污水处理工艺对污泥热处理特性的影响

通过10℃/min时的热重分析,对五种不同性质污泥分别在氮气和氧气气氛下的热解和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,污水处理工艺的“好氧+厌氧”、“厌氧+好氧”过程以及污泥的厌氧消化均使污泥中的有机物结构复杂,导致污泥热解时有机物的分解和析出温度升高,且“好氧+厌氧”过程使污泥中有机物结构更复杂;而对污泥的燃烧过程和燃尽点无影响,但使着火温度升高。利用šatava-šesták 方程对污泥热解、燃烧的反应机理进行了研究。结果表明,五种污泥热解时均呈现为挥发分扩散和随后的化学反应机理函数,而燃烧时则为化学反应和随后的扩散过程。     

TG-FTIR研究落叶松和废轮胎共热解失重及产物释放特性

利用热重红外法(TG-FTIR)考察了不同质量混合比例(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1)落叶松和废轮胎共热解失重、动力学规律及气相产物释放特性。共热解失重特性研究发现,温度低于366℃共热解主要表现为以落叶松为主的热降解行为,温度高于366℃主要表现为以废轮胎为主的热降解行为,热解效率随着落叶松加入比例的增大而提高。采用Coats-Redfern动力学模型对共热解动力学分析发现,主要失重阶段低温区(250~370℃)和高温区(370~480℃)热解行为均符合一级动力学规律,高温区活化能均明显低于低温区,随着落叶松加入比例的增大,活化能明显降低,使得热降解更容易发生。红外分析表明,共热解过程中主要生成含氧官能团的有机物及含氧小分子气体,6种小分子气体吸收峰析出强度由大到小依次为CO2CH4H2OCOSO2H2S,其中,废轮胎中的硫在落叶松降解过程中产生的氧自由基作用下主要转化为SO2。     

城市污水污泥燃烧特性和动力学特性分析

采用热重分析仪对城市污水污泥进行热重实验,通过TG(热重)、DTG(微分热重)和DSC(差示扫描量热)曲线的分析对比,获得污水污泥热解和燃烧不同阶段的特性。低于250℃,燃烧与热解的热重曲线基本吻合,说明在此之前,失重速率主要受控于有机物的分解以及析出,燃烧过程对失重影响不明显。燃烧DTG曲线呈现“W”峰型,第一个失重速率峰与热解DTG曲线基本对应,高于410℃,燃烧DTG曲线出现显著的加速。采用Coats-Redfern 积分法,假设不同的反应模型进行拟合,推断出污泥燃烧过程中两个DTG峰体现出不同的反应机理。借鉴煤燃烧机理分析认为,污泥燃烧反应初期挥发分的燃烧受控于化学反应速率,随着温度的不断提高,剩余挥发分的燃尽和固定碳的燃烧总反应速率逐渐受扩散因素控制。基于分析所得污泥燃烧机理,采用四个独立的平行反应模型模拟污泥的燃烧过程,拟合曲线与实验数据吻合良好。     

生物质主要组分低温热解研究

利用热重分析仪和裂解气质联用仪进行生物质主要组分低温热解特性研究。热重实验结果表明,生物质主要组分的热稳定性为：纤维素>木质素>半纤维素。半纤维素主要热解温度在210℃～320℃,而纤维素和木质素的主要热解温度分别在310℃～390℃和200℃～550℃。裂解气质联用实验考察不同温度对生物质主要组分低温热解产物的影响。半纤维素热解产物主要有乙酸、1-羟基-丙酮和1-羟基-2-丁酮,纤维素热解产物主要包括左旋葡聚糖和脱水纤维二糖,而木质素热解产物主要是邻甲氧基苯酚。     

油棕废弃物热解的TG-FTIR分析

利用热重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)联用技术对油棕废弃物的热解特性及其气体产物的释放特性进行了研究，采用一级反应计算了油棕废弃物的热解动力学参数。研究表明，油棕废弃物较易于热解，失重集中在220℃～400℃，其热解活化能较小，约为60kJ/mol；气体产物的析出与生物质的热解失重有着相似的特性，气体产物主要在200℃～400℃析出，主要成分为H2O、CO2、CO、CH4和有机碳水化合物的混合物, 其中CO2和有机混合物的析出温度较低，而CO和CH4的析出温度相对较高。随着温度的进一步升高(>400℃)，除少量的CO2和CO外，无其他气体产物析出。气体产物的析出量与生物质样品的化学组成和结构有关，CO2和有机混合物的析出与生物质的热解失重曲线(DTG)有着相似的特性，是引起油棕废弃物热解失重的主要原因。     

基于TG-FTIR的生物质催化热解试验研究

运用热重－傅里叶红外光谱联用技术(TG-FTIR)，以麦秸为研究对象，探讨催化与非催化条件下生物质的热解挥发分析出特性，分析研究热解温度、催化剂种类对生物质热解主要析出产物的影响。通过热重TG和DTG曲线，获得了相关热解特性参数及动力学参数。结果表明，添加NiO和CaO存在两个失重峰，并促进麦秸热解反应进行，降低表观活化能，其中NiO对提高热解析出产率作用更显著。通过红外光谱对热解产物实时测量的分析表明，CO与CO2的析出与失重峰基本一致，而CH4的析出滞后于前两者。添加NiO和CaO有利于减少热解产物中的CO2的浓度，促进挥发分产物CO、CH4的生成。其中CaO更有利于生物质在温度800℃以下的热解性能改善，而NiO在800℃以上具有更好的催化作用。     

煤与混合废塑料共热解固体产物中氯的赋存形态及在燃烧时的释放特性

通过红外光谱、热重 质谱及燃烧 水解实验，研究了煤与废塑料共热解固体产物中氯的赋存形态及在燃烧过程中氯的释放特性。结果表明，温度低于600℃热解的半焦中存在有机氯化合物；600℃以上热解的半焦（或焦炭）中氯主要以无机盐类存在。燃烧过程中氯的释放率与燃烧温度，煤与废塑料共热解的温度以及共热解时废塑料的加入量有关。燃烧温度越高，氯的释放率越大，900℃燃烧时，氯的释放率都在94%以上；在同一温度燃烧时，热解温度越高，氯的释放率越低。400℃热解的半焦最高释放率达99.86%，而1000℃热解的焦炭的最高释放率为94.35%。     

黑液与石油焦共热解及其产物特性研究

运用热重-红外联用(TGA-FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对黑液与石油焦的共热解过程进行了实验研究,考察了两者在共热解过程中的热失重、挥发性组分释放及固体产物表面形貌特性;同时运用热重(TGA)探究了热解固体产物黑液半焦和石油焦的CO2共气化反应特性。结果表明,在黑液与石油焦共热解过程中,温度低于600℃时,两者的热解相互独立;温度达到600℃之后,相对于黑液和石油焦单独热解的加权平均值,挥发性气体产物CO2和CO的释放峰值温度向低温区移动,失重特性也随之发生变化;800℃下的共热解固体产物表面产生新的形态特征,黑液的烧结得到抑制;850℃下的黑液半焦与石油焦CO2共气化实验表明,两者在共气化过程中存在协同效应,各自的碳转化率和气化速率明显提高,整体碳转化率提高了51.27%,气化反应速率最大值增大了两倍。     

增压O_2/CO_2气氛下煤燃烧特性实验研究

增压O2/CO2燃烧是一种可高效分离回收CO2的新兴燃烧技术,其燃烧机理与常压空气、常压O2/CO2燃烧存在较大差异。在加压热重分析仪上研究了增压条件下总压、氧浓度、气氛及粒径等反应参数对美国烟煤和淮北无烟煤燃烧特性的影响,确定了煤的着火温度,并对其进行燃烧动力学分析。结果表明,增压O2/CO2气氛下,随着压力或氧浓度的增加,DTG曲线向低温区移动,煤样整体燃烧速率加快。压力提升、氧浓度增加及煤粉细化均可改善O2/CO2气氛下煤样的着火特性。常压O2/CO2气氛下煤粉燃烧基本属于一级反应;增压O2/CO2气氛下,低温区属于0.5级反应,而高温区属于1.5级反应。     

昭通褐煤的热解提质及其对气化反应性能的影响

为了对储量相对丰富的昭通褐煤进行合理有效的分级转化利用,采用固定床程序升温热解的方法研究了不同温度下煤的热解行为,借助GC-MS和拉曼光谱对所得焦油和煤焦进行了表征分析,并在850℃下对不同热解温度制得的煤焦进行了水蒸气等温气化特性评价。结果表明,热解温度为700℃时,热解气体有效组分(H_2、CO、CH_4)的累积物质的量占总释放量的70%,此温度下热解气低位热值增长速率最快(以500℃下热解气低位热值为基准计算,其值为90%);酚类化合物在500-700℃大量生成析出,而温度高于700℃时,酚类化合物的分解反应加剧。不同热解温度下所制煤焦的表观气化反应速率随热解温度的升高不断降低,气化产物中CO_2与CO的物质的量逐渐升高,700℃热解制得的煤焦在水蒸气气氛下气化所得合成气中有效组分H_2与CO的比率最高。     

Kinetic study of pyrolysis of waste water treatment plant sludge

Activated sewage sludge samples obtained from two different waste water treatment plants were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Due to a very high content of water in the sludge samples, these had to be dried at 160°C in an electrical oven in order to remove all adsorbed water. To ensure pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen atmosphere was applied. The pyrolysis decomposition process was carried out in the temperature range from ambient temperature to 900°C at three different heating rates: 2 K min⁻¹, 5 K min⁻¹, 10 K min⁻¹. TGA and DTG curves of the decomposition processes were obtained. Temperature of onset decomposition, final temperature of decomposition, maximum decomposition rate, and decomposition temperature were determined by thermogravimetric analysis for both sludge samples used. The main decomposition process takes place at temperatures in the range from 230°C to 500°C. Above this temperature, there are only small changes in the mass loss which are often attributed to the decomposition of carbonates present in the sewage sludge samples. To determine the apparent kinetic parameters such as the activation energy and the preexponential factor, the so called Friedman isoconversional method was used. Because of the requirements of this method, initial and final parts of the decomposition process, where crossings of the decomposition lines occurred, were cut off. Obtained dependencies of the apparent activation energies and preexponential factors as a function of conversion were used backwards to calculate the modeled decomposition process of sewage sludge and the experimental data were in good accordance with the data obtained by simulation.     

Kinetic models based in biomass components for the combustion and pyrolysis of sewage sludge and its compost

In the present work, pyrolysis and combustion of the sewage sludge (fresh and composted) have been simulated using five fractions: low stability organic compounds, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin-plastic, and inorganic compounds. Thermal behavior and kinetic parameters (pre-exponential factor and apparent activation energy) of the main components of the sludge are similar to those reported for hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin present in lignocellulosic biomass. Comparing non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis data obtained from fresh and composted sewage sludge, it is possible to measure the efficiency of the composting process. Most of the biodegradable matter is volatized in a temperature range from 150 °C to 400 °C. Non-biodegradable organic matter volatilizes between 400 °C and 550 °C. In both, fresh and composted sludges, oxygen presence increases the mass loss rate at any temperature, but differences between pyrolysis and combustion are focused in two clearly defined ranges. At low temperature (200–350 °C), mass loss is related with a volatilization process. At higher temperature (350–550 °C), mass loss is due to slow char oxidation (oxidative pyrolysis).     

玉米芯热解及过程分析

研究了农业废弃物玉米芯热解过程中气、液、固三相产率与裂解温度的关系；气相组成、液相组成与温度的关系，以及热解过程的机理。实验表明，在350℃～400℃，气相成分主要是CO2、CO所占比率为95%;随着温度的升高，H2、C2H4、CH4等气体的比率逐渐增高，CO、CO2的体积分数在逐渐降低。在450℃～500℃，CO、H2所占的比率达50%。GCMS，IR分析表明，裂解过程产生的液体主要是由含氧的化合物酚、呋喃及其衍生物组成；低温有利于酚类质量分数的增加，高温有利于4-乙基-2-甲氧基-苯酚、2-甲基-苯酚的增加；采用TGA分析，建立了热解过程的动力学方程，得到了热解过程的反应机理，即热解过程有两个分解阶段，在不同温度段具有不同的反应规律。在211℃～290℃具有三级反应的特征，其活化能为121.4kJ·mol－1；在290℃～418℃表现为0.5级反应的特征，其活化能为105.7kJ·mol－1。     

Sewage sludge coke estimation using thermal analysis

The imposition of more stringent legislation by CETESB in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) governing the disposal and utilization of sewage sludge, coupled with the growth in its generation has prompted a drive for alternative uses of sewage sludge. One option that is especially promising, due to its potential to valorize sludge, is its conversion into carbonaceous adsorbents or coke for industrial effluents treatment. Thus, a methodology is presented to estimate the coke produced from the sludge of a sewage treatment station using thermal analysis. The used sewage sludge, which comes from aerobic treatment, was collected in the wastewater treatment station of Barueri, one of the largest of the São Paulo metropolitan area. The sludge samples were collected, dried, ground, and milled until they passed an ABNT 200 sieve. The inert ambient used during its thermal treatment produces inorganic matter and coke as residual materials. Coke formation occurs in the 200–500 °C range and, between 500 and 900 °C, its thermal decomposition occurs. The highest formation of coke occurs at 500 °C.     

污泥与煤共热解过程中磷元素的挥发规律研究

污泥灰分中磷元素含量明显高于煤,其中主要的晶体态含磷化合物为磷酸铁钙和少量的磷酸铝。利用高频加热反应装置考察了污泥-神府煤混合物快速热解过程中磷元素挥发规律。结果表明,污泥-神府煤混合物热解后磷元素主要存在于热解焦中。磷元素挥发比例随污泥添加比例的增加先升高后降低,随热解温度的升高而增加。热解温度不高于1 100 ℃时,混合物中以有机磷的挥发为主,磷元素挥发比例不高于3.2%。热解温度高于1 200 ℃后无机磷中磷元素挥发明显,1 300 ℃下最高有33.0%的磷元素随热解气体挥发出。     

Study of the pyrolysis liquids obtained from different sewage sludge

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge in fluidized bed to produce bio-oil is under study as a useful way to valorise this waste. Sewage sludge is the waste produced in the wastewater treatment plants. Its composition may change due to the origin and to the non-standardized treatments in the wastewater treatment plants. The pyrolysis of three samples of anaerobically digested sewage sludge obtained from three different urban wastewater treatment plants was studied in this work. The organic and inorganic matter composition, and the volatile and ash content of these sewage sludge samples were different. The influence of these parameters on the pyrolysis product distribution and on some characteristics of these products was studied. It was determined that the ash content of the raw material had an enormous influence on the sewage sludge pyrolysis. An increase in the ash content of the sewage sludge caused an increase in the gas yield and a decrease in the liquid and the solid yield with the operational conditions studied. The increase of the volatile content of the sewage sludge samples caused an increase in the liquid yield. The H₂ proportion was the most influenced non-condensable gas. It increased significantly with the ash content. The viscosity of the pyrolysis oils decreased when the ash content augmented. On the other hand, the water content depended on the organic composition of the sewage sludge samples. The chemical composition of the pyrolysis oils was also affected by the sewage sludge ash content above all the proportion of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds. These compound groups increased with the augment of the sewage sludge ash content. The oxygen-containing aliphatic compounds and the steroids decreased with the ash content, although its proportion in the sewage sludge liquid was also influenced by the organic matter composition of the sewage sludge samples.     

Slow pyrolysis of pre-dried sewage sludge

This study focuses on the use of slow pyrolysis with controlled temperature increase for the thermal decomposition of pre-dried wastewater sludge. A combination of two significantly different methods was applied to investigate the pyrolysis process. The first of the experimental approaches was based on laboratory apparatus with a vertical batch retort equipped with external electrical heating. Samples of the liquid and gaseous products of the pyrolysis were taken at defined intervals throughout the pyrolysis process and were subsequently analysed. The second method involved the application of thermal analysis to the identical sludge, completed by online analysis of the pyrolysis products generated. This second method included thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results obtained by both methods demonstrate that waste water sludge can be effectively converted into pyrolysis gas and oil with good combustion properties.     

含油污泥的热解特性研究

利用热重 傅里叶变换红外光谱联用仪与管式电阻炉对含油污泥热解特性进行了研究,分析了热解过程及影响因素（污泥性质与升温速率）,并由气体析出特性研究了热解机理。结果表明,热解过程包括水分挥发、轻质油挥发、重质油热解、半焦炭化与矿物质分解五种反应,矿物油反应集中发生在220℃～480℃。污泥性质影响因素中,产生环节最为显著,罐底泥、污水污泥失重明显而落地油泥失重不明显,矿物质组分含量越高,挥发分转化率越低;而污泥的油源基属影响较小。升温速率越大,反应进行的越快,挥发分转化率降低。热解机理包括矿物油含氧官能团裂解,链烃及侧链上的断链,环化、芳构化以及缩合脱氢。     

污泥水分含量对其空气气化特性的影响(英文)

利用外热式下吸固定床气化实验装置,研究了在一定的空气流量(0.05 m3/h)、气化温度(800℃)下污泥水分含量对3种不同性质污泥空气气化特性的影响。结果表明,气化气中CO2、CH4和H2含量、气化气热值以及水相生成量均随污泥水分含量的增加而增加,而CO含量和焦油生成量呈降低趋势。污泥厌氧消化使气化气中CO、CH4、H2、CmHn含量以及气化气品质降低;而污水处理工艺中的厌氧过程可改善气化气品质,其中来自A2/O工艺消化污泥的气化气品质高于普通活性污泥法消化污泥的气化气品质。随着污泥水分含量的增加,2种不同污水处理工艺产生的消化污泥气化气中CO、CO2和H2含量的差距逐渐加大,来自于同一A2/O工艺的消化与未消化污泥气化气中H2和CO2含量的差距亦逐渐加大,而消化与未消化污泥气化气中CO含量的差距则逐渐接近。     

Thermal degradation and evolved gas analysis of N,N′-bis(2 hydroxyethyl) linseed amide (BHLA) during pyrolysis and combustion

The thermal degradation of N,N′-bis(2 hydroxyethyl) linseed amide (BHLA) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy (TG–FTIR–MS). Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the thermal degradation process can be subdivided into three stages: sample drying (<200 °C), main decomposition (200–500 °C), and further cracking (>500 °C) of the polymer. The compound reached almost 800 °C during pyrolysis and combustion. The activation energy at the second step during combustion was slightly higher than that of pyrolysis emissions of carbon dioxide, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide, and other gases during combustion and pyrolysis were detected by FTIR and MS spectra. It was observed that the intensities of CO₂, CO, HCN, and H₂O were very high when compared with their intensities during pyrolysis, and this was attributed to the oxidation of the decomposition product.