Determination of the particle velocity,size, and distribution function along the diameters in a two-phase jet

A method for simultaneous determination of the particle size and velocity in a supersonic, two-phase luminescent jet consisting of a gas phase and the particles is considered. The jet is subjected to external transverse blowing by a hypersonic gas stream in two modes under whose effect it separates into the gas phase and a particle stream. The particle trajectories were determined by photography. A comparison between the theoretically computed and the experimental trajectories permits determination of the particle diameter and velocity. The particle distribution function over the diameters was found by means of the light intensity emitted by the stream of particles.     

The influences of jet precession on large-scale instantaneous turbulent particle clusters

An experimental investigation of the influence of jet precession on the formation of large-scale instantaneous turbulent particle clusters is reported. Instantaneous planar particle distributions in the first seven nozzle diameters downstream from a simulated pulverised fuel burner have been measured using planar nephelometry, a laser-based instantaneous concentration technique. Large-scale instantaneous particle clusters (ITPCs) are identified and quantified from these data. A systematic study is conducted to assess the influence of the ratio of the precessing jet to axial momentum streams on ITPCs. The results show that ITPCs can be modified by this momentum ratio. The average size of ITPCs reaches a maximum for cases with high precessional momentum, although excessive precessional momentum can reduce ITPC size. The particle number density per unit area inside these ITPCs reaches a maximum for an intermediate value of jet precession. The spread of ITPC centroids can be estimated from the mean jet spread of particles and therefore increases with increasing precessing jet momentum once above a certain threshold.     

Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed

This study presents a three-dimensional numerical study of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed based on an Eulerian–Eulerian three-fluid model. Initially, the particle mixtures were premixed and packed in a rectangular fluidized bed. As the calculation began, the gas stream was injected into the bed from the distributor and jet nozzles. The model was validated by comparing the simulated jet penetration depths with corresponding experimental data. The main features of the complex gas–solid flow behaviors and the mechanism of mixing and segregation of the binary mixtures were analyzed. Moreover, further simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures. The results illustrate that mixing can be enhanced by increasing the jet velocity or enlarging the difference of initial proportions of binary particle mixtures.     

Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed

This study presents a three-dimensional numerical study of the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures in a two-jet spout fluidized bed based on an Eulerian-Eulerian three-fluid model.Initially,the particle mixtures were premixed and packed in a rectangular fluidized bed.As the calculation began,the gas stream was injected into the bed from the distributor and jet nozzles.The model was validated by comparing the simulated jet penetration depths with corresponding experimental data.The main features of the complex gas-solid flow behaviors and the mechanism of mixing and segregation of the binary mixtures were analyzed.Moreover,further simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the mixing and segregation of binary particle mixtures.The results illustrate that mixing can be enhanced by increasing the jet velocity or enlarging the difference of initial proportions of binary particle mixtures.     

Gas jets in fluidized beds: The influence of particle size,shape and density on gas and solids entrainment

Gas has been injected in two-dimensional fluidized beds of solids different in size, density and shape. The ranges of solids sizes and bed heights were such as to produce relatively steady permanent jets.The mechanics of dispersion of these jets has been studied measuring jet angles, jet gas and solids velocity profiles, and particle entrainment velocities. The proportions of total mass and momentum flowrates pertaining to gas and solids have been calculated from these data.     

Effect of particle polydispersity on particle concentration measurement by using laser Doppler anemometry

Measurement of particle concentration by laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) is studied on a vertical air jet seeded by a powder disperser with controlled particle and air flow rates. Particle arrival rate is utilized to retrieve particle number densities from conventional LDA operation. The effect of polydisperse nature of the particles is assessed. Comparisons between measured and estimated particle number densities suggest that only a certain portion of the particle population with a particle size to fringe spacing ratio around unity can be detected. Results indicate that reliable measurement of absolute particle concentration is possible for a particle population of narrow size distribution with an average diameter equivalent to fringe spacing. Present number density measurement technique which is useful for practical purposes with conventional LDA systems is found to yield physically reasonable profiles in both laminar and turbulent regimes.     

Discrete particle simulation of mixed sand transport

An Eulerian/Lagrangian numerical simulation is performed on mixed sand transport. Volume averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved to calculate gas motion, and particle motion is calculated using Newton's equation, involving a hard sphere model to describe particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall collisions. The influence of wall characteristics, size distribution of sand particles and boundary layer depth on vertical distribution of sand mass flux and particle mean horizontal velocity is analyzed, suggesting that all these three factors affect sand transport at different levels. In all cases, for small size groups, sand mass flux first increases with height and then decreases while for large size groups, it decreases exponentially with height and for middle size groups the behavior is in-between. The mean horizontal velocity for all size groups well fits experimental data, that is, increasing logarithmically with height in the middle height region. Wall characteristics greatly affects particle to wall collision and makes the flat bed similar to a Gobi surface and the rough bed similar to a sandy surface. Particle size distribution largely affects the sand mass flux and the highest heights they can reach especially for larger particles.     

Evaluation of stochastic particle dispersion modeling in turbulent round jets

ODT (one-dimensional turbulence) simulations of particle-carrier gas interactions are performed in the jet flow configuration. Particles with different diameters are injected onto the centerline of a turbulent air jet. The particles are passive and do not impact the fluid phase. Their radial dispersion and axial velocities are obtained as functions of axial position. The time and length scales of the jet are varied through control of the jet exit velocity and nozzle diameter. Dispersion data at long times of flight for the nozzle diameter (7 mm), particle diameters (60 and 90 µm), and Reynolds numbers (10, 000–30, 000) are analyzed to obtain the Lagrangian particle dispersivity. Flow statistics of the ODT particle model are compared to experimental measurements. It is shown that the particle tracking method is capable of yielding Lagrangian prediction of the dispersive transport of particles in a round jet. In this paper, three particle-eddy interaction models (Type-I, -C, and -IC) are presented to examine the details of particle dispersion and particle-eddy interaction in jet flow.     

The structure of particle-laden,underexpanded free jets

Underexpanded, supersonic gas-particle jets were experimentally studied using the shadowgraph technique in order to examine the influence of the dispersed particles on the shape of the free jet and the structure of the imbedded shock waves. The particle mass loading at the nozzle exit was varied between zero and one, and two sizes of particles (i.e. spherical glass beads) with mean number diameters of 26 and 45 m were used. It was found that the Mach-disc moves upstream towards the orifice with increasing particle loading. The laser light sheet technique was also used to visualize the particle concentration distribution within the particle jet and the spreading rate of the particle jet. Furthermore, the particle velocity along the jet centerline was measured with a modified laser-Doppler anemometer. These measurements revealed that the particles move considerably slower than the gas flow at the nozzle exit. This is mainly the result of the particle inertia, whereby the particles are not accelerated to sonic speed in the converging part of the nozzle.In order to further explore the particle behavior in the free jet, numerical studies were performed by a combined Eulerian/Lagrangian approach for the gas and particle phases, including full coupling between the two phases. The numerical results showed that the application of different particle velocities at the nozzle exit as the inlet conditions, which were below the sonic speed of the gas phase has a significant influence on the free jet shape and the configuration of the shock waves. These results demonstrate that the assumption of equilibrium flow (i.e. zero slip between the phases) at the nozzle exit which has been applied in most of the previous numerical studies is not justified in most cases. Furthermore, the numerical calculations of the free jet shape and the particle velocity along the jet axis were compared with the measurements. Although correlations for rarefaction and compressibility effects in the drag coefficient were taken into account, the particle velocity along the center line was considerably overpredicted.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Evolution of shock waves in polydisperse gas suspensions with a nonuniform particle concentration distribution

The results of a numerical investigation of the laws of shock wave propagation in polydisperse (two-fraction) gas suspensions with a non-uniform initial particle concentration distribution are presented. Examples of shock wave propagation in extended layers of a gas suspension with linearly increasing, linearly decreasing and sinusoidal laws of variation of the particle concentration are considered. It is shown that when shock waves pass through layers of a gas suspension with increasing and decreasing laws of variation of the particle concentration, respectively, amplification and attenuation of the waves are observed; when shock waves travel through gas suspensions with a periodic law of variation of the particle concentration the pressure distribution behind the wave fronts is nonmonotonic. The solutions corresponding to polydisperse and monodisperse gas suspensions with an effective particle size are examined. The nonequilibrium and thermodynamic-equilibrium solutions are compared.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 183–190, September–October, 1991.     

基于SPH方法粒子射流破岩数值模拟与实验研究

钻井液中加入体积分数为1%~3%的钢质粒子在钻头喷嘴处高速喷出冲击岩石,实现了粒子射流冲击和钻头机械联合破岩,有效提高了破岩效率。利用瞬态非线性动力学有限元模拟软件,基于光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法,考虑流体对粒子射流冲击的影响,建立了粒子射流冲击破岩的物理模型,获得了粒子射流参数对破岩体积的影响规律,进行了室内实验验证,验证了SPH方法的有效性。结果表明:粒子射流冲击岩石表面形成规则的V型冲击坑;同条件下粒子射流破岩体积是水射流破岩体积的2~4倍;随着粒子射流冲蚀时间的增加,粒子射流破岩体积不断增加,但破岩效率降低;粒子射流压力大于10 MPa后,粒子射流破岩效率迅速增大;喷射角度大于6°后,破岩效率迅速减小。     

Effect of particle size on a two-phase turbulent jet

The effect of particle size on two-phase turbulent jet flow structure is studied in the present experimental investigation. Polystyrene solid particles of 210, 460, and 780 μm were used. The particles' mass loading ratios ranged from 0 to 3.6. The flow Reynolds number was 2 ‘ 10⁴, which was based on the pipe nozzle diameter and the fluid-phase centerline velocity at the nozzle exit. A two-color laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA), combined with the amplitude discrimination method and the velocity filter method, was employed for measurement. The measurement range of the jet flow was from the initial pipe exit to 90D downstream. Results are presented for the mean velocities of particle and fluid phases, the flow's turbulent intensities and the flow's Reynolds stresses. The energy spectra and the correlation functions of the two-phase jet flow were also obtained by using another one-component He-Ne LDA system.     

Effective particle size range in laser-Doppler anemometry

The present paper points out that all existing laser-Doppler anemometer systems do not only operate within a finite range of Doppler frequencies but also work within a relatively narrow range of signal amplitudes. It is shown that this corresponds to a finite, and usually to an extremely small, range of particle diameters which contributes to the final LDA measurements. Because of this, the particle size distribution has to be matched to the LDA-system used for measuring particle velocities. If this is not taken into account in particle seeding, low data rates will result in spite of very high particle passage rates through the measuring control volume. This is shown experimentally and is supported by theoretical considerations.The present investigation results in conclusions regarding optimum particle size distributions for laser-Doppler anemometry. If fluid velocity measurements are attempted rather than particle velocity measurements, the particles still have to satisfy well known size requirements that are flow, fluid and particle density dependent.The experimental study employs a combined optical system for simultaneous measurements of particle velocity, particle size and particle concentration. The system is used to measure those particles of a spectrum of oil droplets that contribute to the validated signal output of counter and transient recorder based LDA-electronic signal processing systems.     

Experimental studies on particle behaviour and turbulence modification in horizontal channel flow with different wall roughness

Detailed measurements in a developed particle-laden horizontal channel flow (length 6 m, height 35 mm, the length is about 170 channel heights) are presented using phase-Doppler anemometry for simultaneous determination of air and particle velocity. The particles were spherical glass beads with mean diameters in the range of 60 µm-1 mm. The conveying velocity could be varied between about 10 m/s and 25 m/s, and the particle mass loading could reach values of about 2 (the mass loading is defined as the ratio of particle to gas phase mass flow rates), depending on particle size. For the first time, the degree of wall roughness could be modified by exchanging the wall plates. The influence of these parameters and the effect of inter-particle collisions on the profiles of particle mean and fluctuating velocities and the normalised concentration in the developed flow were examined. It was shown that wall roughness decreases the particle mean velocity and enhances fluctuating velocities due to irregular wall bouncing and an increase in wall collision frequency, i.e. reduction in mean free path. Thereby, the larger particles are mainly more uniformly distributed across the channel, and gravitational settling is reduced. Both components of the particle velocity fluctuation were reduced with increasing mass loading due to inter-particle collisions and the momentum loss involved. Moreover, the effect of the particles on the air flow and the turbulent fluctuations was studied on the basis of profiles in the developed flow and turbulence spectra determined for the streamwise velocity component. In addition to the effect of particle size and mass loading on turbulence modulation, the influence of wall roughness was analysed. It was clearly shown that increasing wall roughness also results in a stronger turbulence dissipation due to two-way coupling.     

含颗粒污染物的油液均质流的数值分析

含颗粒污染物的油液是浓度很稀、粒径极小的伪均质流,为了掌握颗粒污染物在输送过程中的浓度分布,利用一维扩散方程构建了污染油液的数学模型;通过特征线法数值求解,获得了污染油液中各相的动态特征。结果表明,油液压力和速度沿管长呈脉动规律运动,且随着时间的延长逐渐衰减;颗粒污染物对油液速度具有极好的跟随特性;颗粒污染物的浓度分布也随着油液流速的变化而呈现规律性的变化;在不同运行时间内油液压力沿管长的衰减趋势不同,油液速度沿管长的变化趋势与压力的趋势相反;颗粒污染物速度和浓度分布沿管长与油液速度具有紧密的联系。     

Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gas-particle flows

In this paper the present authors measured the gas-particle two-phase velocity correlation in sudden expansion gas-particle flows with a phase Doppler particle anemometer(PDPA) and simulated the system behavior by using both a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) model and a large-eddy simulation(LES).The results of the measurements yield the axial and radial time-averaged velocities as well as the fluctuation velocities of gas and three particle-size groups(30 μ m,50 μ m,and 95 μ m) and the gas-particle velocity correlation for 30 μ m and 50 μ m particles.From the measurements,theoretical analysis,and simulation,it is found that the two-phase velocity correlation of sudden-expansion flows,like that of jet flows,is less than the gas and particle Reynolds stresses.What distinguishes the two-phase velocity correlations of sudden-expansion flow from those of jet and channel flows is the absence of a clear relationship between the two-phase velocity correlation and particle size in sudden-expansion flows.The measurements,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation all lead to the above-stated conclusions.Quantitatively,the results of the LES are better than those of the RANS model.     

Numerical analysis of flow pattern of impinging liquid sprays in a cold model for cooling a hot flat plate

This paper treats the numerical analysis of two-phase mist jet flow, which is commonly adopted to cool the solidified shell in the secondary cooling zone of the continuous casting process. Flow structures of the two-phase subsonic jet impinging on a flat plate normal to flow, corresponding to the present cooling situation, are solved on the assumption that particles are perfectly elastically reflected from a surface. Again, the numerical experiments concerning mist flows composed of air and water-droplets are made in a cold model. The flow fields for both gas and particle phases strongly depend upon the particle size. When waterdroplets mixing in the mist are very small, the impinging particles travel very closely to the surface. With increasing particle size, particles are reflected from the surface in a far distance. Therefore, also, the case is analysed where a low velocity annular gas-only flow surrounding a round nozzle co-axially is present so that such idle particles may be pushed back to the surface again. This is considered to result in an improvement of the mist cooling efficiency.     

Evaluation of the equilibrium Eulerian approach for the evolution of particle concentration in isotropic turbulence

In the current work, the accuracy of the equilibrium Eulerian approach in evolving the particulate concentration field is evaluated by comparing it against the Lagrangian approach, for varying particle response time and terminal velocity. In particular, we compare the statistics of preferential accumulation and gravitational settling of particles in a cubic box of isotropic turbulence. Twelve simulations corresponding to four values of nondimensional particle response time, τ_p=0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and three values of nondimensional terminal velocity, |V_s|=0.5,2,4 are considered. The equilibrium Eulerian approach obviates the need to solve additional governing equations for the particle velocity field. It, however, involves evolution of the particle concentration field using the equilibrium Eulerian velocity field. A spectral diffusion term is included in the particle concentration equation to provide an essentially non-oscillatory behavior to the solution. There is good agreement between the equilibrium Eulerian and Lagrangian statistics for small particles. With increasing particle size, the equilibrium Eulerian approach tends to somewhat overestimate particle preferential concentration in regions of excess strain-rate over rotation-rate compared to the Lagrangian approach. Over the entire range of parameters considered, the equilibrium approach provides a good approximation to the actual mean and rms fluctuating settling velocities of the particle.     

Nanoparticle dispersion and coagulation in a turbulent round jet

Nanoparticle dispersion and coagulation behaviors in a turbulent round jet were studied in this article. An experimental system was designed to generate a uniformly distributed air–nanoparticle two-phase flow in a turbulent round jet. The particle size distribution (PSD) was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) in the near field of the jet. The particle diameters were nearly constant in the potential core due to the high carrying velocity and laminar characteristic of the flow but grew larger in the region of high turbulence intensities because the vortex structures in the mixing layer promoted coagulation. Furthermore, the migration property of small-sized nanoparticles forced them to be preserved in the potential core also leading to the diameter increase. The comparison of the particle concentration distributions at different sections indicated that the shear layer is the major region for the mixing of particle-laden stream and ambient air. The particle diameters in the axial direction experienced three stages including a slightly changed stage, an increasing stage and a constant stage. The diameter increase should be attributed to turbulence coagulation.     

Characterization of particle-laden, confined swirling flows by phase-doppler anemometry and numerical calculation

The particle dispersion characteristics in a confined swirling flow with a swirl number of approx. 0.5 were studied in detail by performing measurements using phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) and numerical predictions. A mixture of gas and particles was injected without swirl into the test section, while the swirling airstream was provided through a co-flowing annular inlet. Two cases with different primary jet exit velocities were considered. For these flow conditions, a closed central recirculation bubble was established just downstream of the inlet.

The PDA measurements allowed the correlation between particle size and velocity to be obtained and also the spatial change in the particle size distribution throughout the flow field. For these results, the behaviour of different size classes in the entire particle size spectrum, ranging from about 15 to 80 μm, could be studied, and the response of the particles to the mean flow and the gas turbulence could be characterized. Due to the response characteristics of particles with different diameters to the mean flow and the flow turbulence, a considerable separation of the particles was observed which resulted in a streamwise increase in the particle mean number diameter in the core region of the central recirculation bubble. For the lower particle inlet velocity (i.e. low primary jet exit velocity), this effect is more pronounced, since here the particles have more time to respond to the flow reversal and the swirl velocity component. This also gave a higher mass of recirculating particle material.

The numerical predictions of the gas flow were performed by solving the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in connection with the well known kε turbulence model. Although this turbulence model is based on the assumption of isotropic turbulence, the agreement of the calculated mean velocity profiles compared to the measured gas velocities is very good. The gas-phase turbulent kinetic energy, however, is considerably underpredicted in the initial mixing region. The particle dispersion characteristics were calculated by using the Lagrangian approach, where the influence of the particulate phase on the gas flow could be neglected, since only very low mass loadings were considered. The calculated results for the particle mean velocity and the mass flux are also in good agreement with the experiments. Furthermore, the change in the particle mean diameter throughout the flow field was predicted approximately, which shows that the applied simple stochastic dispersion model also gives good results for such very complex flows. The variation of the gas and particle velocity in the primary inlet had a considerable impact on the particle dispersion behaviour in the swirling flow and the particle residence time in the central recirculation bubble, which could be determined from the numerical calculations. For the lower particle inlet velocity, the maximum particle size-dependence residence time within the recirculation region was considerably shifted towards larger particles.