含萘酰亚胺基树枝状化合物的研究进展

含萘酰亚胺基的树枝状化合物具有特殊的发光性能和电学性质,其中一个重要特征是它还具有优异的光诱导电子转移性能,从而引起了人们的广泛关注.近年来科学家们已经合成了多种新型的含萘酰亚胺基树枝状化合物,它们在众多领域具有潜在的应用价值.综述了近年来含萘酰亚胺基的树枝状化合物的研究进展,介绍了部分树枝状萘酰亚胺基化合物的合成及其应用,这些化合物由于其独特的结构特点而具有特殊的性能,在化学传感器、光捕获天线材料、有机电致发光器件、药物传输、环境污染检测等领域具有重要的应用价值.最后,展望了此类化合物良好的应用前景.     

含丹磺酰基树枝状化合物研究进展

含丹磺酰基树枝状化合物具有独特的发光性能和潜在的应用价值,在化学传感器、药物传输、光捕获天线材料、有机电致发光器件、纳米材料等领域有着广阔的应用前景,已经引起化学家们的广泛关注.综述了近年来含丹磺酰基树枝状化合物的研究进展,讨论了树枝结构对丹磺酰基荧光性质的影响,并展望了此类化合物良好的应用前景.     

亚卟啉的研究进展

自2006年亚卟啉首次成功合成以来,其研究逐渐引起了化学家们的重视。随着新的合成方法的出现,含有不同取代基的亚卟啉不断被合成出来。最近报道的通过扩展卟啉的裂解反应制备亚卟啉的方法不但反应新奇,而且效率较高。通过系统的研究发现,亚卟啉是碗状的分子,具有14π的共轭大环结构。亚卟啉与普通卟啉有着许多不一样的性质,如在更高的能量上有紫外可见吸收,有强的荧光效应,而且有较强的meso位取代基效应等等。四轨道模型、理论计算以及单晶结构能够很好地解释亚卟啉与卟啉的这些性质差异。通过偶联反应, meso位苯基的对位取代基为胺基、寡聚的苯基炔基或树突状的咔唑臂的特殊亚卟啉化合物被成功合成。性质测试表明,由于meso位的取代基效应,这些修饰过的亚卟啉在双光子吸收,荧光效应,能量转移等方面具有优异的性能,在电子学、光学上有着潜在的应用前景。     

聚酰胺-胺树形大分子的合成与应用

聚酰胺_胺 (PAMAM)树形大分子是一种从中心核开始增长 ,具有确定代数和末端基的新型合成高分子。由于该化合物具有高度的几何对称性、大量的端基、分子内存在空腔等结构特点 ,在催化、医药、生命科学、工业等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文通过介绍PAMAM树形大分子的合成、表征方法及其性能研究 ,讨论了其改性研究和应用。     

末端含三甲基硅基树枝状低聚苯的合成与表征

树枝状聚合物是一类结构有序、有特定分子量、末端可带活性官能团的多功能聚合物,其应用研究涉及信息贮存材料、高级催化剂、非线性光学材料、液晶材料、纳米材料、缓释药物载体、传感器材料、污水处理剂、分离膜及流变学改性剂等领域.以含多功能团的低聚苯为中心核,通过过渡金属催化的芳基偶联反应或Diels-Alder环加成反应,经“收敛法”或“发散法”可以制得结构准确、尺寸可控的树枝状聚苯纳米材料;另一方面,由于核心分子结构的多样性,可以设计、合成拓扑形态各异的树枝状聚苯应用于有机发光材料、有机磁性体、碟状液晶、管束状分子通道、分子识别、储氢材料及锂电池等领域,从而丰富其结构与性能关系的研究内容.因此,树枝状聚苯中心核的设计与合成在这类材料的应用研究中显得尤为重要.本工作设计与合成了一类树枝状聚苯的中心核12和13,其分子末端的生长点被三甲基硅基（TMS-）所保护;采用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）和粉末X射线衍射等分析手段,以及与其母体结构,即末端不含三甲基硅基的模型化合物1,3,5-三（3＇,5＇-二苯基苯基）苯11进行比较,探讨了分子末端的三甲基硅基及其取代位置对树枝状低聚苯的凝胶渗透色谱行为和结晶性的影响.     

紫精化合物的合成与应用研究进展

紫精化合物（viologens）是一类具有独特变色性质的缺电子体阳离子化合物，在变色材料、超分子器件和有机电池等方面有着潜在的应用前景。可通过取代反应设计合成具有不同取代基的紫精，实现性能调控。本文对近年来紫精化合物的合成方法与应用研究进展进行了综述，重点介绍了其在变色、发光等性能方面的潜在应用。     

树枝状有机电致发光材料*

高度有序、三维结构的树枝状大分子(Dendrimers)作为功能有机材料越来越引起人们的兴趣。与传统的小分子和高分子发光材料相比,树枝状化合物在发光材料方面的应用具有无可比拟的优势。树枝状发光材料的发光特性可以方便地由中心核的调换不同的荧光染料来实现,另外大量的表面功能团和不同的代数可供选择来得到一些有趣的性质,如载流子传输功能、区域隔离效应、溶解性和天线效应等。该类型的发光材料已被认为是第三类电致发光材料。本文简要介绍近期树枝状分子在有机电致发光材料领域中的研究进展,评述树枝状分子在该研究领域所特有的优势,重点介绍了树枝状化合物的设计及其对应的性质,并进一步展望树枝状分子未来在有机电致发光领域的研究前景。     

POSS基树枝状大分子的合成与应用

树枝状大分子(dendrimer)是一种高度支化、纳米尺度的人工合成大分子,具有独特的物理化学性能和重要的应用前景。利用具有8个可官能化顶点的多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)作为树枝状大分子的核心,可在一定程度上简化树枝状大分子繁琐的合成与分离过程,在低代数时就可获得较大的表面官能团密度,并使树枝状分子呈现球形对称结构。POSS基树枝状大分子结合了POSS和树枝状分子结构与性能的优势,是一类极具潜力的有机-无机纳米杂化材料。本文综述了近年来POSS基树枝状大分子的最新研究成果,介绍了具有代表性的POSS基树枝状大分子的合成方法以及它们在催化剂、生物材料、液晶材料和发光材料等领域的应用研究进展,并对该新型材料的发展趋势做了展望。     

新型树枝功能化萘酰亚胺类发光材料的合成及其光放大效应

在树枝(dendron)上引入特定的功能单元,将多个具有特定功能团(咔唑)连接起来．形成功能化树枝状周边分子团簇,然后将它们分别与核心色素萘酰亚胺相连接,合成新型周边树枝状功能化的有机发光材料(共三代)。稳态荧光研究发现周边功能团吸收的能量能以较高的效率传递给中心核色素萘酰亚胺。其传输效率与化合物的树枝代数密切相关,具有特殊的光采集、光放大效应。瞬态荧光研究表明树枝化合物中的咔唑单元都呈双指数衰减特征,其中较短荧光寿命成分是咔唑和萘酰亚胺单元之间的相互作用。     

向高功能发展的配位聚合物*

运用晶体工程的经验和方法合理设计和制备具有特定网络结构和理化性能的配位聚合物是当前配位化学、超分子化学、材料化学及相关领域的研究热点之一。作为一类新型分子基晶体材料,配位聚合物（尤其是多孔配位聚合物）在客体交换与分离、气体储存、手性拆分、药物缓释、电致发光、选择性催化、分子识别及微孔器件等诸多方面均显示出潜在的应用前景。本文简要介绍了此类化合物作为具有复合性能的多功能晶体材料,在吸附、催化及光、电、磁等方面应用的最新研究进展。     

On Theoretical Treatments of Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer

In this paper, we review the generalized Forster-Dexter theory to treat photoinduced electronic energy transfer for a system in dense media and for an isolated system (i.e., a system in the collision-free condition). Instead of expressing the rate of energy transfer in terms of spectral overlap, the expression of the energy-transfer rate constant is obtained by evaluating a Fourier integral involved in the energy transfer rate constant using the saddle-point method. In this way, the energy-gap dependence, and the effect of temperature and the isotope effect on the energy transfer can be easily studied. The effect of bridge groups connecting between donor and acceptor chromophores on the intramolecular energy transfer is also studied.     

化工传递过程中的类似性

通过分析化工过程中的传递现象 ,总结了动量传递、热量传递和质量传递过程的一些类似性 ,并且讨论了这些类似性的理论和应用价值。     

有机半导体材料中的电荷转移

在介绍有机半导体材料电荷转移基本理论的基础上,对利用电荷转移研究有机半导体材料的导电、光电导和发光过程的现状进行评述,认为电荷转移是有机半导体材料研究的关键问题,开展其研究不仅有助于弄清一些新现象、新效应的物理起因,还可望找到预测有机半导体材料相关性能的有效手段.     

Theoretical study of electron transfer in uranyl(VI)–uranyl(V) complexes in solution

The rates of the electron self‐exchange between uranyl(VI) and uranyl(V) complexes in solution have been investigated in detail with quantum chemical methods. The calculations have shown that the bond length of U? Oyl is elongated by 0.1 Å when the extra electron is localized on the sites. The diabatic potential surfaces are obtained. The inner reorganization energies are 212.6 and 226.8 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The solvent reorganization energies are 28.12 and 31.60 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The nuclear frequency factors are 3.17 × 10¹³ and 3.12 × 10¹³ s^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The electronic coupling matrix elements are 1.89 and 4.06 kJ mol^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. The electron‐transfer rates of our calculations are 12.95 and 0.819 M^?1 s^?1 for hydroxide and fluoride bridge systems, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010     

A simplified approach for the coupling of excitation energy transfer

A simplified approach for computing the electronic coupling of nonradiative excitation-energy transfer is proposed by following Scholes et al.’s construction on the initial and final states [G.D. Scholes, R.D. Harcourt, K.P. Ghiggino, J. Chem. Phys. 102 (1995) 9574]. The simplification is realized through defining a set of orthogonalized localized MOs, which include the polarization effect of the charge densities. The method allows calculating the coupling of both the singlet-to-singlet and triplet-to-triplet energy transfer. Numerical tests are performed for a few of dimers with different intermolecular orientations, and the results demonstrate that Coulomb term are the major contribution to the coupling of singlet-to-singlet energy transfer whereas in the case of triplet-to-triplet energy transfer, the dominant effect is arisen from the intermolecular charge-transfer states. The present application is on the Hartree-Fock level. However, the correlated wavefunctions which are normally expanded in terms of the determinant wavefunctions can be employed in the similar way.     

化工原理教学中传质对传热教学的启发及运用

The common points of absorption and heat transfer were found by comparison of the assumptions and transfer model. Furthermore, the computational formula and graphs of the number and the length of a transfer unit were deduced in the countercurrent heat transfer through learning from the treatment method of absorption. Based on the study, the basic analysis methodology for qualitative analysis of operational heat transfer problems was proposed. The connection between mass transfer and heat transfer was established through the comparison, so that they were no longer random knowledge points, which was beneficial for students to understand and master principles of chemical engineering.     

Photoinduced intermolecular and intramolecular actions between eosin and porphyrin

Two dyads of eosin and porphyrin linked with a semi-rigid (-CH2phCH2-) or flexible (-(CH2)4-) bridge and their reference model compounds were synthesized and characterized The intermoleccular interaction and intramolecular photoinduced singlet energy transfer and electron transfer were studied by their absorp tion spectra,fluorescence emission,excitation spectra and fluorescence lifetime The model compounds,ethyl ester of eosm (EoEt) and porphyrin (PorEt),could form complexes in the ground state.When the eosin moieties in dyads were excited,they could transfer some singlet energy to the porphyrins; in the meantime,they could also ndsce electron transfer between two chromophores.Exciting the porphyrin moieties in dyads could induce electron transfer from eosin moieties to porphyrin moieties.The efficiencies (EnT,ET) and rate constants (kEnT,kET) were related to the polarity of solvents and mutual orientation of the two chromophores in dyads.     

Electron Transfer and Charge Transfer: Twin Themes in Unifying the Mechanisms of Organic and Organometallic Reactions

The broad varieties of organic and organometallic reactions merge into a common unifying mechanism by considering all nucleophiles and electrophiles as electron donors (D) and electron acceptors (A), respectively. Comparison of outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron transfers with the aid of Marcus theory provides the thermochemical basis for the generalized free energy relationship for electron transfer (FERET) in Equation (37) and its corollaries in Equations (43) and (44) that have wide predictive applicability to electrophilic aromatic substitutions, olefin additions, organometallic cleavages, etc. The FERET is based on the conversion of the weak nucleophile–electrophile interactions extant in the ubiquitous electron donor—acceptor (EDA) precursor complex [D, A] to the radical ion pair [D^⊕, A^?], for which the free energy change can be evaluated from the charge-transfer absorption spectra according to Mulliken theory. FERET analysis thus indicates that the charge-transfer ion pairs [D^⊕, A^?] are energetically equivalent to the transition states for nucleophile/electrophile transformations. The behavior of such ion pairs can be directly observed immediately following the irradiation of the charge-transfer bands of various EDA complexes with a 25-ps laser pulse. Such studies confirm the radical ion pair [Arene^⊕, NO₂] as a viable intermediate in electrophilic aromatic nitration, as presented in the electron-transfer mechanism between arenes and the nitryl cation (NO) electrophile.     

Theoretical studies of electron and hydrogen transfer reactions between semiquinone radicals and oxygen

 To explore the interactions between ubiquinones and oxygen in living organisms, the thermodynamics of a series of electron and hydrogen transfer reactions between semiquinone radicals, as well as their corresponding protonated forms, and oxygen, singlet or triplet, were studied using the hybrid Hartree–Fock–density functional theory method Becke's three parameter hybrid method with the Lee, Yang, and Parr correlation functional. Effects of the solvent and of the isoprenyl tail on the electron and hydrogen transfer reactions were also investigated. It is found that semiquinone radicals (semiquinone anion radicals or protonated semiquinone radicals) cannot react with triplet oxygen to form the superoxide anion radical O₂ ⁻. In contrast, neutral quinones can scavenge O₂ ⁻ efficiently. In the gas phase, only protonated semiquinone radicals can react spontaneously with singlet oxygen to produce peroxyl radical (HO₂). However, both semiquinone anion radicals and protonated semiquinone radicals can react with singlet oxygen to produce harmful oxygen radicals (O₂ ^{− a l l b u l l} and HO₂, respectively) in aqueous and protein environments. The free-energy changes of the corresponding reactions obtained for different ubiquinone systems are very similar. It clearly shows that the isoprenyl tail does not influence the electron and hydrogen transfer reactions between semiquinone radicals and oxygen significantly. Results of electron affinities, vertical ionization potentials, and proton affinities also show that the isoprenyl tail has no substantial effect on the electronic properties of ubiquinones. Received: 3 July 2000 / Accepted: 6 September 2000 / Published online: 21 December 2000