粗糙表面滑动轴承非牛顿介质润滑的计算

分析了轴承润滑中非牛顿介质的流变特性以及轴承表面形貌对润滑效果的影响,推导出了修正的雷诺方程,在方程中用差分粘度和第一正应力差函数表征非牛顿介质的流变特性,采用流量因子表征表面形貌的作用.结果表明:差分粘度的变化是影响润滑结果的主要因素,它取决于不同介质的动态参数和剪切频率范围,非牛顿介质润滑的承载力并非总高于或低于牛顿介质;在动载荷条件下,第一正应力差效应使油膜压力明显增大;影响流量因子的2个因素为表面形貌的粗糙度和纹理,但其作用远小于非牛顿介质流变特性的影响.     

随动耦合变阶梯径向滑动轴承动力特征及稳定性的研究

用有限差分法循环迭代求解了随动耦合变阶梯结构径向滑动轴承油膜压力的雷诺方程和两阶段油膜耦合变阶梯结构的流量控制方程。在分析轴承油膜压力形成机量及静力特性的基础上,采用对位移和速度的小扰动法计算了轴承的动力特性系数,考察了运转参数对这种轴承承载特性、动力特性系数、等效刚度、界限涡动比以界限失稳转速的影响,结果发现合理地选择设计参数可以使这种轴承具有较好的静力特性、动力特性和稳定性。     

陀螺电机用H型动压气体轴承启动摩擦特性分析

为减小陀螺电机用H型动压气体轴承启动过程中的摩擦与磨损,建立了考虑表面粗糙接触与润滑的H型动压气体轴承模型,对其启动摩擦特性进行研究。首先,通过求解轴粗糙表面在转子重力作用下的弹性变形,确定启动前转子启动位置和启动力矩。然后,对表面粗糙接触与润滑方程、转子五自由度运动方程进行联立求解,得到启动过程中轴承承载力、运动轨迹、接触面积等特性,并通过接触面积减为0来判断转子的浮起时间和浮起转速。最后,研究轴承表面粗糙度和腔型结构等参数对轴承启动摩擦特性的影响。分析结果表明:减小粗糙表面峰顶标准差可降低浮起转速、减小磨损范围;随着腔宽比的增大,浮起转速增大、磨损范围减小;而随着腔深的增大,浮起转速和磨损范围均先减小后增大,腔深为1.0μm和2.0μm时浮起转速和磨损范围分别最小。     

轮轨试样表面粗糙度取向对油润滑下摩擦系数的影响

黏着力是列车安全与平稳运行的关键因素之一.最大黏着力与摩擦力有关,摩擦力的减小会导致黏着力的降低.表面粗糙度及其取向是影响摩擦系数的重要因素,然而,有关表面粗糙度取向对于混合润滑状态下摩擦系数的影响的研究结论似乎是矛盾的.用激光离散改性技术将车轮试样表面制备成具有菱形、纵纹、横纹3种典型的形貌,并且与不作激光离散改性处理的车轮试样作对比,用基于确定性模型的统一雷诺方程数值分析法和小比例尺度的轮轨试样摩擦学实验,得到的结论是:在油润滑状态下,激光表面形貌大幅提高摩擦系数,其中菱形对应的摩擦系数最大,纵纹与横纹的摩擦系数相差不大,摩擦系数的大小主要取决于由表面粗糙度取向决定的接触区内粗糙峰接触压力与总压力之比,侧流效应也是影响摩擦系数的重要因素,它主要取决于接触区内表面粗糙度的取向.     

平行运动的粗糙表面润滑承载性能研究

分析了微米级润滑膜条件下,光滑表面在静止粗糙表面上平行运动时的润滑状态及其承载机制,利用Reynolds流体润滑方程分析粗糙度对油膜压力、载荷及摩擦系数的影响,采用有限差分法计算在正弦和随机粗糙峰条件下油膜的压力分布曲面图,通过改变正弦粗糙度的峰高和波长分析油膜承载能力和摩擦系数随粗糙度变化的规律,同时分析了最小油膜厚度对润滑状态的影响.结果表明:两光滑平行运动的平面无法承载,而粗糙表面微粗糙峰的收敛楔形部分可以形成流体动压润滑膜并承受一定载荷;在给定最小油膜厚度的条件下,随着正弦波峰值增加,承载能力达到最大值后缓慢降低,摩擦系数达到最小值后缓慢增大;除了粗糙峰波长很小时摩擦系数很大以外,波长对摩擦系数的影响很小,而承载能力随波长以二次曲线变化并出现最大值;在给定粗糙度幅值条件下,当最小膜厚在1～100 μm时,随着最小油膜厚度的增加,承载能力减小,摩擦系数逐渐增大.     

配副金属表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶O型圈摩擦学特性的影响

UMT-3多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,以丁腈橡胶O型圈/316L不锈钢粗糙表面配副为研究对象,系统研究了配副金属表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶摩擦学行为的影响,重点探讨了不同表面粗糙度下摩擦系数和磨损体积的变化规律、揭示了不同表面粗糙度下橡胶表面的损伤机制.结果表明:表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶O型圈的摩擦磨损有重要影响;随着表面粗糙度的增加,稳定阶段的摩擦系数呈先降低后升高的变化趋势.当表面粗糙度在Ra为0.1μm左右时,丁腈橡胶表现出较低的摩擦系数和材料磨耗,磨损表面呈现出典型的花纹磨损特征;而过高或过低的表面粗糙度下丁腈橡胶均表现出较高的摩擦系数和材料磨耗,其磨损机制以黏着磨损和疲劳磨损为主.     

曲轴轴向运动对粗糙表面曲轴主轴承润滑性能影响的研究

内燃机实际工作中，在多种影响因素综合影响下，曲轴进行旋转运动的同时，还存在沿轴承轴线方向的运动. 以某四缸四冲程内燃机曲轴-轴承系统为研究对象，综合考虑曲轴轴向运动、曲轴变形和摩擦表面粗糙度，基于平均Reynolds方程，建立了耦合曲轴轴向运动的粗糙表面主轴承润滑分析模型，着重研究了倾斜曲轴轴向运动对主轴承润滑特性的影响. 分析中，采用试验法实测曲轴沿轴承轴线方向的运动规律，应用有限单元法求解曲轴受载变形导致轴颈在轴承孔中倾斜状况. 结果表明:曲轴轴向运动对粗糙表面内燃机主轴承润滑特性影响显著；计及曲轴轴向运动时内燃机各主轴承轴颈轴心轨迹均为1条不封闭的三维空间曲线；曲轴轴向运动对主轴承润滑特性的影响程度与摩擦表面粗糙度直接相关；计及曲轴轴向运动时摩擦表面粗糙度对主轴承润滑特性影响趋势及程度均发生明显变化.      

点接触润滑粗糙表面滑动摩擦力的预测研究

在整个润滑区域内基于统一Reynolds方程的混合润滑模型,根据流变模型计算流体摩擦力,根据边界膜极限剪应力模型计算微突体接触摩擦力,二者相加得到混合润滑摩擦力.分析了粗糙度幅值和纹理对摩擦系数的影响以及非牛顿流变模型对流体摩擦系数的影响.模拟跨越整个润滑区,即弹流润滑、混合润滑和边界润滑,得到完整的Stribeck曲线.结果表明,表面越粗糙,混合润滑的摩擦系数越大,弹流润滑和边界润滑时粗糙度幅值影响很小.交叉斜纹的润滑效果优于横向纹理.不同极限剪应力流变模型计算的摩擦系数相差不大.     

复合表面径向滑动轴承的概念和性能预报

近年来的研究发现固液界面的滑移可以减小表面摩擦,但也会造成流体动力效应下降甚至消失.本文提出了复合表面滑动轴承的概念,轴套表面由具有不同吸附和滑移特性的复合表面组成,发现复合表面轴承比普通轴承有许多优点.通过改变轴套表面的滑移特性可以改变和优化轴承的各种性能,例如摩擦系数、承载力、润滑剂流量、承载角等.数值解表明,在轴承高压区改变轴套表面滑移特性,轴承的整体性能会有大幅度提高.例如,本文给出的初步优化设计方案使得摩擦系数降低50%以上,同时承载力可提高20%,并且承载角可以降低33%.本文提出的设计理念不但可用于设计出具有更优异特性的径向滑动轴承,而且可以设计出具有复合表面的轴向滑动轴承或滑块轴承.复合表面滑动轴承在降低轴承摩擦、提高承载能力方面有很大的空间可以探索.     

粗糙度纹理对有限长线接触混合润滑影响

采用统一Reynolds方程建立有限长线接触混合润滑模型,研究横向、纵向和二维规则表面粗糙度的波长、幅值及工况变化对润滑影响.结果表明:波长、幅值与工况对三种表面粗糙度接触副的润滑影响类似;随着载荷增大,平均膜厚降低,摩擦系数、接触载荷比与接触面积比均增大;随着转速升高,平均膜厚增大,摩擦系数、接触载荷比与面积比均降低,其中摩擦系数随转速进一步增大而小幅升高.在润滑状态转换区域润滑特征参数变化显著,而其他润滑区域变化平缓.沿卷吸速度方向的压力与膜厚波动分布存在相位差,垂直方向则同相位;相同的工况和粗糙度参数时,纵向粗糙度分布更有利于接触润滑.     

Surface roughness effects in a short porous journal bearing with a couple stress fluid

In this paper, a theoretical study of the effect of surface roughness in hydrodynamic lubrication of a porous journal bearing with couplestress fluid as lubricant is made. The modified Reynolds equations accounting for the couple stresses and randomized surface roughness structure are mathematically derived. The Christensen stochastic theory of hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces is used to study the effects of surface roughness on the static characteristics of a short porous journal bearing with couplestress fluid as lubricant. Further, it is assumed that, the roughness asperity heights are small compared to the film thickness. It is observed that, the effects of surface roughness on the bearing characteristics are more pronounced for couplestress fluids as compared to the Newtonian fluids.     

Similarity and fractality in the modelling of roughness by a multilevel profile with hierarchical structure

Some modern scaling and fractal approaches to the characterization of surface roughness are under consideration. A new mathematical model of a multilevel profile suitable for flexible simulation of roughness is presented as a development from these approaches. The iterative construction of the model is described. It is shown that the profile is a hierarchical structure with self-affine and fractal features. Its geometrical properties are studied both analytically and numerically, and some of them are proved to be of the renormalization type. The profile contour length can be finite or infinite depending on the chosen values of the structural parameters. Some characteristics including the bearing curve and the upper volume function of the profile and the corresponding prestructures are calculated.     

Surface roughness effects on squeeze film behavior in porous circular disks with couple stress fluid

The effect of surface roughness on squeeze film behavior between two circular disks with couple stress lubricant is analyzed when the upper disk has porous facing which approaches the lower disk with uniform velocity. The modified Stochastic Reynolds equation is derived on the basis of Stokes micro-continuum theory for couple stress fluid and Christensen Stochastic theory for the rough surface. Closed form solution of the Stochastic Reynolds equation is obtained in terms of Fourier–Bessel series. The importance of roughness and couple stress on bearing characteristics are presented in terms of load carrying capacity, squeeze time, and relative percentage of the load. It is observed that, effect of couple stress fluid, and surface roughness is more pronounced compared to classical case. These predictions enable design engineers to choose suitable parameters.     

Performance of hydromagnetic squeeze films between conducting porous rough conical plates

An endeavor has been made to discuss the behavior of hydromagnetic squeeze film between two conducting rough porous conical plates. The plates are considered to be electrically conducting and the clearance space between them is filled by an electrically conducting lubricant. A transverse magnetic field is applied between the plates. Efforts have been made to solve the concerned Reynolds’ equation with the associated boundary conditions to get the pressure distribution. This in turn, is used to obtain the expression for load carrying capacity leading to the calculation of the response time. The results are presented graphically as well as in tabular form. It is suggested by the results that the bearing system records an enhanced performance as compared to that of a bearing system working with a conventional lubricant. It is noticed that the pressure, load carrying capacity and the response time increase steadily with increasing values of the magnetization parameter. In general, the bearing suffers owing to transverse surface roughness. However, the negatively skewed roughness tends to better the performance of the bearing system marginally. This performance gets further improved especially, when the negative variance is involved. It is observed that the semi-vertical angle increases the load carrying capacity. Besides, the conductivity also increases the load carrying capacity significantly. In addition, it is revealed that the negative effect induced by the porosity can be neutralized to a nominal extent by the positive effect of the magnetization parameter in the case of negatively skewed roughness in the presence of negative variance. Thus, this study provides ample scopes for improving the performance of the bearing system considerably by choosing a suitable combination of magnetization parameter, semi-vertical angle and the conductivities of the plates.     

Effect of small-amplitude vibrations on viscoelastic flows in a plane slider bearing

The qualitative changes of dynamic lift and friction forces caused by small-amplitude harmonic vibrations superimposed on flows in a plane slider bearing are considered for simple viscous and viscoelastic lubricating fluids. Low- and high-frequency disturbances are analysed in greater detail and the most beneficial situations discussed.     

On the lubrication approximation for a class of viscoelastic fluids

We present a rigorous derivation of a dimensionally reduced Reynolds type equation for thin film flow lubrication of a class of viscoelastic fluids by employing a perturbation analysis on the upper-convected Maxwell model in natural orthogonal coordinates. This approximation accounts for the viscoelastic and curvature corrections to the classical Reynolds lubrication approximation. Comparison of our approximation with the classical Reynolds approximation suggests that viscoelasticity can have a significant influence on the lubrication characteristics, at least for certain values of the film thickness and of the eccentricity ratios of the journal bearing.     

Flow of an electrorheological fluid between eccentric rotating cylinders

Electrorheological fluids have numerous potential applications in vibration dampers, brakes, valves, clutches, exercise equipment, etc. The flows in such applications are complex three-dimensional flows. Most models that have been developed to describe the flows of electrorheological fluids are one-dimensional models. Here, we discuss the behavior of two fully three-dimensional models for electrorheological fluids. The models are such that they reduce, in the case of simple shear flows with the intensity of the electric field perpendicular to the streamlines, to the same constitutive relation, but they would not be identical in more complicated three-dimensional settings. In order to show the difference between the two models, we study the flow of these fluids between eccentrically placed rotating cylinders kept at different potentials, in the setting that corresponds to technologically relevant problem of flow of electrorheological fluid in journal bearing. Even though the two models have quite a different constitutive structure, due to the assumed forms for the velocity and pressure fields, the models lead to the same velocity field but to different pressure fields. This finding illustrates the need for considering the flows of fluids described by three-dimensional constitutive models in complex geometries, and not restricting ourselves to flows of fluids described by one-dimensional models or simple shear flows of fluids characterized by three-dimensional models.     

基于分形理论的双渐开线齿轮接触应力研究

综合考虑接触面粗糙度、材料特性等因素对齿轮接触应力的影响，基于分形理论和经典Hertz接触理论建立双渐开线齿轮分形接触模型. 该模型中，影响载荷和实际接触面积的主要因素包括分形维数、粗糙度幅值和材料特性参数. 理论分析表明:分形维数一定时，真实接触面积随着载荷的增大而增大；载荷一定时，接触面积随着粗糙度幅值的增大而减小；随着材料特性参数值的增加，在一定程度上加强了软材料轮齿承载能力，同时会使得微凸体由弹性变形到塑性变形的临界面积减小. 对比分形接触模型和有限元模型两种计算双渐开线齿轮轮齿接触应力方法，结果证明了分形接触模型计算双渐开线齿轮接触应力的有效性.