CaCl_2添加对热解煤中汞析出规律影响的实验研究

在程序升温热解反应装置上,研究了低氯煤中添加不同氯含量(质量分数0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)的CaCl2对煤热解过程中汞析出规律的影响。实验结果表明,温度是影响汞析出的关键因素;随着氯添加量的增加,Hg2+析出比例呈上升趋势,且汞的最佳析出温度降低,汞的释放率也有所降低;随着热解气氛中O2比例的增加,Hg2+比例也略有增加;较高的升温速率能加快汞的释放,也能提高Hg2+的比例。低氯煤中添加氯化钙能够强化单质汞的氧化。     

煤中汞赋存形态及其热解时析出规律研究

利用程序升温热解反应系统,研究了煤中不同形态汞的析出温度,通过积分各析出温度下汞的总析出量来分析各赋存形态的汞所占比例,同时研究了添加CaCl₂后抑制煤热解过程中汞析出的机理。结果表明,实验所选煤中汞主要存在三种赋存形态,其析出温度点分别在220、300和400 ℃;其中,300 ℃析出的汞所占比例最高,为54.18%,从析出温度分析该部分汞主要以HgS的形式赋存。添加CaCl₂对第一和第三赋存形态的汞析出具有抑制作用,改变了其析出温度,对第二赋存形态的汞析出几乎无影响,添加后使得汞析出温度更为集中;抑制析出的主要原因是氧化吸附,添加CaCl₂对汞总析出量基本无影响。     

V2O5/AC捕获的Hg在再生过程中的释放行为研究

研究了V₂O₅/AC捕获的Hg在再生和程序升温脱附（TPD）过程中的释放行为,考察了再生后V₂O₅/AC对Hg⁰的捕获能力。结果表明,热再生（Ar,400℃）或NH₃再生（NH₃/Ar,300℃）过程会使V₂O₅/AC捕获的大部分Hg重新释放,释放率分别为81%和94%。由于AC的还原作用,再生过程中释放的Hg以Hg⁰的形式为主。TPD结果表明,V₂O₅/AC捕获的Hg在Ar和NH₃/Ar气氛下的释放行为明显不同。气氛中NH₃对Hg的释放具有明显的促进作用,使Hg的释放在300℃前基本结束。但在Ar气氛下,Hg在400℃后仍有释放,致使热再生时Hg的释放率低于NH₃再生时的释放率。但当NH₃的体积分数由1%增加到5%时,汞的释放率变化很小。温度足够高时,两种气氛下Hg的释放率趋于一致。再生方法对V₂O₅/AC二次捕获Hg⁰的能力影响不大,两种气氛下再生后的V₂O₅/AC对Hg⁰的捕获能力差别很小,较新鲜V₂O₅/AC对Hg⁰的捕获能力有所降低,但仍高于载体AC对Hg⁰的捕获能力.     

湿法脱硫浆液中Hg2+的还原机制研究

针对燃煤电厂湿法脱硫浆液中Hg²⁺易被还原的特性,研究Hg²⁺在模拟湿法脱硫系统中的迁移机制,考察了浆液温度、pH值以及SO₃^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度等因素对Hg²⁺还原性能的影响。结果表明,Hg²⁺还原率随着浆液中SO₃^2-浓度的增大而降低;pH值对Hg²⁺的还原呈先增加后降低的趋势,在pH值为5.5时还原率最高;温度的升高不利于浆液中稳定的二价汞盐络合物存在,导致Hg²⁺还原率增加;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺以及Cl^-浓度的增加有利于形成稳定化合物,从而抑制Hg²⁺的还原。     

两种煤在热解过程中汞的析出和形态分布实验研究

在程序升温热解反应系统上,研究了大同煤和宝日希勒煤在N2气氛下热解过程中汞析出及形态分布规律。实验结果表明,温度是影响煤热解过程中汞释放的主要因素。煤中汞释放率随着温度的升高而明显升高,当热解温度为600℃时,煤中汞已基本逸出,汞释放率在92%以上。元素汞(Hg0)是气态汞释放的主要形态,随着热解温度的升高,大同煤释放的元素汞在气态汞中的质量分数先增加后减小,而宝日希勒煤中元素汞的质量分数逐渐降低。随着停留时间的延长,煤中汞释放率和元素汞的质量分数都呈增加趋势,宝日希勒煤的增幅较大同煤更为显著。较高的加热速率促进了煤中汞的释放,同时也在一定程度上提高了氧化汞的质量分数,其中宝日希勒煤的氧化汞增幅明显大于大同煤,达19.5%。     

煤中汞赋存形态及其热解时析出规律研究

利用程序升温热解反应系统,研究了煤中不同形态汞的析出温度,通过积分各析出温度下汞的总析出量来分析各赋存形态的汞所占比例,同时研究了添加CaCl2后抑制煤热解过程中汞析出的机理。结果表明,实验所选煤中汞主要存在三种赋存形态,其析出温度点分别在220、300和400℃;其中,300℃析出的汞所占比例最高,为54.18%,从析出温度分析该部分汞主要以HgS的形式赋存。添加CaCl2对第一和第三赋存形态的汞析出具有抑制作用,改变了其析出温度,对第二赋存形态的汞析出几乎无影响,添加后使得汞析出温度更为集中;抑制析出的主要原因是氧化吸附,添加CaCl2对汞总析出量基本无影响。     

实验参数对磁性AgI-BiOI/CoFe2 O4光催化剂湿法脱除Hg0的影响

采用水热-共沉淀法制备了一种新型的磁性AgI-BiOI/CoFe₂O₄复合材料光催化剂,考察了荧光灯辐照下光催化剂脱除模拟烟气中单质汞（Hg⁰）的性能,研究了实验参数对脱汞性能的影响及反应产物。结果表明,AgI-BiOI/CoFe₂O₄光催化剂的热稳定性较差,当煅烧温度超过400 ℃时该光催化剂的化学成分会发生变化;随着催化剂用量、反应溶液pH值、反应溶液温度和烟气中O₂浓度的增加,脱汞效率先增加后不变或下降;反应溶液中存在的CO₃^2-和SO₄^2-对脱汞效率有一定的抑制作用;当通入SO₂时,脱汞效率急剧下降;而NO对脱汞效率的抑制作用相对较小。反应产物分析表明,SO₂、NO和Hg⁰的最终氧化产物分别是SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Hg²⁺     

300 MW燃煤电厂ESP和WFGD对烟气汞的脱除特性

采用燃煤电厂汞形态浓度取样测试OHM标准方法,对一座300 MW燃煤电厂静电除尘器(ESP)和湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)前后烟气进行了等速取样.使用美国Leeman Labs Hydra AA全自动汞分析仪检测烟气中的汞形态浓度.采集了固体样品,包括入炉煤、底渣、ESP电场灰、脱硫剂石灰石、脱硫产物石膏等,使用意大利Milestone公司生产的DMA80全自动汞分析仪检测固体样品中的汞浓度.计算锅炉系统的汞质量平衡,获得了ESP和WFGD前后烟气的汞形态浓度和分布规律,分析讨论了影响烟气汞形态转化的各种影响因素.结果表明,燃煤烟气中气态单质汞Hg⁰和气态氧化汞Hg²⁺占到总汞量的95%.煤渣中的汞可忽略不计;ESP对颗粒态汞Hg^p的脱除效率达到95%以上,但是对Hg⁰和Hg²⁺脱除率不高.ESP对烟气总汞Hg^T脱除效率为12.77%~17.38%;WFGD对Hg²⁺的脱除率达到79.93%~90.53%,但是对Hg⁰没有脱除效果,其含量不仅没有下降反而有少量上升,说明有部分Hg²⁺在WFGD中被还原成Hg⁰.WFGD对Hg^T脱除效率为9.68%~29.36%;该电厂现有污染控制设备ESP+WFGD可以脱除全部的Hg^p和大部分Hg²⁺,但是由于部分Hg²⁺的还原使得Hg^T的脱除效率在25.38%~38.38%.综合来看,该燃煤电厂的污染物控制设备在进行除尘和脱硫的同时,对汞的脱除率并不高,与燃煤中的氯含量较低有关.     

KMnO4溶液改性半焦对烟气中气态Hg0的吸附性能研究

在小型固定床实验台上利用半焦及其KMnO₄溶液改性样品进行气态Hg⁰吸附实验。结果表明,在低温时原料半焦对气态Hg⁰具有良好的吸附性能,升温则使其吸附性能迅速降低;经高锰酸钾溶液浸渍处理后,改性半焦在高温140 ℃时吸附性能明显提高,对浸渍样品在250 ℃进行热处理可使其吸附性能进一步提高。BET结果表明,原料半焦具有较发达的微孔结构,改性处理使微孔比例下降,孔隙结构发达程度降低;XPS测试表明,改性半焦表面的汞主要以氧化态(Hg²⁺)形式存在,高价锰化合物(KMnO₄、K₂MnO₄、MnO₂)是主要的氧化活性物质。     

活性炭催化氧化脱除单质汞的研究

模拟煤气的气氛,在硫化氢（H₂S）和氧气（O₂）存在条件下,对活性炭催化氧化吸附单质汞（Hg⁰）的性能进行了研究。结果表明,H₂S和O₂存在条件下,活性炭对Hg⁰的吸附能力明显提高。在180min内,H₂S和O₂共存气氛下,脱汞效率约为78%;只有H₂S存在下,脱汞效率约为69%;没有H₂S和O₂气氛下活性炭脱汞效率快速下降为28%。随着吸附温度的升高,入口汞浓度的提高和吸附剂粒径的增大,活性炭的脱汞效率会随着下降。通过XRD表征表明,Hg⁰的吸附反应机理是Hg⁰在活性炭催化氧化下与H₂S形成硫化汞（HgS）,从而实现了Hg⁰的稳定化脱除。     

Sorption of mercury on chemically synthesized polyaniline

Summary Sorption of inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) and methyl mercury, on chemically synthesized polyaniline, in 0.1-10N HCl solutions has been studied. Hg²⁺ is strongly sorbed at low acidities and the extent of sorption decreases with increase in acidity. The sorption of methyl mercury is very low in the HCl concentration range studied. Sorption of Hg²⁺ on polyaniline in 0.1-10N LiCl and H₂SO₄ solutions has also been studied. The analysis of the data indicates that the sorption of Hg²⁺ depends on the degree of protonation of polyaniline and the nature of mercury(II) chloride complexes in solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) of polyaniline sorbed with mercury show that mercury is bound as Hg²⁺. Sorbed mercury is quantitatively eluted from polyaniline with 0.5N HNO₃. Polyaniline can be used for separation and pre-concentration of inorganic mercury from aqueous samples.     

Removal of Elemental Mercury from Simulated Flue Gas by Combining Non-thermal Plasma with Calcium Oxide

Mercury emission from coal combustion has been the fourth biggest pollutant in China, following the dusts, SO₂ and NO_X. The technology of non-thermal plasma has been widely studied for oxidizing gaseous elemental mercury at low temperature. In this paper, a new method of combining non-thermal plasma with calcium oxide was proposed to remove elemental mercury from simulated flue gas. The effects of non-thermal plasma, input energy, combination mode of plasma and calcium oxide on Hg⁰ removal were investigated in a wire-cylinder non-thermal plasma reactor, whose energy was supplied by a high voltage alternating current power. The peak voltage and energy of the non-thermal plasma were measured by an oscilloscope and a high voltage probe (1000:1). The results showed that most of Hg⁰ was converted to oxidized mercury in simulated flue gas by non-thermal plasma treatment. The Hg⁰ removal efficiency of CaO was improved remarkably strengthened by the non-thermal plasma, which was closely related to input energy, and the maximum mercury removal efficiency was about 80 % at an optimal input energy. Through temperature-programmed decomposition and desorption and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, the majority of mercury species on CaO surface were Hg₂O and HgO₃ rather than HgO. Therefore, it can be concluded that O₃ plays an important role in Hg⁰ oxidation under the condition of non-thermal plasma.     

Speciation analysis of mercury in water samples by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with dithizone immobilized on microcrystalline naphthalene

Trace amounts of inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) and methylmercury cations (MeHg²⁺) were adsorbed quantitatively from acidic aqueous solution onto a column packed with immobilized dithizone on microcrystalline naphthalene. The trapped mercury was eluted with 10 ml of 7 mol L^–1 hydrochloric acid solution. The Hg²⁺ was then directly reduced with tin (II) chloride, and volatilized mercury was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Total mercury (Hgt) was determined after decomposition of MeHg⁺ into Hg²⁺. Hg²⁺ and MeHg⁺ cations were completely recovered from the water with a preconcentration factor of 200. The relative standard deviation obtained for eight replicate determinations at a concentration of 0.3 g L^–1 was 1.8%. The procedure was applied to analysis of water samples, and the accuracy was assessed via recovery experiment.     

A methodological study of mercury speciation using Dogfish liver CRM (DOLT-2)

The purpose of the study was to optimise analytical methods for determination of the chemical speciation of mercury in studies of protective mechanisms of selenium. Optimisation of the methods was performed using CRM DOLT-2 (Dogfish liver), both in its original form and after separation of various fractions. The sample was homogenised with 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6) and ultracentrifuged. The soluble phase obtained was applied to a size exclusion chromatography column (Sephadex ¶G-75 column) for separation of various protein fractions. Total mercury (total Hg), monomethyl mercury (MeHg) and selenium (Se) were determined in whole dogfish liver tissue and its soluble and insoluble phases (pellet). Different approaches for determination of total Hg and MeHg were compared. Simultaneous determination of MeHg and inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺) was based on alkaline dissolution and/or acid leaching, followed by ethylation, room temperature precollection, isothermal gas chromatography (GC), pyrolysis and detection with cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). The sum of MeHg and Hg²⁺ was compared to total Hg results obtained by acid digestion and CVAAS detection. The accuracy of MeHg determination was checked by its determination using acid leaching at room temperature, solvent extraction, back extraction into Milli-Q water, ethylation, GC and CVAFS detection. For the insoluble phase it is recommended to use solvent extraction for MeHg and acid digestion CVAAS for total Hg. For determination of MeHg and Hg²⁺ in the lyophilised sample and water soluble fractions containing low concentrations of mercury species, the simultaneous measurement of MeHg and Hg²⁺ after alkaline dissolution is the most appropriate method.     

Ionic liquids dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC‐atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of mercury species in environmental waters

An ionic liquid (IL) based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with HPLC hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method for the preconcentration and determination of mercury species in environmental water samples is described. Four mercury species (MeHg⁺, EtHg⁺, PhHg⁺, and Hg²⁺) were complexed with dithionate and the neutral chelates were extracted into IL drops using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Variables affecting the formation and extraction of mercury dithizonates were optimized. The optimum conditions found were as follows: IL‐type and amount, 0.05 g of 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; dispersive solvents type and amount, 500 μL of acetone; pH, 6; extraction time, 2 min; centrifugation time, 12 min; and no sodium chloride addition. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of the analytes were 0.031 μg/L for Hg²⁺, 0.016 μg/L for MeHg⁺, 0.024 μg/L for EtHg⁺, and 0.092 μg/L for PhHg⁺, respectively. The repeatability of the method, expressed as RSD, was between 1.4 and 5.2% (n = 10), and the average recoveries for spiked test were 96.9% for Hg²⁺, 90.9% for MeHg⁺, 90.5% for EtHg⁺, 92.3% for PhHg⁺, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the speciation of mercury in environmental water samples.     

Estimation of palladium

Summary In presence of tartaric acid and ammonium chloride, quinaldinic acid quantitively precipitates palladium from a hot solution at a p_H range 3 to 7 whereas other ions such as arsenic (As³⁺ and As⁵⁺), mercury (Hg²⁺), cadmium, bismuth, antimony, iron, chromium, aluminium, beryllium, thorium, cerium (Ce³⁺), titanium, zirconium, uranium (UO₂ ²⁺), vanadate, molybdate, tungstate, cobalt, nickel, manganese, magnesium, calcium, barium and strontium remain in solution. The palladium complex is quite insoluble in hot water and can be dried at any temperature up to a maximum of 353° C when it decomposes.     

Homogeneous Chemiluminescent Determination of Mercury(II) Using a Peroxidase-Mimicking DNAzyme Assay

Environmental pollution in manufacturing sectors is often accompanied by the release of diverse forms of pollutants including heavy metals. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals. Here, we describe a homogeneous chemiluminescent method for Hg²⁺ detection based on allosteric activation of peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme and formation of Hg²⁺-thymine bonds in DNA duplex with T–T mismatches in the presence of mercury. The formation of such duplex increased the activity of peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme. The analysis conditions and structures of probes were optimized. Under the favorable conditions, the limit of detection and a linear range of the assay were 12 and 12–600?nM, respectively. The values of coefficient of variation measured within the working range varied from 0.7 to 3.0%. The study of cross-reactivity of Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Bi³⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cr³⁺ showed that only mercury in concentration nanoscale activates peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme that indicates high specificity of the developed Hg²⁺ assay. Thus, an easy-to-use, specific, rapid, and sensitive method for Hg²⁺ detection was developed.     

Sampling and determination of gas phase divalent mercury in the air using a KCl coated denuder

KCl coated denuders were employed for the measurement of divalent mercury (Hg²⁺) species in the air. Laboratory tests show that gaseous Hg²⁺ can be collected by the denuder with an average efficiency of 98% and elemental Hg will pass through it freely. Hg²⁺ trapped in the denuder can be quantitatively extracted by 1 mol/L HCl and analyzed by the method of SnCl₂ reduction-CVAFS determination. Hg²⁺ concentrations of 0.04–0.15 ng m^–3 corresponding to about 2–9% of the total gaseous mercury in the ambient air were determined at several sampling locations.