Photon path length distributions for an isotropically scattering planar medium

The optical path length concept is employed to determine path length distributions by an approximate numerical inversion of the Laplace transform. Six-term or 13-term closed-form representations of the hemispherical reflectance and transmittance optical path length distributions are presented. The mean path lengths and the distributions integrated over path length are found to be in excellent agreement with known results for a scattering optical depth range of 0.001 to 50.0. Any absorption feature of a medium is easily included in a scattering calculation using the results presented. Internal directional heat flux optical path length distributions are shown to exhibit the effects of higher orders of scattering.     

A new method to calculate corneal ablation depth based on optical individual eye model

The corneal shape, axial lengths and the wavefront aberrations of the eye were all considered to calculate the ablation depth based on the individual eye model. The optimization method for the curves surface replaced the direct calculation from only the optical path difference method (OPD). We analyzed the eye's optical system on its exit pupil and offered the optimum corneal anterior surface. And the ablation depth was the difference between the pre- and post-optimization along the optical axis of the eye. In our experiment, the maximum ablation depth decreases by 8.5% and the mean ablation depth decreases by 8.2% compared with the OPD method.     

光程对黄酒金属元素近红外透射光谱分析精度的影响

应用近红外透射光谱分析技术开展了不同光程对黄酒中金属元素(钾、钙、镁、锌和铁)分析结果影响的研究。实验采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪(800～2 500 nm)及不同光程(1,2,5,10 mm),石英比色皿以空气为参比进行了光谱采集,并采用偏最小二乘法进行了数据分析。金属含量采用原子吸收光谱分析法测定。分析结果表明, 5 mm光程的分析结果最优,对于钾、钙、镁、锌和铁的相关系数(r2)分别为0.93,0.85,0.93,0.72,0.66,交互验证误差(RMSECV)分别为26.5,35.6,4.63,0.26,0.64 mg·L-1;而10 mm光程的光谱分析结果最差,其r2分别为0.61,0.65,0.63,0.09,0.25。通过实验说明, 光程对近红外透射光谱分析的影响,不是光程越长或越短越好,需要通过测试及对比分析确定。     

Validation of practical diffusion approximation for virtual near infrared spectroscopy using a digital head phantom

Light propagation in the digital head phantom for virtual near infrared spectroscopy and imaging is calculated by diffusion theory. In theory, diffusion approximation is not valid in a low-scattering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer around the brain. The optical path length and spatial sensitivity profile predicted by the finite element method based upon the diffusion theory are compared with those predicted by the Monte Carlo method to validate a practical implementation of diffusion approximation to light propagation in an adult head. The transport scattering coefficient of the CSF layer is varied from 0.01 to 1.0 mm⁻¹ to evaluate the influence of that layer on the error caused by diffusion approximation. The error is practically ignored and the geometry of the brain surface such as the sulcus structure in the digital head phantom scarcely affects the error when the transport scattering coefficient of the CSF layer is greater than 0.3 mm⁻¹.     

Effect of Superficial Tissue on Spatial Sensitivity Profile of Optical Brain Activity Measurement Evaluated by Direct Hybrid Monte Carlo-Diffusion Method

The light propagation in the brain is highly affected by the superficial tissues such as skin, skull and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The development of an adequate model to calculate light propagation in the head is very important for optical brain activity measurement. We developed a novel approach, the direct hybrid Monte Carlo-diffusion method (DHMDM), which can calculate light propagation in the three-dimensional head models including low scattering regions in which the light propagation does not obey either the diffusion approximation or the radiosity theory. The effect of thickness of the superficial tissue upon the spatial sensitivity profiles for optical brain activity measurement is evaluated by the DHMDM. The sensitivity to the brain activity decreases with increasing thickness of the superficial layer whilst the spatial decay of sensitivity on the brain surface depends little upon the thickness of the superficial layer.     

考虑视轴方向的个性化眼模型的构建

包含更多人眼解剖学特性的个性化眼模型具有重要的实验和临床意义。由角膜地形图计算了8只人眼视轴与光轴之间的夹角,水平分量平均值为4.23°±1.51°,竖直分量平均值为-0.40°±1.27°。根据视轴与光轴之间的夹角、角膜地形数据、眼内各部分轴向间距和人眼波像差,运用光学设计软件Zemax分别为这8只人眼构建了考虑视轴方向的个性化眼模型。在此基础上,计算了波前引导的个性化角膜切削深度,并与光程差方法计算的切削深度进行了比较。在切削光区中心处,两者相差不大,平均值为(0.09±0.04)μm;随着半径增大,两者之间的差值逐渐增大。对于所研究的实例,光区外围处的最大差值为0.59μm。个性化眼模型为设计波前引导的个性化角膜切削方案提供了一个有效工具。     

Increased ranging depth in optical frequency domain imaging by frequency encoding

A technique for increasing the ranging depth in optical frequency domain imaging utilizing frequency encoding is presented. Ranging depth is enhanced by using two interferometer reference arms with different path lengths and independent modulation frequencies (25 and 50 MHz). With this configuration, the sensitivity decreases by 6 dB over a depth range of 7 mm, approximately a threefold improvement over the conventional optical frequency domain imaging technique. We demonstrate that the reference arm frequency separation, tuning speed, center wavelength, and instantaneous coherence length determine the signal-to-cross-talk ratio.     

近红外光谱无创生化检测中不定光程对模型精度的影响研究

利用近红外血流容积光谱相减方法无创伤定量分析人体血液生化成分时,获得的在体血液光谱对应的样品光程是不确定的。为研究样品间的光程差异对定标模型预测精度的影响,配制了30份模拟血清样品,利用可变光程样品池,采用傅里叶光谱仪分别测量了相同光程和不定光程两组样品的近红外光谱。以分析血清白蛋白成分为例,对两组样品的定标模型精度进行比较,结果显示不定光程组的模型精度与相同光程组的模型精度相比明显下降,交叉检验标准差(RMSECV)由110.0mg/dL增大至156.0mg/dL。采用多元散射校正算法对上述光谱数据校正后,RMSECV降低至98.1mg/dL。对比分析处理前后两组模型的精度,证实了采用适当的预处理方法能够有效校正不定光程引起的光谱误差,提高模型预测精度。     

用于实现散射介质中时间反演的数字相位共轭的相干性

抑制散射介质对光的散射,调控光在散射介质中的传输,是光通信、生物光子学、光镊等领域的重要课题.设计并实现了基于宽谱光源和数字相位共轭的可调控光在散射介质中传输的时间反演实验系统.实验获取了不同相干长度下物光和参考光束之间的光程差与干涉图样、相位图及时间反演信号之间的关系,分析了光源相干性对调控光在散射介质中传输的影响.实验结果表明,基于宽谱光源的相干特性和数字相位共轭技术,通过调节光程差能选择性获取同一散射角度及相同传输路径的光束的相对相位,再利用空间光调制器对参考光束进行调控,实现光束的反向传播,从而选择性实现对同一散射角度及相同传输路径的光的时间反演.     

Influence of a skull cranial window on the measurement of haemoglobin concentration in cortical tissue by multi-spectral imaging analysis

The simplified cranial window, which is transparent thinned skull, has been used for the optical imaging of cortical tissue of small animals to measure the concentration change in haemoglobin as an intrinsic signal of brain activation. The multi-spectral images of the cortical tissue of guinea pigs through the skull cranial window were compared with those of the exposed cortex to evaluate the influence of the scattering and absorption properties of the skull on the measurement of the concentration change in haemoglobin. Although skull thickness affects the sensitivity of the optical signal due to a decrease in mean optical path length in the cortical tissue, the influence of the skull cranial window on the wavelength dependence of optical path length can be ignored when the skull thickness is less than approximately 100 mm. Accurate concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobins can be calculated from the optical signal measured through a skull cranial window and the wavelength dependence of optical path length for the exposed cortex.     

Filamentation length of ultrashort laser pulse in presence of aerosol layer

Filamentation behavior of femtosecond laser pulses in the air in presence of aerosol on the optical path is simulated numerically on basis of (3D + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The effect of a localized attenuating layer modeling an aerosol medium, on spatial extension and evolution of the light filament is investigated. For the first time, it is shown that filamentation length depends not only on the optical depth of the aerosol layer and pulse peak power, but also on aerosol location on the propagation path and its spatial extension along the beam. The length of the filament is maximal if the nonlinear focus of the beam is located behind the aerosol layer rather than before it.     

Analysis of Light Propagation in a Realistic Head Model by a Hybrid Method for Optical Brain Function Measurement

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to measure the change in blood volume and oxygenation in the brain cortex induced by functional brain activation. The development of an adequate model to calculate light propagation in the head is very important because the light is strongly scattered in the tissue and this causes ambiguity in the volume of tissue interrogated with a source–detector pair of the NIRS instrument. In this study, a two-dimensional realistic head model is generated from a MRI scan of a human adult head. The light propagation in the head model is calculated by the hybrid Monte Carlo–diffusion method to obtain the change in detected intensity caused by a focal absorption change in the grey matter or in the white matter to discuss the relationship between the depth of the activated region and the sensitivity of the NIRS signal. The sensitivity to the activated region in the white matter steeply decreases with an increase of the depth of the activated region because the spatial sensitivity profile is mainly confined to the grey matter. The contribution of the focal brain activity to the NIRS signal is determined by not only the depth of the activated region from the head surface but also the depth of the activated region from the brain surface.     

不同光程对山茶油掺假近红外检测精度的影响

利用近红外光谱在不同光程下对山茶油中掺杂大豆油的掺伪量进行定量检测研究,着重分析光程对掺伪量检测精度的影响。将大豆油按一定质量分数掺入山茶油获取实验样本,掺伪质量分数范围为1%～50%。利用QualitySpec型光谱仪采集样本在不同光程(1,2,4,10 mm)下的透射光谱,通过对比不同建模方法、预处理方法及建模波段范围所建立的掺伪量定量预测模型,分析光程对掺伪量检测精度的影响。研究结果表明,光程由1 mm增加到4 mm时,掺伪量定量预测模型性能随着光程的增加而逐渐变好,检测精度逐步提高;光程由 4 mm增加到10 mm时,掺伪量定量预测模型性能变差,检测精度下降,4 mm为较优的光程。在1,2,4和10 mm下所建立的较优掺伪量定量预测模型的预测集决定系数 (R2_P)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.923, 0.977, 0.989, 0.962和4.58%, 2.54%, 1.72%, 3.20%。     

Production of hollow cylindrical plasmas for laser guiding in acceleration experiments

One of the major tasks for the progress of laser acceleration of electrons in plasmas is the guiding of focused pulses along path lengths much larger than the depth of focus. We have tested experimentally the production of hollow plasmas in gas to be used as guiding medium. We induced optical breakdown in Helium with a nanosecond laser pulse similar to the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) pedestal of a powerful ultrashort laser pulse. The plasma produced in this way was carefully characterized by high resolution interferometry. Plasma channels several millimeters in length whose density, depth and width match the requirements for an efficient guiding have been obtained. Channels with a variety of parameters can be created according to the well-known dynamics of the plasmas produced by optical breakdown. PACS 42.82.Et; 52.50.Jm; 41.75.Jv     

The optical path length approach to radiation heat transfer with isotropic scattering and gaseous absorption

The hemispherical total reflectance and transmittance for banded gaseous absorption and isotropic scattering are determined by the optical path length approach. The optical path length approach decouples the scattering and absorption so that any absorption can be evaluated once the path length distributions have been evaluated. The path length distributions are determined by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform and the exponential wide band model is employed to evaluate the absorption. The effects of scattering total optical depth, scattering albedo, pressure broadening parameter and gaseous optical depth on the scattering total band absorption properties are presented and discussed.     

Depth-enhanced integral imaging by use of optical path control

The image depth of integral imaging is enhanced by doubling the number of central depth planes by use of optical path control. To accomplish this, the optical path lengths are changed by controlling whether reflections occur behind the lens array. We propose three schemes that use mirrors, a combination of beam splitters and polarizers, and polarization beam splitters, respectively. In experiments we implement the systems that are completely electronically controllable, are compact, and provide two central depth planes with 50.4-mm separation.     

Effect of surface properties on a temperature jump in a metal

The problem of temperature jump that is induced by a heat flux toward a metal surface is solved with regard to electron energy accommodation on the surface. The temperature profile is constructed for different ratios of the electron mean free path to the Debye length.     

针对水质监测的紫外-可见光谱双光程融合优化算法

紫外-可见光谱法多参数水质在线监测系统面对复杂水体时,常需要频繁改变探头光程以保持光谱较高的信噪比。然而,适合的光程往往需要大量实验才可确定,难以满足在线监测系统对实时性、精度、灵敏度、稳定性等的实际需求。研究了一种紫外-可见光谱双光程融合优化算法,将同时采集的长短两种光程光谱使用了滑窗法估计它们光谱噪声方差分布,确定光谱强噪声区间;由于长短光程光谱的信号强度不同,使用了遗传算法计算得到双光谱融合的最佳增益匹配倍率;最后,按噪声方差分布使用分段加权方式得到较高信噪比的双光程融合光谱。实验结果表明,利用该法对重庆长寿湖水样、嘉陵江某排污口及邻苯二甲酸氢钾标准溶液三种样本进行测试,其融合光谱在200～250 nm区域的强噪声得到抑制,零值干扰左推至220 nm之前,样本的峰值信噪比均有显著提高,证明了算法的有效性和普适性。该算法无需大量实验以获得最佳光程,对于拓宽紫外-可见光谱水质在线监测系统的应用范围具有较为重要的现实意义。     

Filamentation and stimulated Brillouin scattering in a turbulent plasma

This paper presents a theory of filamentation and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in a weakly collisional plasma with ion-acoustic turbulence. When the square of the wavelength of the plasma perturbations is less than the product of the two mean free path lengths of an electron with respect to its collisions with turbulent fluctuations and with electrons, the influence of cold highly collisional electrons on the parametric instabilities becomes apparent. It is shown that the plasma turbulence lowers the filamentation threshold, and the SBS threshold can be either lowered or raised. The dependence of the SBS and filamentation thresholds on the electron mean free path length in the turbulent plasma and on the anisotropy of the plasma turbulence is determined. The corresponding dependence of the spatial scale of the most efficiently growing filaments and their spatial growth rate are found. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 629–645 (February 1998)     

Time-Resolved Measurements of in vivo Optical Properties of Piglet Brain

The in vivo optical properties of a piglet brain were measured using a time-resolved system at three different wavelengths (759, 794, 824 nm). To separate the contribution of different head layers to the detected signals, the measurements were acquired from the surfaces of skin, skull, dura mater and brain. The source detector distance was chosen to assure a mean penetration depth within each layer. Measurements were analyzed and compared with the results of other in vivo measurements reported in literature.