Design of unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors

A method for the design of an unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors is described. This method applies the vector aberration theory, which helps designers analyze third-order aberrations for optical systems with decentered and tilted surfaces. As the vector aberration theory presents the variation of third-order aberrations in asymmetric systems through analytic expressions, real ray tracing is unnecessary. Hence, the design with vector aberration theory is faster, and the analytic expressions are more comprehensive and intuitive. To demonstrate the practicability of the method, a design example is given, which shows that the presented method can guide designers achieve a good unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors.     

基于矢量波像差理论的两反光学系统装调研究

 为了实现对两反光学系统的精密装调,提出一种基于矢量波像差理论和波像差检测技术对失调量精确求解的装调方法。使用矢量波像差理论,将已设计的两反光学系统参数、失调量和失调光学系统的波像差之间建立方程;然后通过干涉测量法得到某一个视场的干涉图,利用条纹分析软件得到表征失调系统三阶彗差和三阶像散的泽尼克项系数,将泽尼克项系数代入方程从而求解出失调量。运用此方法对4 m口径RITCHEY-CHR-TIEN结构的天文望远镜进行模拟装调,最终求解的失调量与引入的失调量结果相互吻合,说明该装调方法正确。     

主客观结合人眼波前像差测量系统的设计与实验

设计了主客观方法相结合的人眼波前像差测量系统。该系统的控制部分以工控机为中心,实现了对离焦补偿装置、LCD视标显示装置和可变形镜驱动器的控制。使用Hartmann-Shack传感器对人眼出瞳的波前像差进行测量,光路中加入了能够显示各种视标和测试图案的LCD,从而考虑到了主观调节对人眼像差的影响,能够对人眼的视觉质量进行全面衡量,实现了客观测量和主观测量在光路中的结合。使用该系统分别测量得到了模拟眼和活体人眼的波前像差,并对主客观测量结果进行了信息融合,能够为个性化的人眼屈光矫正提供有用的依据。     

偏心和倾斜光学系统的像差特性

运用一种新的分析偏心和倾斜光学系统初级像差特性的方法—矢量像差理论,分析了具有较大交叉倾斜角的平行平板光学系统和具有较大倾斜角的光楔光学系统的像差特性.通过ZEMAX光学设计软件像差分析功能中的垂轴像差曲线、场曲曲线和点列图加以比较,两者非常吻合,证明该理论可以对具有较大倾斜元件的非共轴光学系统设计起指导作用.     

Design of Plane-Symmetric Low <Emphasis Type="Italic">F</Emphasis>-number Reflective System Based on Perturbation Aberration Model

All-reflective optical systems have theoretically no chromatic aberration and are suitable for wide spectral application, but co-axial reflective systems are difficult to design as low F-number optical systems. In this paper, the aberration of plane-symmetric optical systems with low F-number is analyzed based on the wavefront derived from optical path length. Up to third-order aberrations are classified into three categories by their characteristics. The reduction method of the dominant aberration, astigmatism-like aberration, is proposed. In the method, the Gauss image plane is modeled by means of a simplified mirror surface with third-order approximation. Because the system is plane-symmetric, symmetric cross section and asymmetric cross section are modelled differently. The design example of a three-mirror system with F/2 is shown.     

面对称光学系统的初级波像差理论研究

非旋转轴对称光学系统波像差理论的建立有利于理解旋转 轴对称光学系统的装调误差和离轴三反射光学系统等非旋转轴对称光学系统的选型设计. 本文利用旋转轴对称球面光学系统的全口径初级波像差理论推导了子孔径面对称光学系统的初级波像差分布公式, 证明了面对称光学系统中的节点像差理论, 即除球差外的所有初级像差的零值节点偏离视场中心, 而不再是视场的旋转对称函数; 并首次阐述了多零值节点初级非对称像差产生的根源和变化特性. 该理论可以有效指导非对称光学系统初始结构的选择和优化设计过程. 关键词： 面对称 像差 几何光学     

Method of reconstructing wavefront aberrations from the intensity measurement

A method for reconstructing wavefront aberrations from intensity measurements in the focal plane of a focusing optic is presented. This reconstruction method is simple, fast, and accurate in reconstructing wavefront aberrations because it uses the inverse Fourier transform of an intensity distribution in the focal plane with a reference electric field. The validity of the reconstruction method is demonstrated by computing a wavefront aberration from the intensity distributions in the focal plane.     

模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的测量和胶片、波差的容限

本文介绍一种用马赫-陈德干涉系统测量模拟合成孔径雷达数据片波差的方法.该法能把两种原因产生的波差区分开来,即把通过胶片变形的波面与平面参考波面比较,求出胶片厚度不平产生的波差;把合成孔径雷达数据片的一级衍射波面与两个半径不等的参考球面波比较,分别求出由模拟装置产生的方位维和斜距维波差.本文给出一些实验结果和分析.这种方法还可以用于测量真实合成孔径雷达数据片的波差.由胶片厚度变化产生的波差可以用液体门补偿.但是,在实际中使用液体门是很繁复的,有时也没有必要.因此,我们认瑞利准则出发导出合成孔径雷达数据片胶片厚度变化产生的波差的容限,以此作为判断是否要用液体门的依据.     

主客观相结合眼波面像差分析系统

利用Hartmann-Shack波面传感器对眼出瞳位置的波面像差进行测量,根据所测像差控制可变形镜对像差进行实时补偿.眼像差以Zernike多项式表示,通过对可变形镜的精确控制,可在光路中生成特定模式和幅值的像差.因此,被测者根据视觉的主观感觉,调节视标像差,直至获得最满意的视觉效果.该系统采用移动三棱镜和柱镜的方法对离焦和散光进行预补偿,弥补了波面传感器测量范围和可变形镜矫正范围受限制的缺点.该系统把快速、客观的测量及补偿和主观调整相结合,更加符合人眼工作的特性,可用于在人眼像差与视觉分辩的基础和临床研究.     

The study of wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model

Theoretical calculations of the wavelength dependence of the ocular wavefront aberrations are performed with individual eye model. Individual eye model, based on the traditional Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, has been established with measured individual cornea data, eyeball depth and wavefront aberrations. We analyze the wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations at 12 different visible wavelengths (between 400 and 750 nm) for eight eyes. The change of defocus with wavelength (longitudinal chromatic aberration, LCA) is noticeable, and in good agreement with the results from references. In most cases, the primary spherical aberration changes significantly with wavelength. In comparison with the primary spherical aberration, the other higher-order wavefront aberrations have a smaller change with wavelength. These results have potential applications in those situations where defocus or higher-order wavefront aberrations information in arbitrary wavelength is required.     

Quadric wavefront aberrations in phase-type images of binary amplitude gratings with small opening ratios

We discuss the quadric wavefront aberration of a fractional Talbot imaging ray which distorts the phase-type image of a binary amplitude grating with a small value of the opening ratio. When the opening ratio is equal to 1/2 or 1/3, the imaging rays are shown to have no quadric wavefront aberrations. For the opening ratios of 1/4 and 1/5, two different types of quadric wavefront aberrations are responsible for the three-level phase images. If the opening ratio gets to 1/6, we find that three different types of quadric wavefront aberrations distort the fractional Talbot image. The quadric wavefront aberration formulated here may be used in evaluating the phase-type image of a binary amplitude grating with an arbitrary value of the opening ratio.     

Cc,Cs, and parasitic correction in quadrupole probe-forming lenses

Approximate expressions are derived for the second and third order aberrations of a quadrupole doublet, allowing for aberrations intrinsic to fields of perfect symmetry, for parasitic aberrations of imperfect symmetry, and for compensating multipole lenses. Five third-order coefficients are found, and expressed in terms of four octopole strengths and the first-order parameters of the doublet as determined by its dimensions. For compensation of third-order aberrations of achromatic quadrupole/octopole lenses, either skew octopole lenses are required externally, or lenses with more than 8 poles are required coincident with the quadrupoles. If an octopole lens is added between the quadrupoles of the achromatic doublet, the spherical aberration of a condenser lens may be compensated. Such a Cs and Cc compensated quadrupole doublet is suitable for use as a probe-forming lens in focused ion beam systems and ion microscopes.     

Focal field computation of an arbitrarily polarized beam using fast Fourier transforms

In this work the vectorial diffraction theory of Richards and Wolf is extended to compute the focal field components of an arbitrarily polarized beam using fast Fourier transform (FFT) operations. Here the arbitrarily polarized pupil function is written as the vector sum of two mutually perpendicularly polarized pupil functions. The FFT based focal field expressions are particularly useful to compute the focal field components of pupil functions without a simple analytical form. We have then applied these expressions to simulate the effects of Zernike mode aberrations on the point spread functions of a number of important cylindrical-vector beam profiles such as radially and azimuthally polarized and helical light beams.     

Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics for large aberrations

In some adaptive optics systems the aberration is determined not by using a wavefront sensor but by sequential optimization of the adaptive correction element. Efficient schemes for the control of such systems are essential if they are to be effective. A scheme is introduced that permits the efficient measurement of large amplitude wavefront aberrations that are represented by an appropriate series of modes. This scheme uses an optimization metric based on the root-mean-square spot radius (or focal spot second moment) and an aberration expansion using polynomials suited to the representation of lateral aberrations. Experimental correction of N aberration modes is demonstrated with a minimum of N+1 photodetector measurements. The geometrical optics basis means that the scheme can be extended to arbitrarily large aberrations.     

Aberration theory of plane‐symmetric grating systems

Aberration theory of plane‐symmetric optical systems of mirror and grating has been developed based on the wavefront aberration method. A toroidal reference wavefront surface is used to define the wavefront aberration. Based on the ray geometry, the coordinate mapping relationships of the ray between the optical element and the incident and aberrated wavefronts are derived using a polynomial‐fit method; this enables the resultant coefficients of the wavefront and the transverse aberration to be kept to the fourth‐order accuracy of the aperture‐ray coordinates. By setting up the transfer equations of the field and aperture rays, the contribution to wavefront aberrations from each mirror and grating can be added to make the aberration calculation of multi‐element systems feasible. The theory is validated by the analytic formulae of the spot diagram.     

无调制两面锥波前传感器的衍射理论分析和数值仿真

两面锥波前传感器(two-sided pyramid wavefront Sensor,TSPWFS)是一种高空间采样率和高光能利用率的波前传感器.为了深入研究它的波前复原原理,采用波动光学理论详细推导了无调制TSPWFS的衍射理论,给出了无调制TSPWFS波前复原时线性重构矩阵的解析解,并且通过数值仿真确定出最佳的光瞳像中心间距,并对静态像差的波前复原及闭环校正进行数值仿真.分析结果表明,无调制TSPWFS具有波前复原时不需要现场测量响应矩阵,可以校正系统像差,闭环校正结果稳定等优点,可以在实际自适应光学系统中进行波前探测. 关键词： 自适应光学 两面锥波前传感器 波前复原     

同轴收发卡式系统加入平板后的像差校正研究

在卡式系统的后光路中加入倾斜的平板,实现同轴透射端可见光的接收及反射端红外光的发射。该卡式系统口径为400 mm,焦距为4 000 mm,视场为±1.5′,加入平板后会给系统造成较大的像差,为了达到系统设计要求:角分辨率小于1″,MTF曲线在35.7 lp/mm处高于0.6。分析了倾斜平板产生的像差,对比不同材料和厚度的平板对像差的影响。通过加入偏转的双胶合透镜校正像差,但该方法会使系统的出瞳位置发生变化,从而提出使用偏转三胶合透镜保证出瞳位置的校正方法,并对加入的透镜进行公差分析,最终达到设计指标。     

对数位相编码系统多色光成像特性研究

位相编码技术是在非相干光学系统的出瞳处加入位相板,使得图像传感器上得到的图像对景深不敏感,通过对图像进行解码而获得清晰图像,实现扩大光学系统景深.文章针对对数位相板编码系统,分析了系统与波长相关的两个因素:位相板的位相调制量和系统色差,通过对比在不同离焦量和色差情况下两种波长的点扩散函数(point spread fu...     

Wavefront aberrations in the accommodated human eye based on individual eye model

In this research, we firstly construct individual eye models based on the wavefront and the measured cornea structure of the eyes. Then we analyze the influence of accommodation on the wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model. The individual eye model has the same wavefront aberration as that measured from Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor. The optical design software ZEMAX is used to construct the individual eye models for 20 normal eyes. Accommodative conditions are from 0 to –4 diopter in steps of one diopter. The variations of the total, the spherical, the coma and the higher-order root-mean-square wavefront aberrations, as accommodations, are illustrated. Influence of accommodation on wavefront aberration varies from individual to individual, and the variation magnitude is independent of the magnitude of the wavefront aberration of the eye.     

基于位相变更的非相干数字全息自适应成像

菲涅耳非相干数字全息作为一种非扫描的三维成像技术具有其独特的优势,但其成像过程中会受到各种像差的影响,导致成像分辨率、再现像的质量降低.为了解决这一问题,可以结合适当的自适应光学技术对波前像差进行探测和校正.位相变更是一种基于两幅具有已知位相差的强度图像实现波前探测和像差校正的技术.本文发展了基于位相变更的非相干数字全息自适应成像技术,不需要引入引导星,利用全息记录过程中的两幅相移全息图,实现波前像差的探测.本文给出了所发展技术的数值仿真和实验结果,结合位相变更算法求解出系统像差的位相分布,将像差的共轭位相加载到光瞳面上,在全息图记录的同时校正像差,从而提高重建像的质量.