一系列新型多取代氨基硫脲。烯丙基异硫氰酸酯与水合肼溶液反应,制得4-烯丙基氨基硫脲(1)。1分别与联乙酰(2,3-丁二酮)、水合茚三酮、乙二醛反应,合成出联乙酰双缩(4-烯丙基氨基硫脲)(2)、茚三酮-1,3-二缩(4-烯丙基氨基硫脲)(5)、乙二醛二缩(4-烯丙基氨基硫脲)(6)。联乙酰和氨基硫脲反应制备出联乙酰双缩氨基硫脲(3),环己酮与1在无水乙醇中回流反应合成出环己酮缩(4-烯丙基氨基硫脲)(4)。缩合反应操作简便,条件温和,反应时间只需0.5～2h,产物收率达到70%～87%。这些化合物均未见报道,其结构通过元素分析,IR、^1HNMR和MS进行鉴定。初步测试了它们对金属离子的配位性能,这些多取代氨基硫脲配体很容易与Cu^2^+、Co^2^+、Ni^2^+、Zn^2^+、Ag^+、Hg^2^+、Hg^2^+~2及稀土离子形成稳定的螯合物。     

V^5＋离子掺杂纳米氧化铈的合成与表征

以硝酸铈、柠檬酸和偏钒酸铵为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-Gel)法制备了V5+离子掺杂纳米CeO2粉体.利用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和 扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了合成反应条件(焙烧温度、V5+掺入量等)对合成物的微观结构、物相组成以及性能的影响.XRD分析表明所合成的CeO2纳米晶粒具有空间群符号为Fm3m的立方晶体结构.随焙烧温度的升高,合成的CeO2晶粒结晶度增高.对甲基蓝的光催化降解试验表明,纳米CeO2对甲基蓝具有较好的光催化降解效果,焙烧温度对纳米CeO2的光催化活性有较大影响,适量V5+的掺入有利于提高纳米 CeO2的光催化降解效果,掺1%V5+离子的CeO2光催化降解甲基蓝6 h,其降解率可达89%以上.     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+)催化合成丙酸苄酯

采用浸渍法制备了稀土固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 /La3 + ,并运用IR、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对其进行了表征。以制备的固体超强酸SO2 -4/TiO2 3 + 为催化剂、丙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成了丙酸苄酯。考察了催化剂的制备条件及合成条件对酯化率的影响 ,结果显示催化剂最佳制备条件 :钛前体氧化物的浸渍液为含 0 0 7mol·L-1La3 + 的硫酸溶液 ,焙烧时间 3h ,焙烧温度 5 0 0℃。最佳反应条件 :醇酸摩尔比为 1∶2、催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的 9 3%、反应时间 3h、反应温度 12 0℃ ,酯化率达 84 0 %以上。用IR、1H NMR等手段对产品进行了表征。     

三聚硫氰酸交联聚氯乙烯树脂的合成及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能

以三聚硫氰酸为原料,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)为增塑剂,聚氯乙烯为大分子骨架,在MgO的存在下,合成得到了三聚硫氰酸交联聚氯乙烯树脂.对交联树脂吸附重金属离子的性能研究表明,合成树脂对Cu2+的吸附容量及选择性最大,在实验条件下吸附量达到1.056mmol/g;对其他金属离子吸附量很小,甚至不吸附.     

Evaluation of the Sorptive Capacity of Sugarcane Bagasse and Its Coal for Heavy Metals in Solution

Recycling of sugarcane bagasse and its coal as metal sorbents to capture metal ions from wastewater is the aim of this study. Thus, stability of sugarcane bagasse and its coal, in addition to the solubilities of metal ions in synthetic solution, were determined in this study at different pH values. Also, sorption of Fe, Mn, Cd, and Pb ions with different concentrations (10‐100 mg L^?1) on different grain size fractions of sugarcane bagasse (< 150 > μm) and its coal (< 80 > μm) was carried out under different pH values (2, 4 and 6), dosage (2, 6, and 10 g L^?1), time intervals (15‐300 min.) and temperature (20‐50 °C). The results indicated that the sugarcane bagasse and its coal were more stable at pH 6, and the solubilities of metal ions in the synthetic solution exhibited high values at pH 2 more than pH 4 and 6, respectively. Generally, removal of metal ions using the sorbents increased with the decreasing of grain size fractions and with increasing of pH values (6 > 4 > 2), sorbent doses (10 > 6 > 2 g L^?1) and initial concentrations of metal ions (10‐100 mg L^?1). Coal of sugarcane bagasse was more effective than the sugarcane bagasse for removal of the metal ions from solution. Positive values of ΔH° suggest the endothermic nature of sorption in all cases. The negative Gibb's free energy values indicate the feasibility of the process and spontaneous nature of sorption (Fe‐bagasse coal system), while the positive value of ΔG° suggests the non‐spontaneous character of adsorption of all metals. The negative values of entropy change ΔS° (Pb‐bagasse system) indicate the highly ordered adsorption process in this case, while the positive values of ΔS° show the increased randomness at solid/solution interface during the sorption metal ion on bagasse. The results of activation energy values indicate the order of sorption feasibility is: Pb > Fe > Cd > Mn in the case of bagasse and Fe > Pb > Cd > Mn in the case of coal. Generally, the results of this study suggest that the sugarcane bagasse and its coal might provide an economical method for the removal of metal ions from wastewater.     

Removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution by adsorption onto micro-particles of dry plants

In the present work, Pb(II) and Cd(II) ion adsorption onto inert organic matter (IOM) obtained from ground dried plants: Euphorbia echinus, Launea arborescens, Senecio anthophorbium growing in semi-arid zones of Morocco and Carpobrotus edulis as the Mediterranean plant has been studied. A suspension of plant deroed micro-particles adsorbs lead and cadmium present as ionic species, with a higher affinity for Pb(II). The kinetics and the maximum capacity adsorption depend on the type of plant as well as on the metal ions (atomic weight, ionic radius and electronegativity). The adsorption process is affected by various parameters such as contact time, solution volume to mass of plant particles ratio (m/V), particle size, solution pH and metal concentration. A dose of 25 g/l of adsorbent was optimal to obtain maximum adsorption of both metal ions. The maximum metal uptake was obtained with particles of organic matter of <50 microm. As to classical ionic adsorption phenomena, the adsorption of both metal ions increases with the increase of the initial concentration in the solution. For the two metal cations, the uptake efficiency of the studied plants ranged from: C. edulis>E. echinus>S. anthophorbium>L. arborescens, however, the differences are rather small. Two different waste water types (domestic and industrial) were tested and good results were obtained for removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) at more than 90%. The removal of the metal and mineral ions waste water was observed for PO(4)(3-) at 88%, for NO(3)(-) at 96.5% and for metal ions (Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) at about 100%, using IOM as absorbent.     

偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的制备及在含金属离子废水处理中的应用

利用电纺丝技术制备了聚丙烯腈纳米纤维无纺布, 然后在水溶液原位偕胺肟化得到偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈纳米纤维, 该纳米纤维可用于吸附再生含金属离子废水. 采用氯化铜溶液模拟含金属离子废水, 探讨不同肟化率的偕胺肟化纳米纤维对铜离子的吸附效果; 发现肟化率78.8%的偕胺肟化纳米纤维的吸附能力最好, 利用Langmuir吸附方程得到最大吸附值为56.5 mg/g, 同时吸附后可将含铜废水浓度从100 mg/L降至13 μg/L, 远远低于国标GB8978-1996规定的铜排放的一级标准(总铜浓度<0.5 mg/L). 吸附铜离子的纳米纤维在1 mol/L稀硝酸中, 100 min后铜离子的解吸附率超过98%. 经4次吸附-解吸附循环后, 偕胺肟化纳米纤维的吸附能力仍能达到首次吸附最大吸附值的50%以上, 表明偕胺肟化纳米纤维具有一定的循环再生能力.     

乙基纤维素磁性复合材料对溶液中铜离子的吸附性能

重金属离子对生态环境以及人类健康造成了严重的危害,因此处理水体中的重金属离子迫在眉睫。采用共沉淀法,以乙基纤维素为模版,将四氧化三铁（Fe₃O₄）纳米颗粒与乙基纤维素复合,制备了乙基纤维素磁性复合材料（EC/Fe₃O₄）。探究了吸附添加量、溶液pH值和吸附时间等因素对溶液中Cu（Ⅱ）吸附过程的影响。结果表明,EC/Fe₃O₄表现出良好的吸附速率和吸附性能。吸附4 min,可达到吸附平衡状态。在Cu（Ⅱ）浓度为20 mg/L,pH=7,吸附时间为160 min条件下,EC/Fe₃O₄的单位吸附量q_e为76.98 mg/g,最大去除率为94.68%。在经过8次吸附循环后,单位吸附量为62.21 mg/g。     

Removal of heavy metal ions by biogenic hydroxyapatite: Morphology influence and mechanism study

Based on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) with different morphologies, such as nanorod-like, flower-like and sphere-like assembled HA nanorods, a new strategy has been developed for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺. The dependence of removal efficiency on the morphology and the suspended concentration of trapping agent, the removal time and selectivity were evaluated and discussed. The experimental results proved that the removal capacity of flower-like assembled HA nanorods (NAFL-HA) was the best, and the maximum removal ratio for Pb²⁺ ion was 99.97%. The mechanism of Pb²⁺ removal was studied in detail, noting that some metal ions were completely incorporated into hydroxyapatitie to produce Pb-HA. It reveals that the metal ions capture by HA is mainly controlled by sample surface adsorption and co-precipitation, which are directly controlled by sample morphology.     

可再生纤维素/环糊精聚合物对水中亚甲基蓝吸附行为

利用甘蔗渣提取纤维素修饰环糊精聚合物,成功制备可再生纤维素/环糊精聚合物（SUG-EPI-CDP）吸附剂。采用傅利叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）与热重分析仪（TGA）对材料进行表征,同时考察了该材料对水中亚甲基蓝（MB）吸附特性和机理的影响。结果表明：在溶液pH值为7、温度为30 ℃的条件下,SUG-EPI-CDP可在120 min内有效去除MB,去除率达80.9%。通过模型拟合发现,SUG-EPI-CDP对MB的吸附是自发且吸热的过程,符合准二阶动力学方程和Langmuir等温线模型。该吸附剂实验最大吸附量达8.1 mg/g,远高于其他废料所制备的吸附剂。结果表明,利用可再生纤维素修饰可有效提高环糊精聚合物的吸附性能,同时为甘蔗渣资源化利用提供了新途径。     

Recent advances on hydrogels based on chitosan and alginate for the adsorption of dyes and metal ions from water

In contemporary times, water resources have become increasingly scarce and suffer from anthropogenic pollution sources with an organic and inorganic origin that are products of industrial, agricultural, and everyday waste. Contamination with heavy metals and dyes in wastewater is considered a risk for water sources that can leak into underground and surface sources, leading to increased biological and chemical contamination. The pollutant removal process is performed by adsorption treatment methods, which is the most common method, and it is considered an effective method with a high and economical removal rate.In this review, we discuss the use of biobased hydrogel adsorbents in the removal of organic dyes and metal ions from water. The literature indicates that hydrogels exhibit rapid absorption kinetics and a dye removal absorption capacity that can reach more than 100 mg/g and sometimes more than 2000 mg/g, with a metal adsorption capacity ranging from 38 mg/g to more than 440 mg/g. These results are discussed and compared by taking into account hydrogel materials that contain biopolymers such as alginate, chitosan or both. In general, absorption depends mainly on biobased materials, which have a natural origin and can be utilized to synthesize hydrogels to remove pollutants, dyes and heavy metals. Chitosan and alginate are prominent materials for this use and they can be incorporated with other components to obtain hydrogels or nanocomposite materials with different efficacies to remove dyes and metal ions.     

Adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions using nano-montmorillonite: kinetics,isotherm and mechanism evaluations

With increasing industrial development, heavy metal pollution, e.g., cadmium (Cd) pollution, is increasingly serious in soil and water environments. This study investigated the sorption performance of nano-montmorillonite (NMMT) for Cd ions. Adsorption experiments were carried out to examine the effects of the initial metal ion concentration (22.4–224 mg/L), pH (2.5–7.5), contact time (2–180 min) and temperature (15–40 °C). A simulated acid rain solution was prepared to study the desorption of Cd adsorbed on NMMT. After the adsorption or desorption process, the supernatant was analyzed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometry method. The Cd removal rate increased as the pH and contact time increased but decreased as the initial metal ion concentration increased. The maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 17.61 mg/g at a Cd²⁺ concentration of 22.4 mg/L. The sorption process can be described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the kinetic studies revealed that the pseudo-second-order model fit the experimental data. The Cd desorption rate when exposed to simulated acid rain was less than 1%. NMMT possesses a good adsorption capacity for Cd ions. Additionally, ion exchange was the main adsorption mechanism, but some precipitation or surface adsorption also occurred.     

香蕉皮对重金属离子铅的吸附性能研究

建立了香蕉皮快速、高效对重金属离子铅吸附性能的方法。采用分光光度法测定重金属离子铅的浓度,分别研究了7种不同形态的吸附剂对废水中重金属离子铅的吸附性能。在优化的实验条件下,重金属离子铅浓度与吸光度的线性相关系数R=0.999 83,且方法相对标准偏差(RSD)低于3%。结果表明,香蕉皮对废水中的重金属离子铅有良好的吸附效果,吸附率达到91.3%。利用香蕉皮去除废水中的重金属离子,可以变废为宝,且方法吸附率高、准确可靠、精密度高,可用于吸附废水中重金属离子铅。     

以铜离子为模板的褐藻酸凝胶对铜离子的选择性富集研究

以铜离子为模板，制备了褐藻酸凝胶（Cu-alginate)，通过吸附实验及过柱渗滤实验，试验了该吸附剂对铜离子的选择性吸附性能，并且采用该吸附剂富集了自来水中微量的Cu^2 ，结合原子吸收法测定了水样中Cu^2 的含量。结果表明：该吸附剂对Cu^2 有较高的选择性吸附性能，显著优于一些化学合成铜离子模板缩聚物及非铜模板褐藻酸凝胶（如Ca-alginate),非重金属离子（如K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ）及某些重金属离子（如Ni^2 、Cd^2 ）等对Cu^2 的吸附均不产生明显干扰。用该吸附剂富集水中的微量铜离子，回收率可达97.7%。