氨基蒽醌衍生物的合成及其用作锂电池正极材料的电化学性能

合成了两种新型的有机正极材料——5-氨基-2,3-二氢-1,4-二羟基蒽醌(ADDAQ)和5-氨基-1,4-二羟基蒽醌(ADAQ),用核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)、质谱(MS)、元素分析(EA)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)光谱、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱等方法对材料进行了表征,应用恒流充放电(GD/C)、循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗(EIS)等测试手段对材料的电化学性能进行了测试.实验结果表明:相比ADDAQ,ADAQ首次放电容量和循环性能都有显著提高.ADAQ的首次放电比容量为185mAh·g-1,50次循环之后容量为93mAh·g-1.并讨论了ADDAQ和ADAQ电化学性能差异的原因.     

高容量正极材料0.08LiCo0.75Al0.25O2-0.92LiNiO2的合成与电化学性能研究

在恒定pH值下将层状钴铝双羟基复合金属氧化物(CoAl-LDH)均匀包覆在球状Ni(OH)2表面,与LiOH.H2O混合均匀后,经高温煅烧制得钴铝酸锂包覆镍酸锂0.08LiCo0.75Al0.25O2-0.92LiNiO2正极材料.电化学测试表明,0.08LiCo0.75Al0.25O2-0.92LiNiO2正极比容量高,具有良好的倍率性能和循环寿命,其0.1C放电比容量为211 mAh·g-1,0.5C放电比容量为195.6 mAh·g-1,3C放电比容量为161 mAh·g-1,0.5C 30周期循环后容量保持率为93.2%,明显优于LiNiO2和钴酸锂包覆镍酸锂0.08LiCoO2-0.92LiNiO2正极.     

无机聚合物正极材料聚三硫代磷氮烯的制备与表征

合成了无机化合物聚三硫代磷氮烯[NPS3]n,借助红外光谱与元素分析测试确定了聚合物的重复单元结构;并通过比表面积分析、粒度测试和扫描电子显微镜观察了无机聚合物材料的微观形貌;热重分析测试表明材料在300℃以下能够稳定使用;循环伏安实验发现,作为锂二次电池正极材料使用,聚三硫代磷氮烯的电化学还原反应在2.25 V(versus Li/Li+)发生,其可逆的电化学氧化反应在2.51 V(versus Li/Li+)进行;充放电测试显示这种无机材料具有745.2 mAh.g-1的首次放电容量,与理论值(759.0 mAh.g-1)十分接近,经过60次充放电循环后放电容量保持在708.8 mAh.g-1,容量保持率95.1%,循环性能优秀.     

锂离子电池正极材料xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2的制备及表征

以过渡金属乙酸盐和乙酸锂为原料,柠檬酸为螯合剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法结合高温煅烧法制备了锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2,采用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电化学性能测试对所得样品的结构,形貌及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:x=0.5时,在900°C下煅烧12h得到颗粒均匀细小的层状xLi2MnO3·(1-x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2材料,并具有良好的电化学性能,在室温下以20mA·g-1的电流密度充放电,2.0-4.8V电位范围内首次放电比容量高达260.0mAh·g-1,循环40次后放电比容量为244.7mAh·g-1,容量保持率为94.12%.     

梯度包覆镍酸锂材料Li[Ni0.92Co0.04Mn0.04]O2的合成与研究

采用浓度梯度加料的方式,首先沉淀制备了核为Ni(OH)2、壳为镍钴锰氢氧化物浓度梯度包覆的复合前驱体,然后配锂高温焙烧,合成了梯度包覆的镍酸锂复合正极材料Li[Ni0.92Co0.04Mn0.04]O2。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、恒电流充放电测试等方法对材料的结构、表观形貌及电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,该材料具有良好的六方单相层状α-NaFeO2结构,呈类球型状。切面元素线扫描显示该材料的包覆壳层中主要金属元素呈梯度变化。同时该新型梯度包覆的镍酸锂复合正极材料表现出了优越的电化学性能:在25℃下,2.8~4.3 V充放电范围,0.1C首次放电比容量可达198.3 mAh.g-1,循环40次容量保持96.8%;1C和2C倍率下放电比容量可达175 mAh.g-1和165.1 mAh.g-1。55℃下,该材料首次放电比容量可达236.1 mAh.g-1,循环40次容量仍能保持77.5%。     

一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米-LiVOPO_4正极材料(英文)

采用新型流变相法制备锂离子电池正极材料纳米-LiVOPO4.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及电化学测试等手段对LiVOPO4的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4由粒径大约在10-60nm的小颗粒组成.首次放电容量,首次充电容量以及库仑效率分别为135.7mAh·g-1,145.8mAh·g-1和93.0%.0.1C(1C=160mA·g-1)放电时,60次循环后,放电容量保持在134.2mAh·g-1,为首次放电容量的98.9%,平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.018%.而1.0C和2.0C放电时的放电容量达到0.1C放电容量的96.5%和91.6%.随着放电次数的增加,电荷转移阻抗增加,而锂离子在电极中的扩散系数达到10-11cm2·s-1数量级.实验结果显示采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4是一种容量高、循环性能好、倍率性能好的锂离子电池正极材料.     

Al掺杂对尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构及循环性能的影响

用柠檬酸作为螯和物的载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了A l3 掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料L iA lxMn2-xO4。XRD,SEM研究表明,于800℃煅烧可获得单一尖晶石结构的物相;随着A l3 掺入量的增加,L iA lxMn2-xO4的晶格常数变小,晶格更趋于完整,有利于抑制因锂的反复脱嵌而造成的结构破坏。x=0.05时,首次放电容量为103.8 mAh.g-1,25次循环后放电容量还有100.6 mAh.g-1,容量衰减仅为3.08%。     

纳米磷酸铁锂的制备及电化学性能研究

利用液相沉淀法合成了纳米级磷酸铁,并以此为铁源,通过碳热还原技术制备了粒径均匀的纳米级球形LiFePO4/C正极材料。经热分析(TG-DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及恒电流充放电测试,研究了纳米磷酸铁及纳米磷酸铁锂材料的结构、形貌以及电化学性能。实验结果表明材料的首次放电比容量达161.8 mAh.g-1(0.1C),库仑效率为98.3%;室温下在0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C及5C倍率充放电其首次放电比容量分别为156.5、144、138.9、125.6和105.7 mAh·g-1,材料具有较好的倍率性能。     

WO_3纳米棒/石墨烯复合材料的制备及电化学储锂性能

以氯化钨和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,乙醇为溶剂,一步合成了WO3纳米棒/石墨烯纳米复合材料(WO3/RGO).将WO3/RGO纳米复合材料用于锂离子电池负极,并通过充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术综合考察了该材料的储锂性能.结果显示,在0.1C(1C=638 mA?g-1)倍率下,复合物的首次放电比容量达到761.4 mAh?g-1,100次循环后可逆容量仍保持在635 mAh?g-1,保持率为83.4%.即使在5C倍率下容量仍高达460 mAh?g-1.由此说明,WO3/RGO纳米复合物具有优异的循环稳定性及倍率性能,可望用于高性能锂离子电池.     

高倍率尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN锂离子电池负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

以乙酰丙酮(ACAC)螯合剂、聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料.考察了TiN膜对尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Li4Ti5O12表面的TiN膜进行了分析.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料为结晶良好的亚微米纯相尖晶石型钛酸锂.电化学性能测试表明,该材料的首次放电比容量为173.0mAh·g-1,并且具有良好的循环性能,以0.2C、1C、2C、5C倍率放电进行测试,10次循环后比容量分别为170.6、147.6、135.6、111.0 mAh·g-1,较之表面无TiN膜的钛酸锂材料表现出更好的倍率特性.循环伏安曲线(CV),交流阻抗图谱(EIS)进一步论证了TiN膜改善了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.     

A concise total synthesis of (±)-minfiensine

A concise total synthesis of (±)-minfiensine using all conventional methods and starting from commercial materials has been completed. The synthesis features a Fischer indole synthesis, a Heck alkylation of an intermediate ketone enolate, conversion of a ketone carbonyl into an epoxide, and transformation of the latter into an allylic alcohol.     

Reduction of Secondary Carboxamides to Imines

This article reports in detail on the discovery that zirconium(IV) salts of secondary amides and lactams are transformed by Cp(2)ZrHCl to N-substituted imines in one step. The method represents the first controlled reduction of amides and lactams to the corresponding imines, a transformation that is otherwise very difficult to achieve because imines are reduced more rapidly than carboxamides by most metal hydride reagents. No products of reductive cleavage of the carboxamides are observed. Efforts to replace 2 mol equiv of Cp(2)ZrHCl with simpler, less costly alternatives led to the finding that a diisobutylaluminum enolate can be substituted for the initial zirconium enolate. Such aluminum amides are smoothly reduced to the corresponding imine using Cp(2)ZrHCl in good yield. Moreover, aluminum amides are also reduced to imines using either low-valent titanium species or triethylsilane. In these alternative procedures, use of Cp(2)ZrHCl is eliminated altogether in the title transformation.     

Stereodivergent approach to the asymmetric synthesis of bacillariolides: a formal synthesis of ent-bacillariolide II

[reaction: see text] Asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized bicyclic frameworks for entry into bacillariolides I/III and ent-bacillariolide II is reported. The key features are ring-closing metathesis of a pair of diastereomerically related dienes obtained through a stereodivergent route from a R-(+)-glyceraldehyde derivative, transformation of a nonstereoselective cyclopentene ester enolate alkylation process to a completely stereoselective one through alkylation of a bulky ester enolate with a bulky electrophile, and a remote silyloxymethyl group directed epoxidation.     

Construction of the tricyclic 5-7-6 scaffold of fungi-derived diterpenoids. Total synthesis of (±)-heptemerone G and an approach to Danishefsky's intermediate for guanacastepene A synthesis

An efficient and operationally simple synthesis of the neodolestane diterpenoids (±)-heptemerone G and (±)-guanacastepene A is reported. The common tricyclic scaffold (±)-4 was prepared from 2-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one via 23 isolated intermediates in 5.1% yield. The key features include a novel annulation sequence combining tandem conjugate addition, methylenation, and metathesis reaction and completely diastereoselective transformation of the azulene derivative 23 into rings AB building block 32. Stereochemistry of alkylation of both saturated trans-azulene enolate 38 and its α,β-unsaturated counterpart 48 was examined. Rather surprisingly, a different facial selectivity was recorded. Several synthetic methods were modified or developed, including an alternative methodology for the Wharton-type rearrangement, ketalization of epimerizable ketone under mild conditions, and efficient alkylation of a ketone via its kinetic enolate.     

Microwave-assisted organocatalytic anomerization of alpha-C-glycosylmethyl aldehydes and ketones

The use of l-proline (30 mol %) and MW irradiation (13 W) with cooling promotes in a few hours the almost quantitative anomerization of alpha-C-glycosylmethyl aldehydes into beta-isomers. An open-chain enamine-based mechanism is postulated for this transformation. The anomerization of alpha-ketones was instead achieved by the pyrrolidine/TFA couple and MW irradiation at 120 degrees C (enamine mechanism) and by DBU as Br?nsted base (enolate mechanism).     

A versatile preparation of alpha,beta-unsaturated lactones from homoallylic alcohols

[formula: see text] A new method for the synthesis of alpha,beta-unsaturated lactones from beta-acetoxy aldehydes by reaction with the lithium enolate of methyl acetate was developed. The reaction is relatively insensitive to structural changes in the aldehyde substrates. The process was extended to the synthesis of five-ring lactones from alpha-acetoxy aldehydes. Experimental evidence regarding the mechanism of this one-pot transformation was obtained. The observations are consistent with a pathway involving an initial aldol condensation with subsequent acyl migration, lactonization, and beta-elimination and not an enolate equilibration-aldol mechanism.     

New spirocyclic oxindole synthesis based on a hetero Claisen rearrangement

[reaction: see text] A new method for preparing spirocyclic oxindoles is presented. Featuring a [3,3]-sigmatropic enolate rearrangement, the three-step process converts carboxylic acid starting materials to oxidnole products in overall yields of 52-76%. The enolate rearrangement step occurs at -78 degrees C and provides easy access to oxindole products that have previously been difficult to prepare.     

Diastereoselective construction of quaternary carbons directed via macrocyclic ring conformation: formal synthesis of (-)-mesembrine

In this article, we report a highly diastereoselective new method for the generation of quaternary carbon centers through an anionic oxy-Cope/alkylation sequence where the diastereoselectivity is induced by the conformation of a macrocyclic tetrasubstituted enolate. The use of our methodology culminated in the formal total synthesis of (-)-mesembrine (34) in 11 steps from known starting materials.     

Macrophomate synthase: QM/MM simulations address the Diels-Alder versus Michael-Aldol reaction mechanism

Macrophomate synthase (MPS) of the phytopathogenic fungus Macrophoma commelinae catalyzes the transformation of 2-pyrone derivatives to the corresponding benzoate analogues. The transformation proceeds through three separate chemical reactions, including decarboxylation of oxalacetate to produce pyruvate enolate, two C-C bond formations between 2-pyrone and pyruvate enolate that form a bicyclic intermediate, and final decarboxylation with concomitant dehydration. Although some evidence suggests that the second step of the reaction catalyzed by MPS is a Diels-Alder reaction, definite proof that the C-C bond formations occur via a concerted mechanism is still required. An alternative route for formation of the C-C bonds is a stepwise Michael-aldol reaction. In this work, mixed quantum and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) combined with Monte Carlo simulations and free-energy perturbation (FEP) calculations were performed to investigate the relative stabilities of the transition states (TS) for both reaction mechanisms. The key results are that the Diels-Alder TS model is 17.7 and 12.1 kcal/mol less stable than the Michael and aldol TSs in the stepwise route, respectively. Therefore, this work indicates that the Michael-aldol mechanism is the route used by MPS to catalyze the second step of the overall transformation, and that the enzyme is not a natural Diels-Alderase, as claimed by Ose and co-workers (Nature 2003, 422, 185-189; Acta Crystallogr. 2004, D60, 1187-1197). A modified link-atom treatment for the bonds at the QM/MM interface is also presented.     

Computational strategies for evaluating barrier heights for gas-phase reactions of lithium enolates

Gas-phase activation energies were calculated for three lithium enolate reactions by using several different ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods to determine which levels of theory generate acceptable results. The reactions included an aldol-type addition of an enolate to an aldehyde, a proton transfer from an alcohol to a lithium enolate, and an S(N)2 reaction of an enolate with chloromethane. For each reaction, the calculations were performed for both the monomeric and dimeric forms of the lithium enolate. It was found that transition state geometry optimization with B3LYP followed by single point MP2 calculations generally provided acceptable results compared to higher level ab initio methods.