光学相干量子理论及激光精密光谱学--2005年诺贝尔物理学奖简介

今年的诺贝尔物理学奖授予三名光学领域的科学家.其中美国科学家罗伊·格鲁伯(Roy Glauber)因"对光相干量子理论的贡献"而获得奖金的一半;美国科学家约翰·霍尔(John Hall)与德国科学家特奥多尔·汉斯(Theodor Hansch)因"基于激光精密光谱学发展的的贡献"分享了奖金的另一半.     

无序中的对称性——诺奖得主帕里西工作解读

2021年度诺贝尔物理学奖授予三位科学家,真锅淑郎(Syukuro Manabe)、克劳斯·哈塞尔曼(Klaus Hasselmann)和乔治·帕里西(Giorgio Parisi),以表彰他们"发现了气候和其他复杂现象中的隐藏模式"。其中帕里西获得二分之一的奖金,获奖理由是"发现从原子到行星尺度的物理系统中无序和涨落之间的相互影响"。帕里西的自旋玻璃理论深刻地揭示了无序体系中的隐藏对称性,为文章介绍的重点。     

粒子物理学家摘取2008年度诺贝尔物理学奖简介

2008年度诺贝尔物理学奖授予了三名"标准模型的建筑师".诺贝尔委员会将奖金的一半授予美国芝加哥大学的日裔物理学家南部阳一郎,以表彰他"在亚原子物理领域,发现自发性对称破缺的机制";另一半奖金则授予两名日本物理学家,KEK实验室(筑波高能加速器研究社)的小林诚和日本京都大学汤川理论物理研究院的益川敏英,奖励他们"发现对称破缺的原因,并据此预言在自然界中至少存在三族夸克".     

时空奇点和黑洞——2020年诺贝尔物理学奖解读

2020年度诺贝尔物理学奖于北京时间2020年10月6日晚揭晓,其中一半奖金授予罗杰·彭罗斯(Roger Penrose),表彰他"发现黑洞的形成是广义相对论的必然预言";另一半奖金授予莱因哈德·根泽尔(Reinhard Genzel)和安德里亚·格兹(Andrea Ghez),因为他们"在银河系中心发现了一个超大质量的致密天体"。文章着重对彭罗斯及其时空奇点研究进行介绍,包括黑洞、奇点定理、宇宙监督假设等内容。     

2019年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者

<正>北京时间2019年10月8日17时50分许,瑞典皇家科学院在斯德哥尔摩宣布,将2019年诺贝尔物理学奖授予三名科学家。来自美国普林斯顿大学的詹姆斯·皮布尔斯教授,他因宇宙学,理论的相关研究而获奖。来自瑞士日内瓦大学的米歇尔·马约尔教授和迪迪埃·奎洛兹教授,他们因首次发现太阳系外行星而获奖。三人将分享900万瑞典克朗(约合人民币697万元)的奖金。其中一半奖金授予詹姆斯·皮布尔斯教授;另一半奖金由米歇尔·马约尔教授和迪迪埃·奎洛兹教授共同分享。瑞典皇家科学     

啁啾脉冲放大技术——从超快激光技术到超强物理世界

2018年的诺贝尔奖揭晓,3位科学家因在光学技术领域作出的开创性发明而获得物理学奖。其中Arthur Ashkin教授因为发明光镊技术(Optical Tweezer)分享了一半的奖金;Gérard Mourou教授和Donna Strickland副教授因共同发明啁啾脉冲放大技术(Chirped Pulse Amplification,CPA)分享了另一半奖金。作为突破高强度激光发展瓶颈的重大技术创新,CPA技术自发明以来一直是激光物理研究、特别是超快激光研究的核心技术。文章将主要简述该技术发明的相关背景、原理、结构及所导致的激光进展和开拓的超强物理应用。     

诺奖“花落”LIGO

<正>2017年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了Rainer Weiss,Barry Barish和Kip Thorne。获奖理由是"对激光干涉引力波天文台(LIGO)和引力波观测的决定性贡献"。获奖者们将会于12月10日在斯德哥尔摩的颁奖仪式上收到各自的奖牌。奖金共900万瑞典克朗(823000英镑)。其中,Weiss独享一半奖金,Barish和     

诺贝尔物理学奖获奖者统计

 诺贝尔物理学奖是根据诺贝尔遗嘱而设立的五个基本奖项之一,旨在奖励那些在物理学领域里做出突出贡献的科学家。该奖项由瑞典皇家自然科学院颁发奖金,每年的奖项候选人由瑞典皇家自然科学院的瑞典或外国院士,诺贝尔物理委员会的委员,曾被授予诺贝尔物理学奖金的科学家,在乌普萨拉、隆德、奥斯陆、哥本哈根、赫尔辛基大学、卡罗琳医学院和皇家技术学院永久或临时任职的物理学教授等科学家推荐。     

从辐射对流平衡到全球气候模式——诺奖得主真锅淑郎工作解读

2021年诺贝尔物理学奖授予了两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家,以表彰他们在"理解复杂物理系统领域所做出的开创性贡献".文章主要介绍其中一位气候学家真锅淑郎(Syukuro Manabe)的工作.作为一个复杂物理系统,全球气候系统具有高度的复杂性,作为对这个复杂系统的高度近似,真锅淑郎的辐射对流平衡模型计算首次明确无误地...     

光纤：通往光信息时代的彩虹

英国华裔科学家高锟因其在“有关光在纤维中的传输以用于光学通信方面”取得的突破性成就,获得2009年诺贝尔物理学奖一半的奖金;美国科学家威拉德·博伊尔和乔治·史密斯因发明半导体成像器件——电荷耦合器件（CCD）图像传感器,分享2009年物理学奖的另一半奖金。本刊特请上海交通大学陈益新教授、中国科学院光电技术研究所朱耆祥副研究员分别撰写了光纤及CCD图像传感器方面的文章,以飨读者。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.